Bio 135 Exam 2 review questions- chapters 4,12,13,6

label synovial joint

bursae, articular cartilage, joint cavity, meniscus, ligaments, hinge joint, ball-and-socket joint

Four major tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

urinary system

excretes metabolic waste, helps control internal pH, kidneys play a role

fibrous joints

immoveable (ex. cranium)

endochondral ossification

Process of transforming hyaline cartilage into bone.

facial tics

Spasms that can be controlled voluntarily, but only with great effort

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

cardiac muscle

branching cells, striated, uninucleated, involuntary, (ex. from heart)

osteoclasts

break down bone

types of muscle

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

strain

caused by stretching or tearing

label parts of neuron

cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath

osteon

combination of concentric rings of bone built around a single blood vessel

cavities of the body

cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

3 types of connective tissue

fibrous, supportive, fluid

hyaline cartilage

firm and sorta flexible, found at ends of long bones, in the nose, ends of ribs, and in larynx

label bones of pelvic girdle and lower limb

ilium, acetabulum, pubis, ischium, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

fibrous connective tissue

includes loose, dense, and adipose; protects internal organs and forms tendons and ligaments

positive feedback

increases initial stimulus ( ex. giving birth, contractions make babies head push further)

tendinitis

inflammation of a tendon

digestive system

ingests and breaks down food, absorbs nutrients

role of epithelial cells

layers of tightly packed cells, function in protection by covering surfaces, can be used for secretion or absorption, exposed to environment one one side and bound by basement membrane on other, and composed of carbohydrates and proteins

serous membrane

line and supports lungs, heart, and abdominal cavity, secrete watery fluid that lubricate membranr

mucous membrane

line tract of systems (digestive, reproductive, urinary, and respiratory), protects the body from bacteria.

respiratory system

maintains breathing, exchanges gases at lungs

intervertebral discs

make vertebral column flexible , absorb shock

5 functions of the skeletal system

movement, support, protection, makes blood, storage

muscular tissue

moves the body and its parts

osteoporotic bone

much larger spaces, and weaker

convulsions

multiple spasms or jerking (seizure)

white blood cells

produce antibodies, function in immunity to fight infections, engulf invaders by phagocytosis

nervous tissue

receives stimuli, processes info, and conducts nerve impulses

label skeletal muscle fibers

sarcolemma, mitochondria, sarcoplasm, z line, myofilaments, nucleus, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubule

nervous system functions

sensory input, information integration, and motor output (ex. occurs in brain and spinal cord)

skeletal system

site of immune cell synthesis, produces blood cells, stores minerals

latent period

time between stimulus and contraction

sprain

twisting of joint leading to swelling and injury

label skull

parietal bone, temporal bone, frontal bone, nasal bone, ethmoid bone, lacrimal bone, mandible, styloid process, external auditory canal

endocrine system

produce hormones, and coordinate stress response

muscular system

produces heat and movement

reproductive system

produces sex cells and hormones, transports sex cells

Formed elements of blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

supportive connective tissue

rigid bone providing leverage for movement and structure, flexible cartilage

label bones of the axial skeleton

skull, costal cartilage, sternum, ribs, vertebral column

cartilaginous joints

slightly moveable and connected by cartilage (ex. between ribs and sternum)

cellular respiration

slowest but most efficient, occurs in mitochondria, myoglobin helps provide oxygen

smooth muscleskel

spindle shaped cells, lack of striation, uninucleated , involuntary (ex.digestive tract)

skeletal muscle

striated, multinucleated, voluntary, attaches muscles to skeleton, produces heat as breakdown ATP, tendon attaches muscle to bone (ex. upper thigh)

fibrocartilage

strongest because matrix contains rows of thick collagen fibers, found between discs of vertebrae and cartilage of the knee

spasm

sudden, involuntary muscle contraction

label human skin anatomy

sweat pore, sensory receptor, oil gland, free nerve endings, sweat gland, nerve, epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer, and adipose tissue

integumentary system

synthesizes vitamin D, outer layer of body (skin)

maximal sustained contraction

tetanus

red blood cells

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, contain protein hemoglobin

cardiovascular system

transports blood, nutrients, gases, wastes, and controls temp and pH balance

functions of blood

transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and hormones, , regulating body temp, defends body against pathogens

joints

two bones join together

types of cartilage

type of connective tissue made from chondrocytes: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

summation

when motor unit can't relax (increased muscle contraction)

relaxation period

when muscles return to former length

contraction period

when muscles shorten

Make up of plasma in blood

organic molecules, water, and salts

bone repair

1. hematoma formation 2. callus formation 3. callus ossification 4. bone remodeling

connective tissue

binds and supports body parts and most diverse (found in bones, cartilage, and blood)

creatine phosphate

An energy storage molecule used by muscle tissue. The phosphate from creatine phosphate can be removed and attached to an ADP to generate ATP quickly. (anaerobic) fastest)

monocytes

WBC become macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris

basophils

WBC promote blood flow to injured tissues

lymphocytes

WBC responsible for specific immunity, B cells produce antibodies, T cells destroy cancer and viruses

neutrophils

WBC that phagocytizes pathogens and cellular debris

eosinophils

WBC use granule contents to digest large pathogens (ex worms)

muscle contraction is caused by

actin filaments sliding past myosin filaments.

platelets

aid in blood clotting

label anatomy of a long bone

articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, spongy bone, compact bone, medullary cavity, periosteum, blood vessel, epiphysis, diaphysis, central canal, osteon, osteocyte in lacunae

neuromusular junction

association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and sarcolemma of a muscle

acessory organs of the skin

nails are protective coverings for distal portion of the digits/fingers/toes, hair follicles contain hair root under skin and hair shaft, hair grows when stem cells at hair root divide, sweat glands help regulate body temp

cramp

painful spasm due to strenuous activity

stages of skeletal muscle twitch

latent period, contraction period, relaxation period, and maximal sustained

Body membranes

mucous, serous, synovial, meninges

fluid connective tissue

blood that transports oxygen and nutrients, and lymph that contains white blood cells

label regions of vertebral column

cervical vertebral, thoracic vertebral, lumbar vertebral, sacrum, and coccyx

label bones of pectoral girdle and upper limb

clavicle, glenoid cavity, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Menings membrane

composed of only connective tissue, forms within dorsal cavity, serves as a protective covering for brain and spinal cord

synovial membrane

composed of only loose connective tissue, line the cavities of free moving joints, secrete fluid that lubricates the ends of long bones

cranial cavity

contains brain

Thoracic cavity

contains heart, lungs, and esophages

elastic cartilage

contains mainly elastic fibers, found in ears flaps and epiglottis

pelvic cavity

contains reproductive organs

vertebral cavity

contains spinal cord

abdominal cavity

contains stomach, pancreas, and gallbladder

epithelial tissue

covers body surfaces and lines body cavities such as respiratory tract and endocrine glands

negative feedback

decreases the initial stimulus, resolves or corrects it (ex. regulates blood pressure, and maintains blood glucose)

Lymphatic/Immune System

defends against infectious diseases

3 parts of the nervous system

dendrite receives signal, axon conducts nerve impulses, and cell body contains organelles of cell

functions of skin

detects into regarding our surroundings, synthesizes chemicals, regulates body temp, prevents water loss (desiccation), acts as a barrier to pathogen entry, and protects underlying tissue

synovial joints

freely moving because of fluid filled cavity (ex. knees and hips)

Fermentation

glucose is broken down to lactate which is metabolized (anaerobic)

nervous system

initiates motor output, receives sensory input,

organ systems of the body

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

hemoglobin

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells, transports 4 molecules of oxygen, carbon monoxide binds to heme and won't let go