bio 183 final exam
the proton-motive force generated during oxidative phosphorylation is used to drive the activation of which of the following?
ATP synthase
the main products of the citric acid cycle (also called Kreb's cycle) are...
ATP, NADH, and FADH2
how many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?
0
Typically, in a healthy cell, the longest phase of the cell cycle is the
G1
during a typical cell cycle, the interphase is composed of which of the following phases
G1, S, and G2 only
enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by...
Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction
which of the following is false about nucleosomes?
Nucleosomes are found only in prokaryotes
cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK's) are required for which of the following processes?
cell cycle regulation (check point regulation)
the protein structures that help proteins to fold properly after they come out of ribosomes are known as...
chaperones
which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a locust (grasshopper)?
chitin
the construction that forms at the end of telophase to separate daughter cells at the end of mitosis in animal cells is known as
cleavage furrow
the protein complexes that hold sister chromatids at their center are known as
cohesins
the bonds that hold hydrogen and oxygen within a water molecule are called
covalent bonds
The scenario below describes which type of enzyme inhibition?
non-competitive inhibition, allosteric inhibition (same thing)
hypothetically, an enzyme that was allosterically activated can still be inactivated by a competitive inhibitor
true
mitochondria contain DNA
true
some plant cells have the ability to communicate with each other via hormones
true
the p53 gene, which encodes for the P53 protein, is known as a
tumor supressor gene
in the axon of a multipolar neuron, you would expect to find
voltage-gated channels and sodium/potassium pumps
the fermentation process that leads to the production of ethanol is most likely to take places in...
yeast
when the G-protein of a GPCR is activated, it converts a GDP into a GTP
false
Which is the following is/are a monosaccharide?
fructose
cyclin-dependent kinases can be activated or deactivated through phosphorylation
true
the main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is
- active transport requires energy while passive transport does not - active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
which of the following is accurate regarding the disaccharide lactose?
- lactose is composed of galactose and glucose - lactose is a sugar found in milk and some of its derivatives
The average intracellular voltage of most cells in the human body varies between which two values?
-5 to -100 millivolts
the average resting membrane potential of neurons is around
-70mV inside the cell
tomato juice has a pH around 4, and distilled water has a pH around 7.0. This means that tomato juice is...
1000 as acidic as distilled water
When anaerobic metabolism (fermentation) takes place in mammalian muscle cells, which of the following are produced?
2 ATP's and lactic acid
in a skin cell, how many different amino acids would you expect to find?
20
How many major checkpoints would you expect to see in a typical eukaryotic cell cycle?
3
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
4
the plasma membrane is best described as:
A double membrane of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
which of the following structures would least likely be found as part of a bacterium?
a lysosome and a golgi apparatus are not found in prokaryotes
which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP?
a nucleotide
the cytoskeleton is composed of which of the following (in order, from small to large size):
actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
the purines found in DNA and RNA are
adenine and guanine
organisms that generate their own food by converting inorganic molecules into organic ones are called:
autotrophs
when carbohydrates are no available for cellular respiration, cells can still obtain energy from lipids through a process known as _________
b-oxidation
the type of cellular division observed in bacteria is known as
binary fission
The smooth ER is involved primarily in which of the following?
calcium storage, detoxification, and steroid synthesis
which of the following best describes an endergonic reaction?
deltaG > 0, and the reaction required the addition of free energy
the process of bringing the intracellular voltage of a resting neuron to a more positive value is called
depolarization
the mechanisms through which the final product of an enzymatic pathway acts as an inhibitor of the first step in the same pathway is called...
feedback inhibition
an uncharged species of nitrogen that has a mass of 15 AMU's (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion
false
the small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as...
gap junctions
which of the following cell connections allows the movement of small ions such as calcium from one cell to another?
gap junctions
the bonds that link 2 DNA strands to each other (between purines and pyrimidines) are called _________ bonds
hydrogen
proteins are broken down into amino acids during a process known as
hydrolysis
which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?
integrins
steroid hormones such as testosterone and estrogen are derived from cholesterol, and are known to bind to which of the following?
intracellular receptors
what type of enzyme is usually associated with the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates (i.e. with the phosphorylation of substrates)?
kinase
in the dendrites and cell body of a multipolar neuron, you would expect to find...
ligand-gated channels and sodium/potassium pumps
water has its highest density when it is in its
liquid state
when placed in water, phospholipids tend to spontaneously arrange themselves in spherical structures known as...
micelles, and the center of micelles is hydrophobic
the hydrolysis of macromolecules and organelles that are no longer needed in the cells is most likely to take place in which of the following?
microbodies (peroxisomes) and lysosomes
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?
mitochondria
during DNA replication, the discontinuous DNA pieces that form on the lagging strand only, are known as...
okazaki fragments
In fishes, O2 is absorbed from the water, through the gills, and into the bloodstream. This is an example of
passive diffusion
the bond formed between nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and mRNA is called a ______ bond
phosphodiester bond
which of the following factors would have the ability to denature a protease commonly found in your stomach (at a pH of approx. 2.0)?
placing the enzyme in a neutral pH environment (pH=7.0), placing the enzyme in an environment containing the wrong salt concentration, placing the enzyme in the oven (around 350 degrees C)
which of the following is NOT a reason for mitotic cell division
pollen production in flowers
which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?
presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains
Match the level of protein structure on the left with the appropriate description on the right
primary- linear sequence of amino acids secondary- hydrogen bonding within peptide backbone (ex: helix) tertiary- 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide chain quaternary- assembly of subunits into functional protein
urea is one of the first organic compound to be synthesized in a dish. Our cells produce urea to get rid of nitrogenous wastes. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules, you would expect nitrogenous wastes to come from the metabolism of...
proteins and nucleic acids
in cellular respiration, which of the following are products of glycolysis?
pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
which of the following best describes G-protein-coupled receptors
receptor-associated, intracellular protein complexes composed of 3 subunits
DNA follows a pattern of replication known as
semi-conservative
the advantage of using Ca^2+, cAMP, or a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is
signal amplification and speed
the molecules represented below are best described as
stereoisomers
during cellular respiration, glycolysis takes places in which of the following?
the cytoplasm
in the karyotype of a celery cell, you would expect to see
there is no way to tell from the info given, and this type of information can't be guessed
DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component
true