BIO 1510 FINAL EXAM (Thomas)
A neutral atom that gets oxidized becomes an anion.
F
Saturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperatures and are primarily produced by plants
F
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) uses electron beams to generate three dimensional images of samples
F
When a chemical bond is formed during macromolecule synthesis and a water molecule is released, this is called a hydrolysis reaction.
F
How are the tails and heads of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment? A) The hydrophobic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophilic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid. B) The hydrophilic tails are oriented towards each other and the hydrophobic heads are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid. C) The hydrophilic heads are oriented towards each other and the hydrophobic tails are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid. D) The hydrophobic heads are oriented towards each other and the hydrophilic tails are oriented towards the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid
a
Chaperone proteins help newly synthesized proteins fold correctly into functional structures
T
Less energy is needed to bring about a reaction when an enzyme is present.
T
Life is a dynamic process that is constantly in flux, thus living things exist in a non equilibrium state.
T
Small cells function more effectively, because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio decreases.
T
The development of new technologies is based upon science.
T
The high heat of vaporization property of water helps organisms stay cool
T
How can freeze-fracture be used to determine the orientation of a protein in a membrane? A) Freeze-fracture allows a cell to be cleaved in between the lipid bilayer, splitting the plasma membrane into two layers. B) Freeze-fracture cuts the membrane in protein-sized components for viewing under an electron microscope. C) Freeze-fracture allows a cell to be cleaved in such a way as to preserve the embedded proteins.
a
If the basic (neutral) structure of a Carbon-12 atom is 6 Protons, 6 Neutrons, 6 Electrons, what is the structure of the isotope Carbon-13? A) 6 Protons, 7 Neutrons, 6 Electrons B) 8 Protons, 6 Neutrons, 6 Electrons C) 6 Protons, 8 Neutrons, 6 Electrons D) 6 Protons, 6 Neutrons, 8 Electrons
a
If you could measure the pH within the chloroplast, where would it be lowest? A) the lumen of the thylakoid B) the cytoplasm immediately outside the chloroplast C) in the stroma D) in the antenna complex
a
If you tagged organic carbon inside a chloroplast with a fluorescent label, the location most likely to have a high concentration of labeled carbon would be in the A) Stroma B) Inside the thylakoid C) Thylakoid membrane D) Between the outer and inner membranes
a
NADPH is made by A) the passing of electrons from photosystem I to an electron transport chain. B) chemiosmosis. C) glycolysis. D) the Calvin cycle.
a
Endocrine signaling is characterized by ligands that are A) secreated by distant cells B) secreated by neighboring cells C) produced by the cell itself D) present on the plasma membrane of neighboring cells
a
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells. Which of the following are following are found only in a eukaryotic cell? A) Golgi apparatus B) Cell wall C) Ribosome D) Plasma membrane
a
An endergonic reaction has the following properties A) -'G and the reaction is spontaneous B) +'G and the reaction is not spontaneous C) -'G and the reaction is not spontaneous D) +'G and the reaction is spontaneous
b (exergenic is negative & IS spontaneous)
A bacterial cell that can alter the composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in its membrane lipids is adapted to a cold environment. If this cell is switched to a warmer environment, it will react by _______. A) altering the amount of protein present in the membrane B) increasing the amount of cholesterol in the membrane C) increasing the degree of saturated fatty acids in its membrane. D) increasing the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in its membrane
c
An individual is constipated. They take magnesium salts to help loosen the stool. Why does this work? A) Water moves from the intestines to the blood because the blood is hypotonic. B) Water moves from the intestines to the blood because the blood is hypertonic C) Water moves from the blood to the intestines because the blood is hypotonic. D) Water moves from the blood to the intestines because the blood is hypertonic
c
Chloroplasts in plants have two connected Photosystems which function in the light reactions to produce the energy to drive the Calvin cycle. Which of these statements below are true? A) Photosystem II produces NADPH; Photosystem I produces ATP and O2 B) Photosystem I produces O2; Photosystem II produces ATP and NADPH C) Photosystem II produces O2 and ATP; Photosystem I produces NADPH D) Photosystem I produces O2 and ATP; Photosystem II produces NADPH
c
For the process of diffusion to occur, molecules must A) move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached by active transport. B) move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until facilitated transport can assist the molecular equilibrium. C) move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached. D) move from areas of low concentration to areas of higher concentration until an equilibrium is reached.
c
In feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway, where does the inhibitor bind? A) to the enzyme of the last reaction B) to the product of the first reaction C) to the enzyme of the first reaction D) to a substrate or the product of the last reaction
c
Select the correct sequence concerning glucose catabolism. A) Glycolysis Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle B) Glycolysis Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain C) Glycolysis Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain D) Glycolysis Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle
c
What happens to the oxygen that is used in cellular respiration? A) It is used to make glucose B) It is converted to carbon dioxide C) It is reduced to form water D) It is used to make Krebs cycle intermediates
c
What oxidizing agent is used to temporarily store high energy electrons harvested from glucose molecules in a series of gradual steps in the cytoplasm? A) FADH2 B) ADP C) NAD+ D) Oxygen
c
What property defines most ligands for intracellular receptors? A) They are hydrophilic B) They are molecules that can perform significant hydrogen bonding interactions with water C) They are lipid-soluble D) They are large molecules
c
Which of the following characteristics is unique to archaea? A) A fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane structure B) A single origin of DNA replication C) Ether-linked phospholipids in the plasma membrane D) Unicellular organism
c
Which of these is not a phase in the Calvin cycle A) PGA reduction to G3P B) Regeneration of RuBP C) Photosystem II D) Carbon fixation
c
A cell biologist has developed a new drug that blocks vesicle transport at the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. What will this drug prevent from happening inside a cell? A) The movement of vesicles from mitochondria to the Golgi apparatus. B) The movement of materials from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. C) The synthesis of proteins or lipids on the endoplasmic reticulum. D) The movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
d
An ionic bond forms when A) an atom gives away or takes in an electron. B) two atoms come close enough to share one or more electrons. C) an atom gives away or takes in a proton. D) a negatively charged ion is attracted to one with a positive charge.
d
As a genetic counselor, you are constructing a human pedigree for a particular disease. You note that every generation shows the trait, suggesting that the trait is A) sex-linked. B) polygenic. C) recessive. D) dominant
d
Biological macromolecules are polymers that are formed when _____ are joined by a ____ reaction. A) polymers, hydrolysis B) monomers, hydrolysis C) subunits, reduction D) monomers, dehydration synthesis
d
If a bacterial cell that can alter the composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in its membrane lipids is adapted to a hot environment, and this cell is shifted to a colder environment, it will react by _______. A) increasing the amount of cholesterol in its membrane B) increase the degree of saturated fatty acids in its membrane C) altering the amount of protein present in the membrane D) increasing the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in its membrane
d
If blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution A) the cells will swell due to diffusion. B) the cells will be unaffected since they have a cell membrane to separate them from the solution. C) the cells will shrink due to the loss of solutes from the blood cell. D) the cells will shrink due to water loss by the cell.
d
In aerobic respiration, chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by: A) Pi transfer through the plasma membrane. B) osmosis of macromolecules. C) the Na+/K+ pump. D) a difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
d
In bacteria, fungi, and plants the high internal pressure generated by osmosis is counteracted by the mechanical strength of their A) cytoskeletons. B) organelles. C) plasma membranes. D) cell walls.
d
Living organisms must constantly take in energy in order to power functions necessary to remain alive. The chemical reaction that involve energy conversion are called A) adaptations. B) photosynthesis. C) cell respiration. D) metabolism.
d
Organisms that can manufacture their own chemical energy are called ________. A) oligotrophs B) chemotrophs C) heterotrophs D) autotrophs
d
Proteins are important to biological systems because of their function in A) cell structure B) enzyme catalysis C) cell movement D) all of these
d
RNA is a form of _________ composed of ____________. A) protein; amino acid residues. B) carbohydrate; glucose and galactose. C) lipid; fatty acids and glycerol. D) nucleic acid; phosphate, 5-carbon sugar and nitrogenous base.
d
Regarding atoms, identify which statement below is correct. A) The nucleus of an atom contains protons and electrons. B) The positive charges of an element are carried by the electrons. C) The neutral charges of an element are carried by the protons. D) The number and arrangement of electrons in an atom governs its chemical activity.
d
The function of a ____ is to add phosphates to proteins, whereas a _____ functions to remove the phosphates. A) receptor; ligand B) protein phosphatase; protein kinase C) tyrosine; serine D) protein kinase; protein phosphatase
d
The receptors for steroid hormones and peptide hormones are fundermentally different A) of great difference in size of molecules B) peptides are hydrophobic and steroids are hydrophillic C) peptides are one of the four major polymers and steroids are simple ringed structures. D) peptides are hydrophillic and steroids are hydrophobic
d
The term to describe any substance, which can prevent the pH of a solution from changing by either releasing or absorbing H+ in a solution is A) solute. B) acid. C) base. D) buffer.
d
What color of light is least absorbed by chlorophyll? A) violet-blue B) red C) yellow-orange D) green
d
When amino acids are is used as a energy source for cellular respiration must first undergo A) E-oxidation B) Glycolysis C) None of the above D) Deamination
d
When fermentation occurs in animal (muscle) cells, electrons are transferred from NADH to pyruvate to produce _________. A) ethanol B) Glucose C) ATP D) lactic acid
d
Which level of a protein structures is the defined by the final folded shape of a single peptide chain? A) Primary structure B) Quaternary structure C) Secondary structure D) Tertiary structure
d
Which of the following lists the terms from simplest to most complex? A) cells, organs, tissues, organ systems, organism B) organs, organ system, organism, cells, tissues C) tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, cells D) cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
d
In the MAP kinase cascade, MAP kinase kinase phosphorylates MAP kinase kinase kinase.
f
The energy content of a photon is directly proportional to the wavelength of light (the longer the wavelength, the higher the energy)
f
C3 photosynthesis is advantageous in hot dry climates where photorespiration would remove more than half of the carbon fixed by the usual C4 pathway alone
f (C4 is advantageous, and the pathway is C3)
Most competitive inhibitors bind to allosteric sites on an enzyme
f (binds to active site)
Antony van Leeuwenhoek studied anthrax; proposed four postulates to prove a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease.
f (microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa or in other words microorganisms)
Exergonic reactions occur spontaneously after the energy of activation is achieved
t
Fats and carbohydrates are better for long-term energy storage molecules than ATP
t
In feedback inhibition the end-product of the pathway binds to an allosteric site on enzyme that catalyzes first reaction in the pathway and shuts down the pathway so raw materials and energy are not wasted.
t
The Krebs cycle is a catabolic biochemical pathway, while the Calvin cycle is an anabolic biochemical pathway.
t
The cell surface receptors that can act only indirectly on plasma membrane-bound enzymes or ion channels are G protein-coupled receptors
t
Schleiden and Schwann stated the "cell theory," which in its modern form says: A) all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things and all cells arise by division of other cells. B) all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells arise spontaneously and all cells vary in size and shape. C) all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells require oxygen and all cells arise by division of other cells. D) all cells will arise spontaneously, all cells require oxygen and all cells are composed of one or more cells.
a
Signal transduction pathways ___ A) include the intracellular events stimulated an extracellular signal B) include the extracellular events stimulated an intracellular signal C) are only found in cases where the signal can cross the membrane D) are necessary for signals to cross the membrane
a
The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria. There are nine biochemical reactions involved in the Krebs cycle, and they are highly ordered. Select the correct order from the following choices. (Note: These are abbreviated and do not show NAD, ADP, ATP, or FAD.) A) acetyl-CoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate forming citrate which forms alpha-ketoglutarate which forms succinylCoA which forms succinate which forms fumarate which forms malate which forms oxaloacetate B) acetyl-CoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate forming citrate which forms beta-ketoglutarate which forms succinylCoA which forms succinate which forms fumarate which forms malate which forms oxaloacetate C) acetyl-CoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate forming citrate which forms alpha-ketoglutarate which forms succinylCoA which forms succinate which forms malate which forms fumarate which forms oxaloacetate D) acetyl-CoA joins the Kreb cycle and unites with oxaloacetate which forms alpha-ketoglutarate forming citrate which forms succinylCoA which forms succinate which forms fumarate which forms malate which forms oxaloacetate
a
The direct source of energy for the ATP produced by ATP synthase comes from ___. A) a proton gradient B) substrate-level phosphorylation C) the elecron transport chain D) the oxidation reactions occuring during respiration
a
The discovery of ribozymes meant that A) RNAs can act as enzymes. B) RNA has the same function as protein. C) only nucleic acids have catalytic function. D) only proteins have catalytic function.
a
The electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 can be ___. A) moved between proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria B) transported into the matrix of the mitochondria C) pumped into the intermembrane space D) transferred to the ATP synthase
a
The gram stain is used as a diagnostic tool for characterizing bacterial cells . What specific structure does the gram stain target? A) Cell wall B) Nucleoid C) DNA D) Ribosome
a
The reactions of the Kreb cycle occur in the _____. A) matrix of the mitochondria B) intermembrane space of the mitochondria C) inner membrane of the mitochondria D) cytoplasm
a
What is the importance of fermentation to cellular metabolism? A) It oxidizes NADH to NAD+ in the absence of O2 B) It oxidizes NADH to NAD+ during electron transport C) It reduces NADH to NAD+ in the absence of O2 D) It generates glucose for the cell in the absence of O2
a
Which answer choice lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order? A) observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, scientific theory B) scientific theory, conclusion, hypothesis, experiment, observation C) observation, experiment, hypothesis, conclusion, scientific theory D) hypothesis, observation, experiment, conclusion, scientific theory
a
Which element has the same number of valence electrons as Phosphate (P). A) Nitrogen (N) B) Lithium (Li) C) Argon (Ar) D) Oxygen (O)
a
Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis? A) CO2 B) NADH C) ATP D) pyruvate
a
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics? A) energy can be neither created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another. B) one usable form of energy cannot be completely converted into another usable form. C) energy cannot be transformed. D)one usable form of energy can be completely converted into another usable form.
a
Which of the integral membrane proteins, pumps protons into the lumen of the thylakoid, to create a proton gradient used to synthesize ATP? A) b6-f complex B) ATP synthase C) NADP reductase D) Photosystem II
a
A dental student wants to test if fluoride is an effective additive against tooth decay. The student studies tooth decay in a population of people who live in neighborhoods supplied with fluoridated water. This student would like to ask whether access to fluoridated water prevents tooth decay. What would be an effective control group to ask this question? A) Individuals with access to differing amounts of fluoride in the water. B) Individuals with access to water with no fluoride added. C) Individuals with access to fluoridated water. D) Individuals who have fluoride added to their toothpaste but not their water.
b
A scientist performs an experiment in which they create an artificial cell with a selectively permeable membrane through which only water can pass. They inject a 5M solution of glucose into the cell and then place the cell into a beaker containing 10M glucose. What effect do you expect to observe? A) Water moves into the cell B) Water moves out of the cell C) Glucose moves into the cell D) Glucose moves out of the cell
b
A solution that has a change of 4 pH units indicates what fold change in the [H+] of the solution. (example pH 8.0 to pH 4.0) A) 1000 X B) 10,000 X C) 100 X D) 300 X
b
A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out red blood cell, forming a vesicle around the red blood cell. This process is called A) exocytosis. B) phagocytosis. C) pinocytosis. D) facilitated diffusion.
b
Flattened sacs of internal membranes associated with photosynthesis in chloroplasts are called A) stroma. B) thylakoids. C) stoma. D) photosystems.
b
How many ATPs are generated specifically from all products generated by just two rounds of the Kreb cycle? Assume that there are 2.5 ATP per NADH and 1.5 ATP per FADH2. (Hint: this includes NADH, FADH2 to the Electon Transport Chain) A) 12 ATP B) 20 ATP C) 18 ATP D) 24 ATP
b
How many different proton pumping transmembrane protein complexes are present in the Electron Transport System in mitochondria for cellular respiration? A) One protein B) Three proteins C) Four proteins D) Two proteins
b
If I knew that I had a sample of a nucleic acid, how would I be able to determine, if the sample was only composed of DNA. I would know by the absence of ______. A) guanine B) uracil C) cytosine D) thymine
b
If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called A) osmosis. B) hypotonic. C) hypertonic. D) isotonic.
b
In a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used with the result that A) sodium and potassium ions enter and water leaves. B) 3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter. C) 3 sodium ions enter and 2 potassium ions leave. D) 2 sodium ion enters and 1 potassium ion leaves. E) 2 sodium ion leaves and 1 potassium ion enters
b
In the process of cell signalling, scaffolding proteins organize the components of a kinase cascade into a single protein complex, which gives the advantage of efficency, to the complex, however it does have a disadvantage in _________. A) destroying the protein B) reducing the amplification effect C) inhibiting cell signalling D) increasing the ampllification effect
b
One cell sends second messengers to another cell through gap junctions. What type of signaling would this be considered? A) Endocrine B) Direct contact C) Synaptic D) Paracrine
b
Out of the 12 elements that make up most living things, which four elements make up 96.4% of the human body? A) Hydrogen, Sodium, Oxygen, Calcium B) Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon C) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus D) Sodium, Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen
b
The Domain ________ includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms. A) Protista B) Eukarya C) Plantae D) Bacteria
b
The figure below is depicting the interaction of water molecules with one another, which involves the use of A) adhesion B) cohesion C) ionic bonds. D) covalent bonds.
b
The first life form from which all life forms on Earth are believed to be derived from, first appeared _____ Billion Years Ago (BYA). A) 6.0 B) 3.5 C) 2.5 D) 4.5
b
The part of a membrane protein that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed of amino acids that are A) negatively charged. B) non-polar. C) highly polar. D) positively charged.
b
The type of movement of molecules that is specific and passive, and which becomes saturated if all of the protein carriers are in use is A) active transport. B) facilitated diffusion. C) endocytosis. D) exocytosis.
b
Units of light energy in the electromagnetic spectrum are described as ___. A) chlorophylls B) photons C) calories D) protons
b
What chemical property characterizes the interior of the phospholipid bilayer? A) It is saturated B) It is hydrophobic C) It is polar D) It is hydrophillic
b
What is the function of a protein kinase? A) To phosphorylate GDP to generate GTP B) To add phosphate groups onto proteins C) To cleave membrane phospholipids D) To remove phosphate groups from proteins
b
What type of receptor is not an enzyme, but is directly associated with an enzyme that can hydrolyze GTP? A) Enzymatic receptor B) G protein-coupled receptor C) Steroid hormone receptor D) Channel-linked receptor
b
Which answer choice lists the steps of the scientific method in the correct order? A) observation, experiment, hypothesis, conclusion, scientific theory B) observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, scientific theory C) scientific theory, conclusion, hypothesis, experiment, observation D) conclusion, hypothesis, observation, experiment, scientific theory
b
Which scientist was the first to determine that photosynthesis was a a multistage process of which only one portion uses light directly A) Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580-1644) B) F.F. Blackman (1866-1947) C) C.B. van Niel (1897-1985) D) Joseph Priestly (1733-1804
b
Who was the first person to described a cell? A) Leeuwenhoek B) Hooke C) Golgi D) Darwin
b
