Bio 2 Chapter 29
Describe how a plant grows from germination.
ASK
10. Jessica is preparing a plate of fruits for a party and cuts through a cantaloupe (Cucumis melo). A tough outer rind and soft, juicy tissue encloses many seeds. Knowing her friends will categorize this fruit, she panics! She runs to her biology book, opens it to table 29.2 on page 128 (or above) and what does she categorize this fruit as?
It's a berry called a pepo
Stamen--
Male reproductive part -supporting filament + pollen-producing anther at tip
5. Compare the development of typical eudicot and monocot embryos.
In a eudicot, the embryo transfers nutrients from teh endosperm to its seed leaves. In a monocot, the nutrients are stored in the endosperm
Endosperm--
In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. Provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
Ovule--
In flowering plants, the structure inside an ovary that contains the female gametophyte and eventually (if fertilized) becomes a seed.
8. The seed coats forms from the__________.
Integuments
Three Ways to Classify Fruits
Is the fruit dry or fleshy? How did the fruit arise? What parts of the flower gave rise to the fruit?
Megaspore--
of seed plants, haploid spore that forms in an ovule and gives rise to an egg-producing gametophyte
Microspore--
of seed plants, haploid spore that give rise to pollen grain
Petal--
unit of a flower's corolla; often showy and conspicuous
Pollinator--
-Animal pollination vectors
Filament
-the stalk that hold the anther
how did multiple fruit arise?
Individually pollinated flowers fuse
5. Meiosis of cells in pollen sacs forms haploid___________.
Microspores
From outermost to innermost, which is the correct order of the whorls of floral parts?
Sepal, petal, stamen, pistil
Nectar
Sweet fluid that rewards pollinators & activates pollen
receptacle
Swollen stem; base of flower
What are the asexual reproduction mechanisms for plants?
Vegetative reproduction Tissue culture propagation
composite flower
a flower with multiple flowers on a single receptacle
mature male gametophytes
a. Pollen tube together with its contents
Inflorescenece
cluster of blooms on a stalk
plumule
embryonic shoot
Hesperidium:
fleshy Berry with leathery rind, partitioned sections
Pepo:
fleshy Berry with tough, thick outer rind
ovule
fter fertilization, develops into a seed
The gametophyte generation produces , which are .
gametes haploid
Ovule
inside the ovary, where the female gametophyte forms
•"Grains" =
monocot seeds -Corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley
irregular flower
not symmetrical, solitary flower, example: orchid No petals?
Dormancy--
period of temporarily suspended metabolism
Corolla
-ring of petals
What is the typical number of whorls of modified leaves on a flower?
A typical flower consists of four rings (whorls) of modified leaves.
12. Exposure to _______can trigger seed germination
All can be triggers
mature female gametophytes
Consists of several cells, one with two nuclei
Perfect flower
Contains both male and female floral parts: stamen(s) and pistil(s)
Which of the following terms best describes the process by which spores are produced by the sporophyte generation?
Meiosis
Imperfect flower
Missing either male or female floral parts: stamen(s) or pistil(s)
Incomplete flower
Missing one or more of the four parts: sepal(s), petal(s), stamen(s), pistil(s)
Which of the following floral parts make up the pistil?
Style Stigma Ovary
Germinate--
to resume metabolic activity after dormancy
. The sporophyte generation produces which are
spores haploid
Ovary-
the female reproductive structure that becomes the fruit of a plant
Calyx-
the outermost whorl of sepals
female flower parts
-Carpels = stigma + supporting style + ovary -Ovary: enlarged base of carpel in which 1+ ovules form Ovule: structure in which female gametophytes are produced Stigma: upper part of carpel; receives pollen; held up by style
Stamen
-the male part of the plant
Double fertilization steps
1.Fertilization begins as pollen is stimulated to germinate by nectar enzymes on the stigma of a receptive carpel 2.A pollen tube containing two sperm nuclei begins to grow through the style toward the ovary 3.Fertilization is completed when one sperm nucleus fuses with an egg nucleus to form a diploid (2n) zygote 3.The second sperm nucleus fuses with two egg nuclei to form the triploid (3n) endosperm cell 3.The zygote forms the embryo (2n) & the endosperm (3n) forms the cotyledons
Animal Pollination Vector: Flies attracted too
Colour: Pale, dull, dark brown or purple Odor: Putrid
Animal Pollination Vector: Moths attracted too
Colour: Pale/dull red, pink, purple, white Odor: Strong, sweet, emitted at night
Animal Pollination Vector: Birds attracted too
Colour: Scarlet, orange, red, white Odor: None
A flower that contains stamens and pistils that mature at different times is most accurately described by which of the following?
Correct answer.Perfect
fruit Indehiscent
Dry fruit wall does not split; usually one seed
fruit Dehiscent
Dry fruit wall splits on seam to release seeds
Which of the following describes a flower that is composed of sepals, petals, stamens, but no pistils?
Incomplete, imperfect
Which of the following describe the egg cell of a female flower? Select all that apply.
Single nucleus Haploid
Which floral structure is involved in the production of pollen grains?
Stamen
What is meant by double fertilization?
That pollen tube grows from the stigma through the style and let go of two sperm cells. 1st sperm cell with the egg and forms 2n zygote 2nd sperm cell fuses with endorspern other cell and forms a 3n endomsperm (nutritive tissue in seeds of flowering plants)
How many cells make up the mature pollen grain of flowering plants?
Three
How many copies of the plant genome are present in the endosperm after double fertilization?
Three
15. Domesticated banana plants produce seedless fruit because they are________.
Triploid
9. Seeds are mature___________; fruits are mature__________.
c. Ovules;ovaries
Beans
•eudicot seeds -Lentils, peas, coffee, cacao
Life cycle of flowering plants is dominated by
•the sporophyte
Animal Pollination Vector: Beetles attracted too
Colour: Dull white or green Odor: None to strong
Animal Pollination Vector: Bats attracted too
Colour: Dull white, green, purple Odor: Strong, musty, emitted at night
13. A new plant forms from a stem that broke off the parent plant. This is an example of________.
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative reproduction--
Asexual reproduction -growth of new roots & shoots from parent plant Propagating plants from cuttings (e.g., apple trees) Grafting = fusing cuttings of one plant onto another plant
Tissue culture propagation--
Asexual reproduction Lab technique in which individual plant cells are induced to form plant embryos
Animal Pollination Vector:Bees attracted too
Colour: Bright white, yellow, blue, UV Odor: Fresh, mild, pleasant
Animal Pollination Vector: Butterflies attracted too
Colour: Bright, such as red, purple Odor: Faint, fresh
Drupe
Fleshy fruit, one seed enclosed by a hard pit
Pome
Fleshy receptacle tissue surrounds core with seeds
double fertilization
Formation of zygote and first cell of endosperm
Pollen grain--
Immature male gametophyte of a seed plant
Style opens up when
Ova are mature
2. An animal pollinator may be rewarded by______________ when it visits a flower (check all that apply).
Pollen
Describe vegetative reproduction and give some examples.
Vegetative reproduction is when a when flowering plants reproduce asexually by growing new roots and choose from extension of the parent plant.
Berry
berries
Sepal--
unit of a flower's calyx, typically photosynthetic and inconspicuous
Male flower parts the stamen
•Filament -Supports anther •Anther -Site of pollen production
seeds form after
•double fertilization -zygote ---> embryo -endosperm ---> food store à cotyledons
Stigma
-sticky part of the flower that catches pollen
anther is
-the pollen producing part of the flower
What is an endosperm? What is it's ploidy?
3n (Three copies)
Complete flower
Composed of all four parts: sepal(s), petal(s), stamen(s), pistil(s)
Receptacle
-hold the flower to the stem
Petals
-largest, brightest colorful modified leaves of the flower
What is meant by pollination syndromes?
-"Pollination syndrome" = common traits shared by flowers that rely on the same pollinators
Stigma--
-Secretes nectar -Catches & activates pollen with nectar enzymes
Fruit--
A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.
Double fertilization--
A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.
Describe or draw the life cycle of a typical flowering plant.
A typical flowering plant has a sporophyte dominant life cycle. A gametophye grws inside of the ovule, where fertilization of the egg takes place. This matures into a seed, which will grow the sporophyte generation by mitosis. Pollen is the male gametophyte, it developes in the anther. When the pollen grain meets the stigma, pollination has occured. The pollen grain has 2 sperm nuclei that will go to the ovule to fertilize the egg.
Explain the roles of meiosis and mitosis in the life cycle of a flowering plant.
A typical flowering plant has a sporophyte dominant life cycle. A gametophye grws inside of the ovule, where fertilization of the egg takes place. This matures into a seed, which will grow the sporophyte generation by mitosis. Pollen is the male gametophyte, it developes in the anther. When the pollen grain meets the stigma, pollination has occured. The pollen grain has 2 sperm nuclei that will go to the ovule to fertilize the egg.
Describe in detail how seeds are formed (a step by step list might be useful)?
An embryo and endosperm begin to develop after double fertilization in ovule capsella The embryo is heart-shaped when its two cotyledons start forming endosperm tissue as the parent plant transfer nutrients into it. In eudicots like capsella, nutrients are transfered from endosperm into cotyledons as the embryo matures. The developing embryo becomes shaped like a torpedo when the enlarging cotyledons bend A tough seed coat forms around the mature embryo and the enlarged cotyledons
4. In flower, the structures that produce male gametophytes are called________; the structures that produce female gametophytes are called______.
Anthers;carpels
3. The_______of a flower contains one of more ovaries in which eggs develop, fertilization occurs and seeds mature.
Carpel
11. Cotyledons develop as part of___________.
Embryo sporophytes
6. The_____________are parts of a mature seed.
Embryo, food reserves, and seed coat
Carpel--
Female reproductive flower -stigma + supporting style + ovary
In flowering plants, which of the following are parts of the sporophyte generation? Select all that apply.
Flowers Stem .Roots Leaves
2. What is the relationship between pollen vectors and flower evolution?
Flowers have evolved to attract certain pollinators. Color, odor, nectar, pollen, and shape have all evolved to increase likelihood a pollinator will come to that flower.
Calyx
Modified leaves -outer whorl of sepals
Corolla--
Modified leaves inner whorl of petals
How did aggregate fruit arise
One flower, several unfused carpels; becomes cluster of several fruits
How did simple fruit arise
One flower, single or fused carpels
What part of the flower gave rise to true fruit?
Only ovary wall and its contents
From what tissue is a fruit derived?
Ovary
What part of the flower gave rise to Accessory Fruit
Ovary and other floral parts, such as receptacle
anther
Pollen sacs inside -Site of pollen production
The arrival of pollen grain on a receptive stigma is called____________.
Pollination
What is the difference between pollinator and pollination vectors?
Pollination vectors - Can be wind or anything in the environment. Water too. Pollinator specifically animals
What is happening with honeybees and CCD?
Population of honey bees is decreasing
6. Explain the function of seeds and how they form.
Seeds are the reproductive unit of a flowering plant. They form in the ovuale of the ovary. Seeds are able to be carried far from the parent plant which is an adaptation.
Describe the lifecycle of a typical flowering plant (a diagram or step by step list with both male and female life cycles might be useful!)
Sporophyte = 2n spore-producing plant body - Gametophyte = 1n gamete-producing structure - Megaspore = 1n spore that gives rise to an egg-producing gametophyte - Microspore = 1n spore that gives rise to a pollen grain
In flowering plants, which generation forms the plant body, including leaves, stems, and roots, and how many copies of the genome are present in its cells?
Sporophyte, two copies
The megagametophyte refers to which of the following?
The female gametophyte generation
The first fertilization of double fertilization occurs when the sperm cell of the pollen grain meets the egg cell of the embryo sac. What is the second fertilization event?
When the second sperm cell of the pollen grain meets the central cell of the embryo sac
Describe how a seed is adapted to survive in its environment.
Will Not germinate without water
Sepals-
a ring of modifed leaves around the base of the flower
What are the different categories of fruits? (a table or drawings might be helpful here).
ask
Ovary--
in flowering plants, the lower part of a pistil that produces eggs in ovules -Houses ova -Ova- --> seeds -Ovary ---> the fruit
Coleoptile--
in monocots, a rigid sheath that protects the embryonic shoot
Style-
long stalk that holds the stigma -Raises stigma -Opens when ova are mature
The ___________________ is the male gametophyte generation of the flowering plants. The embryo sac is the female
pollen grain gametophyte .
Carpel-
the female part of the flower, sometimes called pistil
Pollination vector--
•Environmental agent that transfers pollen grains from one plant to another
Describe the main parts of the flowers (a diagram/drawing might be useful here)
•Peduncle - stem •Receptacle - foundation •Sepals / Calyx -Protect bud -Support petals •Petals / Corolla -Attract insects with color & odor
Seed--
•a mature ovule that consists of an embryo sporophyte, endosperm, & a seed coat
Pollination--
•arrival of pollen on a receptive stigma (or cone)
What is pollination?
•arrival of pollen on a receptive stigma (or cone)
Flower--
•specialized reproductive organs of angiosperms
