Bio 155 Exam 2 Homework

hyposmotic

A research laboratory is attempting to collect the content of human red blood cells. the type of solution researchers should use to cause blood cells to lyse (burst) would be:

by activating catabolic pathways, AMPK provides a mechanism to activate exergonic pathways, which is important if AMP levels are high in the cell

AMP- activated protein kinase is an enzyme that is activated by high levels of AMP in cells. if levels of AMP are high in cells, that means that levels of ATP are low. one active AMPK activated catabolic pathways & inhibits anabolic pathways in the cell. why do you think that is the case?

the formation of water from oxygen

As a forensic pathologist, you have just completed an autopsy of a poisoning victim. After a thorough examination, you conclude that the victim died of cyanide poisoning. You know that cyanide binds to the cytochrome oxidase complex, and therefore list the official cause of death as suffocation due to cyanide exposure. However, if you wanted to provide a more technical explanation as the cause of death, what process was specifically inhibited directly by cyanide?

Glucose priming

During what step of glycolysis are two ATP molecules required?

gated ion channel

GABA receptors play an essential role in neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. in response to the appropriate signal, these receptors open up & allow Cl- to flow into the cell. given this info, GABA receptors can be classified as a:

a certain amount of activation energy is required for the reaction to proceed

a particular reaction has a negative delta G. however, this reaction takes many years to proceed in the absence of enzyme. why is this the case?

intramolecular catalysis

a riboenzyme catalyzes a reaction on itself & actually changes shape. this is an example of:

capture photons from sunlight

The role of the antenna complex in a photosystem is to:

hyposmotic

Turgor pressure is observed when a plant cells environment is:

pyruvate

What is the end product of glycolysis?

acetaldehyde

What molecule can oxidize NADH?

12.5 ATP

What will be the ATP yield for a molecule that is carbolized to form one molecule of pyruvate in a eukaryotic cell?

water moves from the blood to the intestines because the blood is hypotonic

an individual is constipated. they take magnesium salts to help loosen the stool. why does this work?

it is used to transport protons against their concentration gradient

as electrons move along the electron transport chain, they lose potential energy. how is the energy that is released used by the cell?

membranes with high amounts of cholesterol are very stable & have decreased permeability

cholesterol is a structural component of cell membranes. amount of cholesterol present can affect membrane stability & permeability. what is the role of cholesterol in a membrane?

increased membrane fluidity at higher temperatures

cyclodextrins are a group of compounds capable of removing cholesterol from membranes. the effect most likely to have a large impact on cells as a result of cyclodextrin treatment would be:

cell adhesion molecules help white blood cells adhere to the blood vessels wall so they can imagine across that wall & infiltrate into the underlying tissue

diapedesis is the movement of white blood cells through intact blood vessel walls into surrounding body tissue. it typically happens when an area of the body is injured or damaged, & an inflammation response is required. what role would you expect adhesion molecules to play in this process?

heat

energy is defined as:

no. this only describes one chemical reaction. a metabolic pathway includes multiple chemical reactions

enzyme 1 converts substrate A into product B. is this an example of a metabolic pathway?

cessation of chlorophyll production, which allows the accessory pigments to be revealed

fall leaf color on deciduous trees is a result of:

thylakoids

flattened sacs of internal membranes associated with photosynthesis are:

this direct reaction of oxygen with glucose is extremely destructive to cells

glucose does not react directly with oxygen because...

it is lost as heat

glucose is broken down through cellular respiration, which involves a number of chemical reactions. at the end of the cellular respiration process, a large number of ATP molecules are generated but yet not all of the possible energy that is contained in a molecule of glucose can be harnessed through these chemical reactions to generate ATP. in other words, during cellular respiration, not all of the energy that is contained in a molecule of glucose is converted into the energy stored in ATP. what happens to the remaining energy?

a metabolic pathway

glucose is converted into glucose 6-phosphate by hexokimase. glucose 6-phosphate then serves as the substrate for the enzyme phosphoglucose, which converts this reactant into fructose 6-phosphate. fructose 6-phosphate serves as the substrate for phosphofructokinase which converts from fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-biphosphate. based on the info provided, this is an example of what?

it can be made by direct phosphorylation of ADP in the cytoplasm & by an enzyme complex that uses the energy from a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. it can also be made in other locations in the cell, depending on the cell type

how & where is ATP made in a eukaryotic cell?

freeze-fracture allows a cell to be cleaved in between the lipid bilayer, splitting the plasma membrane into two layers

how can freeze-fracture be used to determine the orientation of a protein in a membrane?

6

how many molecules of CO2 are needed to generate one molecule of glucose?

the concentration of ACP & P3 to ATP

if ATP synthase had a mutation of the F3 complex position of proteins, which function of ATP synthase would most likely be affective?

the cell will gain water & its osmotic pressure will decrease

if a cell has a nor al osmotic pressure of 4500 mmHg & is placed into a solution with an osmotic pressure of 3500mmHg, what will happen to the cell?

stroma

if the Calvin cycle were to temporarily restricted the highest concentration of NADPH would likely be in the:

a triglyceride

if you were to replace the phosphate group of a phospholipid with a fatty acid chain, you would have:

less than 0

in a chemical reaction, 1 - 3 - biphosphoglycerare + ADP yields 3 - phosphoglycerate plus ATP. what is the delta G in this reaction?

a difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane

in aerobic respiration, chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by:

substrate

in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactant is called the:

6

in order to generate one glucose molecule, the Calvin cycle has to turn how many times?

the enzyme has to separate itself from the product

in order to reuse an enzyme after the conclusions of an enzyme catalyzed reaction, what must occur?

yes, in the case that a cell can use a terminal electron acceptor other than oxygen , it can make use of the electron transport chain

in the absence of oxygen, can cells utilize the electron transport chain?

stroma

in which part of the chloroplasts are the Calvin cycle enzymes located?

glycolysis

it is the thought that the oldest stage of cellular respiration from an evolutionary perspective is...

ATP & NADPH

light dependent reactions generate:

the phosphorous groups of ATP are held together by unstable bonds that can be broken to release energy

many metabolic pathways are ultimately with ATP, either with the generation or with the requirement of ATP for the pathway to function. why is ATP so important for metabolism?

temperature, cholesterol, types of fatty acids

membrane fluidity is affected by:

potassium (K+)

membrane potential will affect the directional movement of:

active transport

membrane proteins serve many functions is transportation of substances across the membrane. if a cell biologist placed cells in an environment in which a chemical has been added that blocks the function of only carrier proteins, the process that will be affected is:

anabolic reactions are endergonic reactions, whereas catabolic reactions are exergonic

metabolic reactions fall under two general categories anabolic & catabolic. what type of chemical reactions are these two classes of metabolic reactions?

pigments

molecules that absorb light:

solutes

osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more of the:

aquaporins

osmosis occurs as water can cross the lipid bilayer through specialized channels for water movement called:

electrons

oxidation & reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss of:

extracellular

protein X contains four transmembrane domain,k a short N-terminus & a long C-terminus. following protein synthesis, the N-terminus of the protein faces the lumen exocytosis, you would expect the N-terminus of protein X to be:

NAD+

regardless of the electron or hydrogen acceptor used, one of the products of fermentation is always:

conformation

the actual transport of protons by the proton pump is mediated by a transmembrane protein which undergoes a change is:

metabolism

the chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions

Calvin cycle

the cyclic carbon fixation reactions are also known as:

during the second oxidation in the citric acid cycle

the equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6+6O2 yields 6CO2+6H2O. at what specific point in the cellular respiration process has glucose been broken down completely from a 6-carbon molecule to six molecules of carbon dioxide?

cofactors

the inorganic nonprotein components that participate in enzyme catalysis are known as:

phospholipids

the lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called:

diffusion

the movement of substances from regions where their concentration is higher to regions where concentrations are lower is called:

8

the number of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules that would be produced form 24 turns of the Calvin cycle would be:

the opening & closing of stomata

the plant hormone abscisic acid ABA is involved in the regulation of photorespiration. based on the information, ABA likely plays a role in:

proteins

the plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with...

attracts electrons very strongly

the term oxidation is derived from the name of the element oxygen. this is reasonable because oxygen:

active transport

the type of movement that is specific & requires carrier molecules & energy is:

glycolysis

this process is common among all living cells:

due to the size & polarity, Iodine was able to enter the dialysis bag & interact with starch

to test for the presence of starch, Iodine can be used. a positive reaction results in a black color. a dialysis bag filled with starch solution & secured on both ends is placed in Iodine solution. after 30 minutes, the dialysis bag appears black. based on this info, what most accurately describes what happened?

400-740nm

visible light has a wavelength of...

its photons have the longest wavelength in the visual spectrum

what are the characteristics of red light, which is absorbed by chlorophylls?

2 carbon dioxide. 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, & one ATP

what are the products of one turn of the citric acid cycle?

NAD+

what oxidizing agent is used to temporarily store high energy electrons harvested from glucose molecules in a series of gradual steps in the cytoplasm?

to generate & maintain the proton gradient essential for ATP production

why are the components of the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than floating freely in the cytoplasm of mitochondrial matrix?

decrease the temperature of the incubator where the cells are growing

you are studying an enzyme catalyzed reaction that induces a particular cellular activity in the lab. if you wanted to slow down that particular cellular activity by controlling the enzyme, what could you do?

No. The energy contained within these macromolecules is converted into other forms of chemical energy and kinetic energy, though some is lost as heat

you eat a bowl of beans as part of your dinner. as you digest the beans, the proteins that are present get broken down to their component amino acids. as you body destroys the macromolecules that were present in the beans, is the energy present in those molecules destroyed?

follow the electrons

your friend is having difficulty keeping track of energy from flow. of glucose through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle & electron transport. your best advice would be...

the passing of electrons from photosystem 1 to an electron transport chain

NADPH is made by:

Riboenzymes

RNA molecules that also act as enzymes are given the name:

heat

a calorie is the commonly used unit of chemical energy. it is also the unit of:

competitive inhibitor

a drug binds to the active site of an enzyme. if it is bound to the active site of the enzyme, it prevents substrate binding. this drug would then be considered an:

competitive inhibitor

a molecule that closely resembles the shape of a substance for an enzyme & that decreases the activity of the enzyme would most likely serve as a: