BIO 151---Ch. 6

Why is the Citric Acid Cycle a cycle?

because it starts and ends with the same molecule

Why does the citric acid cycle turn twice?

because of the two acetyl groups

In the Energy Harvest Step, NAD+ does what?

becomes NADH and gets a phosphate group- phosphorylation

An increased concentration does what to an enzyme?

better reaction because more active sites

After the phosphate groups are added in Glycolysis what happens?

breaks in half

What does the NADH do in the Electron Transport System?

brings electrons to first protein carrier in line and accepts them (Redox)

The transfer of --- from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction.

electrons

Is the second part of cellular respiration endergonic or exergonic?

endergonic

The electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules. In eukaryotes, where can this structure be found? - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - plasma membrane - rough endoplasmic reticulum - mitochondria

mitochondria

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? - chloroplast - nucleus - Golgi apparatus - lysosome - mitochondrion

mitochondrion

In the Acetyl Co A reaction what do you do because of the 2 Pyruvates?

multiply the next reaction by 2

Does Co A ever enter the citric acid cycle?

no

Does Coenzyme A go through the citric acid cycle? what does it do?

no, babysits the molecule and shows it off to the 1st chemical in the citric acid cycle

NAD+ has how many electrons?

none

The citric acid cycle ends with what molecule?

oxaloacetate

Citric Acid Cycle every one turn makes how many ATP? through what process? Total of ATP made in two cycles?

1 ATP, Substrate Level Phosphorylation, 2 ATP

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

2

How many of G3P carbons are completely stable?

2

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

2

Glycolysis is activated by what?

2 ATP

During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is partially oxidized. What is the net gain of ATP and NADH for each glucose molecule? - 2 ATP and 2 NADH - 6 ATP and 10 NADH - 32 ATP and 10 NADH - 4 ATP and 10 NADH

2 ATP and 2 NADH

products of Acetyl Co A reaction

2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl Co A

How many FADH2 are formed in the citric acid cycle? per one cycle?

2 FADH2, 2 FADH2

The energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain is used by the cell to make ---.

ATP

the Hydrogen ions move through what in the process of chemiosmosis?

ATP synthase

What takes place inside the mitochondria?

Acetyl CoA Formation (Pyruvate Oxidation), Citric Acid Cycle, [Electron Transport System, Chemiosmosis] [Oxidative Phosphorylation]

What does oxaloacetate do in the citric acid cycle?

Comes and helps make citrate to get glucose fully broken down- Acetyl Co A dismantled

What is the definition of aerobic cellular respiration?

Complete breakdown of carbohydrate producing water and carbon dioxide with a build up of ATP

The full cellular respiration process is exergonic, endergonic, or coupled? Why?

Coupled, because using free energy from exergonic to use in endergonic

Where is the Electron Transport System located?

Cristae

- is the movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Diffusion

series of proteins embedded in the Cristae, protein carriers

Electron Transport System

Two phases of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electron Transport System and Chemiosmosis

takes place in the cytoplasm not in the mitochondria

Glycolysis

the oldest living metabolic pathway

Glycolysis

What is the purpose of embedding the electron transport chain in the membrane of a cell? - The citric acid cycle can be compartmentalized from glycolysis. - Hydrogen ions (H+) are the only substances that can be pumped across this membrane. - NADH can donate electrons to an electron carrier only when it is embedded in a membrane. - The membrane is impermeable to H+.

The membrane is impermeable to H+.

How many ATP are made from one glucose molecule, net gain?

about 32

Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic? and what makes it this way?

aerobic because of the 6O2

Glycolysis is aerobic or anaerobic?

anaerobic

Substrate level phosphorylation is what kind of reaction?

enzyme reaction

Is the first part of cellular respiration endergonic or exergonic? Why?

exergonic because there is free energy to do work

Cellular respiration completely breaks down a glucose molecule through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. The majority of the energy the cell derives from glucose is _____. - stored in FAD and NAD+ - lost as heat - found in NADH and FADH2 - passed to the oxygen used in the electron transport chain

found in NADH and FADH2

hydrogen ions move what way in the chemiosmosis?

from the inner membrane space back into the matrix

The Glucose Activation Step has what job?

getting the reaction started

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? - glycolysis - electron transport chain - ATP production by ATP synthase - acetyl CoA formation -citric acid cycle

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. - glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain - citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA - acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis - electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA - glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

glycolysis ---> acetyl CoA ---> citric acid cycle ---> electron transport chain

Both G3P end up doing what?

going through the same process, Energy Harvest Step

The primary goal from the first 3 phases of cellular respiration? this does what?

harvesting electrons so we can use them in 4th reaction to do work

ATP--> 100 units of energy released + ADP + P: ATP is an example of------? a. low energy product b. low energy reactant c. high energy reactant d. high energy product

high energy reactant

Glycolysis takes place where?

in the cytoplasm

Electron Transport System creates a high concentration of hydrogen ions where?

in the inner membrane space

When does the process become aerobic?

when it comes inside the mitochondria

When does a reaction become aerobic?

when it hits the mitochondria

aerobic

with oxygen

anaerobic

without oxygen

Does NADH have electrons?

yes, loaded

series of chemical reactions that are all linked together

metabolic pathways

In cellular respiration, oxygen becomes --- to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose.

reduced

FADH2 brings electrons where in the electron transport system?

second protein in line

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. - oxidative phosphorylation - substrate-level phosphorylation - photophosphorylation - cellular respiration - photosynthesis

substrate-level phosphorylation

Name the outputs from the Citric Acid Cycle

0 carbons, 4 CO2, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH

What chemical is the final electron acceptor?

Oxygen

Chemiosmosis moves substances by?

Passive Transport

How many ATP are made in Oxidative Phosphorylation?

28 ATP

In G3P, C6 -->

2C3

G3P has how many carbon sugar molecules?

3

1 NADH -->

3 H+

1 glucose produces about how many ATP

32

How many carbons are left after Acetyl Co A reaction?

4

How many phosphate groups are there during the Energy Harvest Step?

4

NADH is used in how many sets of reactions in cellular respiration?

4

How many ATP are made in Substrate Level Phosphorylation?

4 ATP

Substrate level Phosphorylation produces what?

4 ATP and two molecules of water, and at the end produces two molecules of Pyruvate

Products from Glycolysis to Citric Acid Cycle

4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH

How many total ATP are made in Glycolysis and how many can be counted towards the total ATP?

4 ATP, 2 ATP

when two carbon molecules are left what is it called?

Acetyl group

- uses ATP to move substances from lower to higher concentration.

Active transport

all the metabolic pathways that completely breakdown carbohydrate into CO2 and water with a build up of ATP

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

What type of cellular respiration produces 32 ATP for every glucose?

Aerobic respiration

What is NAD+ and what is it's function?

An electron carrier and chemically a coenzyme. It takes two electrons and a hydrogen ion

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? - 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 - C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy -6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 -C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy -C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy

Chemical equation for cellular respiration Both parts

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Energy + ADP + Phosphate group ---> ATP

The equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + ATP

What are the low energy products from aerobic cellular respiration?

CO2 and H2O

Glycolysis Inputs? Outputs?

Inputs: 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 4 Phosphate groups, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP Outputs: 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 H2O, 2 NADH

Name the inputs and outputs for glycolysis.

Inputs: 2 ATP, 1 glucose, 4 Phosphate groups and 4 ADP, 2 NAD+ Outputs: 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, 4 ATP with a net of 2 ATP, 2 H2O

Name the inputs and outputs for Acetyl CoA formation.

Inputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA Outputs: 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH

ATP--> 100 units of energy released + ADP + P: ADP is an example of? a. Low energy product b. Low energy reactant c. High energy reactant d. High energy product

Low energy product

In cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as --- picks up electrons and H and becomes reduced to NADH.

NAD+

Equation for NAD+ becoming NADH

NAD+ + 2e- + H+ ---> NADH

Pyruvate is also called

Pyruvic Acid

abbreviation for reduction and oxidation; tells whether a reaction has gained or lost electrons

Redox

The electron transport chain is, in essence, a series of redox reactions that conclude cellular respiration. During these redox reactions, _____. - NAD+ is reduced, which then oxidizes an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain - ATP synthase removes hydrogen ions and pumps them across the mitochondrial membrane - NADH is reduced as it donates electrons to the first complex involved in the electron transport chain - all the carriers pump H+ across the mitochondrial membrane, forming a gradient that is used to drive ATP synthesis

NAD+ is reduced, which then oxidizes an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

The Citric Acid Cycle starts and ends with?

Oxaloacetate

a 4 carbon molecule in the Citric Acid Cycle?

Oxaloacetate

In what reaction(s) is the bulk of the ATP made?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

What is the fate of the electrons that are stripped from glucose during cellular respiration? - They result in the formation of heat. - They are donated to NADH. - They are used to form ATP by chemiosmosis. - They are used to form water.

They are used to form water

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? - This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. - This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. - This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. - This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. - This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis? - This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. - This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. - This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. - This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. - This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain? - This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. - This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. - This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. - This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. - This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

True or False: Fermentation is the incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates into lactic acid or alcohol?

True

Lose a CO2 for each what in citric acid cycle?

carbon in acetyl

Where does glycolysis take place?

cytoplasm

Co A does what for the Citric Acid Cycle?

delivers Acetyl groups

Acetyl Co A reaction---the two Pyruvate are going to do what?

diffuse into the matrix of the mitochondria

NAD+ is a? Chemically?

electron carrier and chemically a coenzyme

FAD?

electron carrier and coenzyme, picks up two electrons and a hydrogen ion to become FADH2

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. - lactate and NADH - pyruvate - carbon dioxide, ethanol, NAD+, and ATP - carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP - lactate and NAD+

lactate and NAD+

In cellular respiration, glucose becomes --- to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms).

oxidized

NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor, ---.

oxygen

Movement is active or passive in chemiosmosis?

passive

NAD+ does what in the citric acid cycle?

pick up electrons three times for every Acetyl group

NAD+ does what in Acetyl Co A reaction?

pick up two electrons and become NADH

You have to be accountable for all --- from the 2 G3P

products

Using the ATP generated during cellular respiration, the intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be siphoned off and used _____. - to generate the ADP that is used to power biosynthetic pathways - to provide virtually all the heat needed to maintain body temperature - to power the biosynthesis of amino acids, fats, and sugars - to create energy sources, such as glucose or amino acids, that are recycled back through respiration, thus allowing a continual source of ATP with relatively little food intake

to power the biosynthesis of amino acids, fats, and sugars

The electron energy is used to do what in the electron transport system?

to pump H+ ions against their gradient from the matrix into the intermembrane space

How does pH affect enzymes?

too basic or too acidic can denature the enzyme

How many times does the citric acid cycle turn for every 1 glucose?

twice

In Glycolysis, Glucose molecules are phosphorylated how many times?

twice

After the substrate level phosphorylation how many carbons are there?

6

Citrate has how many carbons?

6

How many NADH are formed in the citric acid cycle? per one cycle?

6 NADH, 3 NADH

1 FADH2-->

2 H+

The coenzyme A attaches itself to what? causing what?

2 carbon Acetyl group and is called Acetyl Coenzyme A

How many ATP are made after the first round of Glycolysis? Out of many?

2 of 32, 4 ATP - 2 ATP = 2 ATP

Glycolysis is activated by 2 ATP and adds what?

2 phosphate groups

How many CO2 are formed in the citric acid cycle? per one cycle?

4 CO2, 2 CO2

Glucose has how many carbons

6 carbon backbone

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

ATP

In the first stage of cellular respiration, two molecules of pyruvate are produced. In the remaining stages, a number of products are produced, including _____. These stages occur in the _____. - ATP ... cytoplasm - CO2 ... mitochondria - glucose ... mitochondria - water ... cytoplasm

CO2 ... mitochondria

Which reaction allows H+ to move down its concentration from inner membrane space through ATP synthase into the matrix of the mitochondria?

Chemiosmosis

when hydrogen ions are going to move passively from the inner membrane space back into the matrix through ATP synthase which binds together ADP and a phosphate group to make ATP

Chemiosmosis

Oxaloacetate combines with an Acetyl group to become what?

Citrate (citric acid)

What is the function of NAD+?

Electron carrier

Which reaction takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria?

Electron transport system

Glucose Activation Step is what type of reaction?

Exergonic

Equation for FAD--> FADH2

FAD + 2e + H--> FADH2

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? - water - NADH + H+ - pyruvate - ATP - FADH2

FADH2

In Glycolysis, when the glucose breaks in half the two parts are called?

G3P

Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration

Glucose + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

G3P is also called?

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

- is the oldest living metabolic pathway.

Glycolysis

when a phosphate group has been added

Phosphorylation

The Glucose Activation Step is also called?

The Energy Investment Phase

Primarily, cellular respiration serves to _____. - produce cell structures from chemical building blocks - break down toxic molecules - make ATP to power the cell's activities - make food

make ATP to power the cell's activities

A muscle cell deprived of molecular oxygen will convert glucose to lactic acid to _____. - transition into the citric acid cycle - recycle NADH through fermentation - gain 2 ATP through glycolysis - gain energy through chemiosmosis

recycle NADH through fermentation

where the ADP connects to one of the phosphate groups and loses a phosphate group

substrate level phosphorylation

How does temperature affect enzymes?

too hot or too cold can denature the enzyme