Bio 1400 (Chapter 7)

Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

4 D's associated with pellagra?

Folate

A B vitamin. Important in the development of the embryo especially when the nervous system is developing. Deficiencies are associated with neural tube defects.

Biotin

A coenzyme that is important in energy metabolism, glucose synthesis, and the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. Can be created by bacteria in the GI tract.

Niacin

A coenzyme that is needed for glucose metabolism and the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol.

Free radical

A type of highly reactive atom or molecule that causes oxidative damage (snatching electrons from DNA, proteins, carbs, unsaturated fatty acids causing changes to structure and function of these molecules).

Wernicke-korsakoff

Alcoholics might suffer from a form of thiamin deficiency known as?

Cobalamin

Another name from B12?

No

Are water soluble vitamins stored in the body?

Animal

B12 is only found in what kind of foods?

Myelin

B6 is needed to make what substance that coats nerve cells?

Gallbladder

Bile from what organ helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins?

essential nutrient

Choline is a vitamin, but not an?

Thiamin

Coenzyme needed for the breakdown of glucose to provide energy. Also needed for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, the metabolism of other sugars, and certain amino acids, the synthesis of ribose and deoxyribose.

Riboflavin

Coenzyme that forms two active coenzymes that serve as electron carriers. They function in reactions that produce ATP from carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Convert other vitamins into their active forms.

Brain

Deficiency of choline during pregnancy can interfere with development of the fetus's?

50mg +

Drugs that contain how many mg. or or more are used to treat elevated blood cholesterol levels?

Chylomicrons

Fat soluble vitamins are transported by?

DNA

Folate coenzymes are needed for the synthesis of?

A and C

Food labels are required to list what two vitamin DVs?

Oxygen, light, heat, use of copper/iron

How is vitamin c destroyed or lost?

100

How many different enzymes can pyridoxal phosphate, after being converted from vitamin B6, form?

3

How many forms of vitamin B6 are there?

A, D, E, K

Name the fat soluble vitamins.

B and C

Name the water soluble vitamins.

Vitamin C

Needed for the synthesis of collagen, the most abundant protein in the body. Needed in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, hormones, and bile salts. Is an antioxidant. Helps maintain the immune system. Regenerates the antioxidant form of vitamin E and enhances the absorption from the small intestine.

Choline

Needed to make neurotransmitters. For cell membranes. Lipid transport. Homocysteine metabolism.

Tryptophan

Niacin can also be synthesized from the amino acid called?

Milk

One of the best sources of riboflavin?

Pantothenic acid

Part of coenzyme A. It is needed for the break down of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids. It is needed for the modification of proteins. It is needed for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin. It is needed to form a molecule for synthesizing cholesterol and fatty acids.

Antioxidants (C, E, and Selenium)

Reduce the formation of or destroying free radicals and other reactive O2 molecules before they can do damage.

Macrocytic anemia

Result of low folate levels. Affects RBCs.

Beriberi

Thiamin deficiency is associated with what disease?

8

Total number of different vitamins.

meats and grains

Two good sources of niacin?

Cig smokers Those who consume few veggies

Two kinds of people at risk for vitamin C deficiency?

Intrinsic factor

Vitamin B12 absorption depends on what protein?

B12

Vitamin needed for the making of red blood cells. Necessary for the production of ATP from certain fatty acids, to convert homocysteine to methionine, to maintain myelin on nerves, and converts folate to the form that is active for DNA synthesis.

B6

Vitamin needed to synthesize nonessential amino acid, make neurotransmitters, synthesize hemoglobin, convert tryptophan to niacin, and break down glycogen to release glucose.

Water or fat

Vitamins are assigned to one of two groups base on their solubility in what two substances?

B

Vitamins involved in transferring the energy in carbohydrate, fat, and protein to ATP.

C

Vitamins needed to make connective tissue and to protect against damage by oxidation.

Blood proteins

Water soluble vitamins are transported bound to?

20%+

What % constitutes a food that is an excellent source of a nutrient?

10-19%

What % constitutes a food that is an good source of a nutrient?

5% or less

What % constitutes a food that is an poor source of a nutrient?

Coenzymes

What binds to enzymes to promote their activity?

Foliage

What is the meaning of the word folate?

Bran

What part of the rice kernel is rich in thiamin?

Neurological and cardiovascular

What two systems do thiamin deficiencies effect?

1998

What year did the federal government mandate that folate be added to all enriched grains and cereals? Decreasing neural tube defects by 50%.

Minimize nutrient loss

Why are some foods frozen in the field?

Can mask symptoms of b12 deficiency

Why is folic acid rather than folate, added to fortified products?

1/3

# of people in the U.S. that take vitamin C supplements?

40-90%

% of vitamins absorbed from the small intestine?