BIO 181 Final Exam Review

What does triploblastic mean?

3 germ layers

Interesting fact

50% of all mammals are bats!

Endoderm (germ layer of insects)

gut

Endoderm (germ layer of vertebrates)

gut, ,liver, lungs

Mesoderm (germ layer of insects)

gut, muscle, heart, blood

A chimpanzee's closest living relative is a(n) orangutan. mandrill. gorilla. human.

human

Polyphyletic

pertaining to a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors

annelida

phylum of segmented worms

halophiles

"salt-loving" archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations

mollusca

(snails, clams, squids, octopuses) have a soft body that in many species is protected by a hard shell

Aves (reptiles)

- Endothermic (Warm blooded) and can regulate temperature because of this -Have air sacks -Hollow bones -fathers for flight

Mammalia Characteristics

- Hair and fur -mammary gland - nurse young -increased brain capacity -specialized teeth

Diploblasts (Di means 2)

- Have two germ layers: Ectoderm and Endoderm

Deuterostomes (second mouth)

- mouth devolves second (anus devolves first) Examples: Chordates and echinoderms -Blastopore --------> anus (NOT MOUTH!!) Have radial cleavage

Agriculture and hormones (non organic)

-All the hormones listed are using in Agriculture

Characteristics of Nematodes (round worms)

-Complete digestive system -Many are parasitic -Most are free living (often small/microscopic) in soil and water -90% of life on sea floor are nematodes!!

Brassinosteroids

-Promote cell elongation and cell division -Inhibit leaf abscission = the dropping of leaves -Plants deficient in this hormone suffer from dwarfism =no cell elongation -Act together with auxins and gibberellins

Ethylene (gas hormone)

-The only hormone that a gas! =Release outside of plant and can influence other plants as well! -Triggers fruits to ripen! - "one bad apple can spoil the whole bunch" -Also triggers abscission = the dropping of leaves, fruits, and flowers

Forest Biomes

Terrestrial biomes, dominated by trees

Tropisms

-Any growth response that a plant exabits. Topically two or away from some sort of stimulus in the environment = plant behavior Phototropism: -Auxin is responsible for the majority of this -When light one side of the plant, auxin will migrate away form the light! Auxin causes cells to expand and elongate -As a result, the cells are on the dark side will get longer and the other side will remain short = results in bending of plant toward light!

Characteristics of Annelids

-Bilateral symmetry -Segmented (helps for burrowing) - Closed circulatory system = comprised of the heart that pumps blood into the vessels to reach the tissues and organs

Gibberellins (hormone) sprin(G)

-Break dormancy! -Stimulate the flower and fruit development

Subclass prototheria; Order: monotremata

-Egg-laying mammals!!! = ancestral characteristic -still have mammary glans -spiney ant eaters and duck billed platypus = Australia

Arthropods

-External exoskeleton with chitin -Segmented bodies (specialized = each segment has its different function) -jointed appendages -most successful group of animal! Arthropods are the most biologically successful group of animals because they are the most diverse and live in a greater range of habitats than do the members of any other phylum of animals. Note: Know the major groups on slide 105

Interesting fact about fruit

-Fruits develop from the ovary .... serves to house and disperse seeds -When we eat fruit, you are bighting into an ovary! -Some seed require being process through the digestive system of animals to germinate!

oak gall

-Grow on oak trees! -Wasps lay eggs in stem -In the spring, larva produce pant growth hormone after hatching Metamorphosis = start out are larva and grow to adults

Triploblasts (tri means 3)

-Have three germ layers: Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm = most common

radial symmetry

-Its parts are arranged in such a way that any longitudinal plane passing through the central axis divides the organism into halves that are approximate mirror images. -A pie, for example, is radially symmetrical; you can cut it with a knife from above and as long as you cut through the center, the two halves will be identical

Biological clock

-Plants have a circadian rhythm, cycles of activity with period of about 24 hours -Plants typical have a longer range which is seasonal =Photoperiod Photoperiod: This is a result of a pigment called phytochrome= influences how genes are expressed

Protostomes (first mouth)

-Mouth Develops first Examples: Arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans) Mollusks annelids (segmented worms) - Blastophore -------> mouth Note: A blastopore is the opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development. Have spiral cleavage

Important note about sponges and other animals!

-Only sponges LACK germ layer tissue in embryo!! - All other animals have germ layer tissues!

Eutherians (True beasts)

-Placental mammals -nourish young within mother

thigmotropoism

-Response to contact with solid object Note: Auxins migrate away from the soil object causing the plant to bend toward it! Plant will grow around the soil object

Gravitropism

-Response to gravity Note: Auxin causes shoots (positive gravitropism) to grow up and roots (negative gravitropism) to grown down

Plant hormones

-Responsible for plant behavior -Small molecules that serve as chemical signals

Plant structure

-Roots = bellow ground and and shoots = above ground

Anatomy of an angiosperm flower

-Sepals: close and protect the flower before the peddles emerge -prefect flower = both female and male reproduction structures (most angiosperms) -Carpel- female retrodictive structure. Made up of a long neck that connect the base (ovary) with the top most structure (stigma =sticky) -Stamen (male): composed of the filament that connects the anther (pollen producing factory)

Mesoderm (germ layer of vertebrates)

-Skeleton, muscle, kindey, heart, blood

Bilateral symmetry

-The bodies of most animals other than sponges and cnidarians exhibit bilateral symmetry, in which the body has right and left halves that are mirror images of each other

Characteristics of amphibians

-Vertebrates -Evolved from lobed fined fish!!!! -External fertilization must return to water to reproduce (Sperm have to swim through H2O) -Although they still contain lungs, gas exchange/breath through skin -There skin must be kept wet. Cannot survive in dry environments

Do plants favorer their kin?

-Yes -It can been seen that plants give more resources and warning of insect innovations to relatives vs non relatives

What is one derived characteristic that reptiles and birds have in common?

-amniotic egg! -Enables them to reproduce away from H20 -enables gas exchange to occur -Internal fertilization!!! Big Note: Know the structures of the Amniotic egg

Auxins (hormone)

-apical basial polarity (let the plants know what up or down) -stimulates cell enlargement (vacuole fills with more H2O) -important in growth , development, responses to light and gravity

Why are grizzly bares running our of pine cones to eat in Yellowstone?

-because of bark beetles! - Climate change is mostly responsible for this = warmer temperatures in higher elevations

Cephalization (cephalo = head)

-having a definite head region, usually with feeding and sensory features - brains with accessory organs for seeing, tasting, hearing, etc.

Characteristics of Platyhelminthes

-invertebrate! -Has more ancestral characteristics and fewer derived characteristics - have and incomplete digestive system! -Bilateral symmetry -Because they are flat, gas exchange is done through diffusion

Metatheria

-marsupials -Young are born early -finish development in mother's pouch- most in Australia (except opossum, etc.)

fresh water biomes

-ponds, lakes, streams, rivers -Fresh water Fish can be found here -Invertebrates, such as platyhelminthes, nematodes, and annelids can also be found in theses areas. -Vertebrates such as Amphibians can also be found here

Cytokinins (hormone)

-promote cell division! -delay dormancy and slow down aging process (senescence) = used a lot in grocery stores to slow down aging of produce Agrobacterium tumiefaciens (bacteria): -A big growth (Crown gall disease) that accumulates on plants. Not harmful to the plants. Caused by the cytokinins and auxins that became concentrated as a result of the bacteria infection

Abscisic Acid (ABA) (A)utumn!

-promote dormancy! -Plant stress hormone (plants needs to survive) -Close stomata (primary productivity decreases = no photosynthesis takes place) -inhibits cell growth

How are animals characterized?

1) # tissues types found in embryos 2) way in which early embryonic development proceeds 3) Type of body symmetry and cephalization

Characteristic of Animals

1) Multicellular 2) Heterotrophic (feed my internal extracellular digestion) 3) Lack a cell wall 4) contain muscles for movement 5) Have regulatory genes called hox genes 6) Nervous tissue 7) Respiration/gas exchange and transport of nutrients! 8) Have Skeleton/support 9) Temperature regulation

11. Octopus A. Echinodermata 12. Grasshopper B. Arthropoda 13. Jellyfish C. Annelida 14. Round worm D. Cnidaria 15. Spiders E. Mollusca 16. Sea urchin G. Nematoda 17. Earthworm

11. E 12. B 13. D 14. G 15. B 16. A 17. C

methanogens

Archaea that release methane, a greenhouse gas.

thermophiles

Archaea that thrive in very hot environments, such as volcanic springs.

What is the oldest known bird?

Archaeopteryx -Has fathered wings but more like small bipedal dinosaurs

An angiosperm life cycle includes: A. meiosis within the male gametophyte to produce sperm B. meiosis within the ovary to produce megaspores C. fertilization leading to development of spores D. fertilization leading to development of gametophytes

B. meiosis within the ovary to produce megaspores.

A scientist found a prokaryotic organism that often lives in the guts of animals and in stagnant water, where oxygen levels are low. This particular organism can also cause severe disease, and sometimes death, in its host. What type of organism would you say this is?

Bacteria

All deuterostomes have either ____ or ____ symmetry.

Bilateral, radial

If you cut a branch on a phylogenetic tree and everything "falls off," what type of group have you identified? A. paraphyletic B. polyphyletic C. monophyletic D. phylogenetic

C. monophyletic

Below are listed the general levels of taxonomic classification, and the taxonomy of humans, not in correct order. A. Place the levels in correct order from most inclusive at the top to least inclusive at the bottom of the list. B. Classify yourself by arranging the terms in the correct order, beside their taxonomic level. C. Write your scientific name in the proper format. Phylum Family Order Class Domain Genus Species Kingdom Primate Mammalia Animalia Sapiens Hominidae Homo Eukarya Chordata

D Eukarya K Animalia P Chordata C Mammalia O Primate F Hominidae G Homo S Sapiens Homo Sapiens

The anus develops first in _________ embryos deuterostome protostome

Deuterostome

We group organisms into taxa based on available information. If we have one group of animals where there is knowledge of its ancestor as well as all of its living descendants, we call this group A. Clade B. Monophyletic group C. Polyphyletic group D. Paraphyletic group E. Both A and B are correct. F. Both A and D are correct.

E. Clade and Monophyletic group (mono=one)

Which phylum includes animals that have a water vascular system? Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Amniota Reptilia

Echinodermata

Which of the following is characteristic of, or associated with, fungi? A. Prokaryotic cells B. Extracellular external digestion C. Intracellular internal digestion D. Extracellular internal digestion E. Intracellular external digestion

Extracellular external digestion

True/False All chordates are vertebrates.

False

The first word in an organism's binomial name refers to the _____. A. family B. species C. genus D. kingdom

Genus

Sister Taxa

Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other's closest relatives.

Tropical Forest biome

High to very high rainfall, hot or very hot in all seasons. Huge diversity of plants

Lampreys and hagfish lack ______.

Jaws

Use the diagram below to answer the following question: Are whales and crocodiles sister taxa? (yes or no)

No (They're on separate branches)

Reptiles

Note: You do not need to memorize the scientific names! just know examples (groups)! -Turtles -Crocodilians -Lizards and snakes -Dinosaurs and Aves

Paraphyletic

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

A unicellular organism that is considered plankton and has a true nucleus: A. Fungi B. Bacteria C. Protista D. Yeast E. Archaea

Protista

Bilaterians have two main types of development

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

Biologicals clock continued

Short-day plants -Require long nights in order for the following genes to be expressed Note: Phytochrome is being converter from an active form an inactive from during these dark hours (needs to be converted to active period during the night so it can influence gene expression) = cant be planted on a interstate highways or places with lots of light! Long-day plants - require a short period of darkness Day-neutral - do not depend on day length for flowering

Which group of animals lacks true tissues?

Sponges / Porifera

Which of the diagrams below is a phylogenetic tree?

The one on the right

Phylogenetic

The whole damn tree

Order Anura (frogs and toads)

These are amphibians

Order Apoda (caecilians)

These are amphibians

Order Caudata (salamanders)

These are amphibians

What makes monotreme reproduction so unusual for mammals?

They lay eggs

True/False The sporophyte generation is dominant in plants

True

Bryophytes lack A. vascular tissue B. chloroplasts C. leaves D. spores E. water

Vascular Tissue

What does the notochord develop into in mammals?

Vertebral column (backbone)

"Cephalization" refers to having _____. A. a dorsal and a ventral surface B. a head C. ectoderm D. a right and a left side E. radial symmetry

a head

The second word in an organism's scientific name _____. A. refers to one species within the genus B. is the specific epithet C. gives no clue as to species if used alone D. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following would be classified as Archaea? A. thermophiles C. halophiles B. methanogens D. all of the above

all of the above

chordates

an animal phylum that has a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits at some time in its life cycle

Which group contains the largest number of species? A. arthropods B. mollusks C. chordates D. flatworms E. roundworms

arthropods

Ectoderm (germ layer of insects)

cuticle, NS

tundra biome

extremely cold and dry biome

cnidaria

jellyfish

Amphibians are thought to have evolved from A. ray-finned fish. B. lobe-finned fish. C. spiny fish. D. skates and rays. E. annelids

lobe-finned fish

arthropoda

the phylum to which jointed-legged invertebrates belong, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans

Flagella, pseudopodia, and cilia are all methods that _________ use to _______. A. protists, move B. bacteria, eat C. fungi, move D. bacteria, move E. protists, eat

protists, move

Nematoda

pseudocoelomate; long, smooth, slender bodies tapered at both ends ; digestive track with two openings (mouth and anus); cuticle (protective covering)

echinodermata

radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers

Ectoderm (germ layer of vertebrates)

skin, NS