Bio 19 - Chapter 23 - Bacteria

Which of the following associations incorrectly describe an archaea and its characteristics?

methanogen - aerobic environments

One structure you would not find in a bacterial cell is a:

mitochondrion

Which types of bacteria can live in the presence of oxygen?

only obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes

Toxin

poison that disrupts the metabolism of an infected cell

Describe conjugation

process by which a plasmid from one bacterium is transferred to another

conjugation

process by which a plasmid from one bacterium is transferred to another

streptococcus

sphere shaped filament

spirillulm

spiral shaped

bacteriology

study of bacteria

microbiology

study of very small organisms

Archaea and Bacteria are placed in separate domains because:

their rRNA sequences are different

Describe transduction

transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage (virus)

Cyanobacteria

•"blue-green" bacteria •Photosynthetic •Similar to plants •Introduced oxygen into atmosphere of early Earth •Prokaryotes •Contain pigments chlorophyll (green) and phycocyanin (blue)

Chlamydia

•Gram-negative •Do not have peptidoglycan in their cells walls

Spirochetes

•Gram-negative, spiral-shaped heterotrophic bacteria •Have flagella

Proteobacteria

•Largest and most diverse phylum

Gram-Positive Bacteria

•Most members are Gram-positive but not all -Very large in number

pilus

•Short, hairlike protein structures found on surface of some bacteria •Used for attachment and in conjugation (sexual reproduction)

transformation

•bacterial cell takes in DNA from its external environment

endotoxin

•found in cell wall of most Gram negative bacteria •released when bacterial cell dies and breaksdown

Exotoxin

•products of bacterial metabolism •secreted into area surrounding the bacteria

exotoxin

•products of bacterial metabolism •secreted into area surrounding the bacteria

chemoautotroph

--Autotroph --use inorganic substances to make food

Thermoacidophiles

-Type of archaebacteria •Live in extremely hot acidic environments

Describe three known types of archaebacteria

Above

thermoacidophile

Achaea that live in extremely hot acidic environments

All of the following are groups of bacteria EXCEPT:

Archaea

thermophilic

Archea that Live in extremely hot acidic environments

halophile

Archea that lives in area of high salt concentrations

Name some diseases caused by bacteria.

Chlamydia, Plague, Lyme Disease

Explain the basic effect of antibiotics

Inhibits the growth of some bacteria

capsule

Outer covering composed of polysaccharides

binary fission

asexual repoduction

Define facultative anaerobes

can live with or without oxygen

facultative aerobe

can live with or without oxygen

Autotrophs

can produce own food from inorganic material a.photoautotrophs—use sunlight as energy source --undergo photosynthesis b.chemoautotrophs—use inorganic substances to make food c. nitrogen fixers—convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia compounds that can be used by plants

Heterotrophs

cannot produce own food a. saprophytes—feed on dead or decaying organic matter b. parasites—get food from living cells --disease causing bacteria

Define obligate anaerobes

cannot survive in oxygen

obligate anaerobe

cannot survive in oxygen

Which of the following does NOT characterize the structure of E.coli?

organelles

peptidoglycan

protein-carbohydrate compound

glycocalyx

refers to a capsule with a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars which helps bacteria attach to surface of host cells and tissues

staphylococcus

sphere shaped clusters

transduction

•transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage (virus)

Define archaebacteria

---"ancient bacteria" ---Differ from other bacteria because the cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan (protein-carbohydrate compound) ---live in harsh environments

Define eubacteria

---"true bacteria" ---Most have cell walls containing peptidoglycan ---are classified as Gram-negative or Gram-positive depending on how they react to a special stain called Gram stain ---Gram-negative bacteria are often pathogenic

Define bacteria

---microscopic prokaryotes (single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) ---are found in every environment

Distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

--Depends on how bacteria react to Gram stain --Gram neg bacteria are often pathogenic

eubacterium

--Domain Bacteria --"true bacteria" --peptidoglycan in cell walls --can be Gram positive or negative

Actinomycetes

--Form of Gram-Positive Bacteria --form branching filaments --produce antibiotics

archaebacterium

--Of the domain Archea --"ancient bacteria" --does not contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall

Describe the structure of a bacterial cell

--Single circular chromosome --Plasmids --Cell wall --Outer Membrane --Capsule --Pili --Cell Membrane --Cytoplasm --Flagella --Endospores

eutrophication or population bloom

--Sudden increase in number of cyanobacteria --depletes water of oxygen

Endotoxin

--found in cell wall of most Gram negative bacteria --released when bacterial cell dies and breaksdown

Describe three ways that bacteria move

--gliding through a layer of slime --producing corkscrew-like motion --propulsion by flagella

Enteric bacteria

--inhibit intestinal tract --Ex: E. coli, Salmonella

Chemoautotrophs

--nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium)

Methanogens

-Type of archaebacteria -Anaerobic •Use CO2 and H2 to form methane (swamp gas) •Found in intestinal tracts of cows

Extreme Halophiles

-Type of archaebacteria •Live in area of high salt concentrations

Groups of staphylococci look like:

. clusters of grapes

Fossil evidence indicates that the eraliest prokaryotes on Earth lived about:

2.5 billion years ago

antibiotic

Chemical capable of inhibiting the growth of some bacteria

endospore

Dormant structure produced by some Gram-positive bacteria when exposed to harsh conditions

Anaerobic Prokaryotes

Earliest Bacteria

Actinomycetes are:

Gram-positive bacteria that form branching filaments

Describe the significance of cyanobacteria in the formation of the Earth's present atmosphere

Introduced oxygen into the atmosphere

the father of bacteriology

Louis Pasteur --discovered that bacteria cause disease (germ theory)

Names of three known types of archaebacteria

Methanogen, Halophiles, Thermoacidophiles

List three ways that bacteria are helpful to humans.

Necessary for the body to function properly. Food (cheese,yogurt) Decay of dead organisms.

methods used to classify bacteria

Shape, Arrangement, Staining Characteristics

Hetrocyst

Specialized cells in cyanobacteria for nitrogen fixation

Cause of syphilis and Lyme Diease

Spirochetes

prokaryote

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

Bacterial chromosomes consist of which of the following?

a single circular piece of DNA

heterotroph

above

Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by:

acquiring an R-plasmid for resistance

Many Gram-negative bacteria have pili, which are used to:

adhere to surfaces and to join bacterial cells prior to conjugation

Bacteria are used in industry to:

all of the above

Gram-positive bacteria differ from Gram-negative bacteria in:

all of the above

A poison that is released from the outer membrane of dead Gram-negative bacteria is called:

an endotoxin

Pathogen

any organism that causes a disease

Describe transformation

bacterial cell takes in DNA from its external environment

One difference between bacteria and eukaryotes is that:

bacterial chromosomes are circular, while eukaryotic chromosomes are linear

Define obligate aerobes

cannot survive without oxygen

obligate aerobe

cannot survive without oxygen

One bacterial disease that is transmitted by contaminated drinking water is:

cholera

The process by which two living bacteria bind together and transfer genetic information is called:

conjugation

Which of the following bacteria are thought to be responsible for establishing Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere?

cyanobacteria

Gram stain

detects peptidoglycan in bacteria's cell walls

Which of the following types of bacteria would you most likely to find in the human intestinal tract?

enteric bacterium

saprophyte

feed on dead or decaying organic matter

penicillin

first antibiotic and was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming

Many bacteria have long appendages for movement that are called:

flagella

Which of the following is not a method of movement used by bacteria?

forceful expulsion of water from contractile vacuoles

Photoautotrophic bacteria obtain energy:

from the sun

Which of following types of bacteria would you be most likely to find in very salty water?

halophile

One habitat of archaea is:

hot springs

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action of an antibiotic?

inhibiting conjugation