Bio 121 Exam 3

16. A small number of birds arrive on an island from a neighboring larger island. The small population begins to adapt to the new food plants available on the island, and their beaks begin to change. About twice a year, one or two more birds from the neighboring island arrive. These arrivals:

tend to slow down adaptation to the new food plants

Imagine a population in which a rare allele is being selected against. Which of the following is most likely to be true

the allele will be eliminated from the population more quickly if it is dominant

Whenever diploid populations are in hardy-weinberg equilibrium at a particular locus

the allele's frequencies should not change from one generation to the next

The figure shows_________characterized by_______between the diploid_____and the haploid_____

the basic life cycle; alternation of generations;sporophyte;gametophyte

What does 2pq signify in the hardy-weinberg equation p^2 + 2pq + q^2

the frequency of heterozygous based on the two possible ways to obtain heterozygotes within a punnet square for a population

Fungi have an extremely high surface area to volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption

the larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution

the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

What is the most reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from the fact that the frequency of the recessive trait has not changed over time

the two phenotypes are about equally adaptive under laboratory conditions

According to the figure above, ferns and angiosperms share a more recent common ancestor than gymnosperms and mosses

true

According to the figure above, ferns and gymnosperms share a more recent common ancestor than angiosperms and liverworts

true

Given that scientists have seen and can easily demonstrate that the genetic make-up of populations may change from generation to generation, it is a reasonable conclusion that evolution within a population is a factual occurence

true

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is the characteristic of having

true tissues or no true tissues

Which of the following characteristics could logically be placed at position #2

vascular tissue

Which of the following characteristics could be logically be placed at position #1

waxy cuticle

Spores and seeds have basically the same function - dispersal - but are vastly different because

spores are generally unicellular; seeds are not

Which of the following are probably most closely related

a pea plant and a peach tree

Which of the following are probably most closely related

a sunflower and an apple tree

Evolutionary history

all of the above

In pines ans conifers

all of the above

Which of the following is an example of the economic impact of fungi

all of the above

Which of the following is an organism that has been important as a model system for biological research

all of the above

Which of the following is essential parts of a seed

all of the above

Which of the following might be considered to be an adaptation for life in terrestrial environments

all of the above

Which of the following descriptions best fits the relationship between the terms "gene" and "allele"

alleles are different forms of the same gene

Chemicals secreted by soil fungi that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as

antibiotics

In a hypothetical population of babel fish described in the previous question, females are attracted to males with blue tails. In the next generation, you might expect the frequency of the blue tail fin to ______________, and this is an example of_________

both c and d is correct

What do fungi and arthropods have in common

both groups use chitin for support

Which is an insect

butterfly

Evolution

can happen whenever any of the conditions of hardy weinberg equilibrium are not met

Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution

change in allele frequency over generations or descent with modification

During an individual organism's lifetime, which of these is most likely to help the organism respond properly to changes in its environment

change in gene expression

Leaf cutter ants are insects that grow gardens of fungus. The fungus helps the ants to digest plant leaves. The ants and fungus both benefit in this mutualistic relationship. Both the ants and the fungus can synthesize the same structured polysaccharide from B-glucose. What is this polysaccharide?

chitin

You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following group does the fungus belong

chytrids

According to the figure above, flowering plants are most closely related to which of the following gymnosperm groups

gnetophytes

The closest relative of the familiar pine and spruce trees

gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

The most direct ancestor adaptation to new food plants

green algae

Evolution

happens when allele frequencies change in a population over generations

All arthropods

have jointed appendages; molt; have segmented bodies; have an exoskeleton or cuticle

In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, "2" in 2pq is necessary because

heterozygotes can come about in two ways

How are the bryophytes (like mosses) and seedless vascular plants alike

in both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia

Which of the following is not an ecological role of fungi

independent production of organic material as photosynthetic autotrophs

The hardy-weinberg model

is a useful description on how alleles should distribute in neutral conditions and how various factors may change allele frequencies in successive generations within a population

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also

is bilaterally symmetrical

Which of the following would mean that the assumptions of the hardy-weinberg model are not met, and would probably lead to evolution

non random mating

Planarians do just fine in their environments even though they lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory system because

none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens

photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae

Which of the following could logically be placed at position #3

pollen

Sponges make up the animal phylum known as

porifera

Animals is false

prokaryotes

In a hard-weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele

0.09

What is the estimated frequency of allele A in the gene pool

0.5

In a hypothetical population of butterflies, there are two alleles for antennae shape: curly (dominant) and straight (recessive). Across the population's gene pool, 25% of the alleles for this traits are the recessive form. What is the frequency of the curly allele

0.75

In a hardy-weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.1. What is the frequency of the AA genotype

0.81

In a population with two allele, A and a, they are in hardy weinberg equilibrium. Frequency of a is 0.1. What is frequent of AA gametophyte

0.81

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed

prokaryotes (primary decomposers)

In a hypothetical population of babel fish, there are two alleles for tail fin color: blue(dominant) and yellow(recessive). In this population, 36% of individuals have yellow tails. What is the frequency of the yellow tail allele, and what is the frequency of the blue tailed allele?

q=0.6 p=0.4

Suppose 64% of a remote mountain village can taste PTC and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait?

48%

Deuterosome pattern

A

Tissues

C

Bilateral symmetry

D

Ferns are vascular plants. Which of the following is also true

require water for transmission of motile sperm to egg

.__________are symbiotic realtionships between_________and_________;whearas _____________are symbiotic relationships between__________and_________;furthermore,____________are symbiotic relationships between___________and__________

Mycorrhizae, fungi, plant roots; nodules, nitrogen fixing bacteria, plant roots; lichens, fungi, photosynthetic algae or cynobacteria

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently

results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells

Which of these are spore-producing structures

sori of a fern

Which characteristic is shared by cnidarians and flatworms

a digestive system with a single opening

What is a fruit

a mature plant ovary, sometimes with accessory tissues

Most fungi obtain nutrients by

decomposers, parasites, live mutualistically

Which of the following is the most predictable outcome of increased gene flow between two populations

decreased genetic difference between the two populations

Which adaptation of land plants are likely provide Harold (pre-med) and Kumar (pre-pharm) with future patients/customers

defenses against herbivory, adaptations to wind dispersal of pollen

In the life cycle of basidiomycete fungus, immediately of karyogamy occurs, which of the following applies

diploid

In those part of equatorial Africa where the malaria parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the beta hemoglobin alleles in the human gene pool. In the United States, the parasite that causes malaria is not present, but in African-Americans whose ancestors were from Africa are present. What should be happening to the sickle-cell allele in the United states, and what should be happening to it in equatorial Africa

directional selection, stabilizing

10. A biologist is doing a long term study on a wild spider population observes increased variation in silk thickness. There appear to be more spiders producing thicker silk strand and more spiders producing thinner silk strands, with fewer spiders producing silk strands of average thickness than expected. Which of the following could the spider population be experiencing

disruptive selection

While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome? See whether the embryo:

exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage

Evolution has not been prove to occur, that why it's called "the theory of evolution"

false

Natural selection generally leads to adaptations that are perfectly suited to all environments

false

A botanist discoveres a new species of platn in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, she notes the following characteristic: flagellated sperm, xylem with thracheids, separate gameopyte and sporophyte generation with the sporophyte generation dominate, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to

ferns

Which of the following do not produce seeds

ferns

The process labled "4" in the figure is called______which marks the beginning of the diploid________generation

fertilization;sporophyte

The last common ancestor of all animals was

flagellated protist

Which of the following characteristics could logically be placed at position #4

flowers

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grapevines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

Arrange the following in correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant trait originated

gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence

Which of the following is more likely to occur in small populations

genetic drift

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy are true

kingdom animalia is monophyletic; animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates

Which is not a mollusk

leech

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what else do they all have in common?

lifecycles with dominant gametophyte generations

Arrange the following structs with regard to pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure

male gametophyte, female gametophyte, male cone, female cone, sporophyte

Which of these processes necessary for plants to move from diploid sporophyte to haploid gametophyte

meiosis

Genetic variation

must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

The same gene that can cause various coat patterns in wild and domesticated cats also causes cross-eyed condition in these cats. The cross-eyed condition is slightly maladaptive due to decreased visual depth perception. In a hypothetical environment, the coat pattern that is associated with cross eyes is highly adaptive because it provides cats with camouflage. The result in this case is that both the coat pattern and cross-eyed population condition increase in a feline population over time. Which statement is supported by these observations?

natural selection for phenotype is often the result of compromise

A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horse, whales, and bats. The actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged because

natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species

Proficient engineering design

natural selection is limited to modifying previous generation

Which of the following are unique to animals

nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement