Bio 2 Chapter 6 My Lab

Which of the following organisms perform cellular respiration? Select all that apply. a.) a palm tree b.) a mushroom c.) shark d.) a honeybee e.) a sunflower

all of them

Besides sugars and fats, organisms can use other molecules as fuel for cellular respiration. When protein molecules are used, __________ are produced as waste.

amino groups

Monosaccharides __________, and polysaccharides __________.

are single monomer units; are made of many monosaccharides chained together

An organism that can use energy from the sun to directly produce food is called a(n)

autotroph

Each turn of the citric acid cycle processes one two-carbon acetyl molecule, which generates one ATP and ___ additional energy-rich molecules: __________.

four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

glucose

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.

kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

How do the mitochondria of brown fat cells differ from those of other cells?

Ion channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane prevent the formation of a H+ gradient.

Recent research indicates which of the following?

Less time for exercise is needed if you exercise at a vigorous intensity.

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.

photosynthesis

During ______, the energy from the sun is used to make sugar molecules.

photosynthesis

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to __________.

pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

2 It takes 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP.

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.

10

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

2

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?

ATP

The energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain is used by the cell to make _____.

ATP

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

ATP

____ is the high-energy molecule used to power cellular work

ATP

In the first stage of cellular respiration (glycolysis), two molecules of pyruvate are produced. In the remaining stages of cellular respiration, a number of additional products are produced, such as __________. These other stages occur in the __________.

ATP ... mitochondria

Imagine an organism with mutations in complexes I, III, and IV that prevent pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space but still allow electrons to pass through the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of these mutations?

ATP synthase will not convert ADP to ATP.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2→ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Autotrophs use photosynthesis to convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of sugar. Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O + sunlight →→ O2 + sugar

Adequate nutrition is important for human infants to maintain their layer of brown fat; malnourished infants have depleted brown fat amounts. On average, what should be observed in malnourished compared to healthy human infants?

Cooler body temperatures than healthy infants when both are exposed to cool temperatures.

What occurs as electrons pass through the multiple carrier molecules of the electron transport chain?

Energy is released in a stepwise fashion.

Scott, the doctor in the video, had fatty liver disease. What was the cause of the fat in his liver?

He had a higher number of calories in his diet than what he burned through exercise.

Given the relatively modest number of calories burned by anything but the most vigorous of activities, how can people consume over 2,000 kilocalories a day yet maintain a healthy body weight?

Most of the energy consumed in food is spent maintaining the body's functions, so only a fraction of food energy needs to be burned in exercise.

In cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as ____ picks up electrons and H+ and becomes reduced to NADH.

NAD+

The coenzyme acting as an electron shuttle before it has accepted electrons is

NAD+

The electron shuttle after it has accepted electrons is

NADH

What molecule releases the electrons used in the electron transport chain?

NADH

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.

NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

Aliyah is studying cells as they proceed through redox reactions. If she could measure the number of electrons in the cells' organic fuel and the number of NADH molecules, how would they change as redox reactions proceed? Would she expect the organic fuel to gain or lose electrons? Would she expect there to be more or fewer NADH molecules?

Organic fuel loses electrons; more NADH molecules

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.

Oxygen. Oxygen is combined with electrons and hydrogen to form water.

Based on the comparison in the video between cola, fruit-flavored soda, and fruit juice, what can we assume about the processed non-diet drinks we purchase at the grocery store?

Sodas and fruit juices may have large amounts of added sugar.

According to the video, what is often true about low-fat diet foods?

Sugar is often added to low-fat diet foods to help boost the taste.

What is the purpose of embedding the electron transport chain in the membrane of a cell?

The electron acceptors can transport H+ across the membrane, which is otherwise impermeable to H+.

You are a personal trainer, working to help your clients achieve optimum fitness in the least amount of time. Which of the following is most important for you to discuss with them to determine how intensely they should be working out?

Their maximum heart rate.

According to the video, what can we assume about the artificial sweeteners found in food today?

They are safe, and have been thoroughly tested on human subjects.

In the video, in the experiment on mental agility after tasting (but not swallowing) sweet liquids, the reporter got the highest score after tasting glucose. According to the reporter, what does the boost in mood and brainpower from tasting glucose illustrate?

This boost ensures that we will continue to seek foods high in glucose.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? -This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. -This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. -This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. -This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. -This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion

Which statement describes glycolysis? -This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. -This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. -This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. -This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. -This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain? -This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. -This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. -This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. -This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. -This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration

Through respiration, humans breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. However, what would happen if we did not breathe in O2?

We would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements

Which of the following is true for most people? a.) As you get older, your muscle mass decreases while the amount of collagen in your muscles increases. b.) As you get older, your muscle mass decreases as does the amount of collagen in your muscles. c.) As you get older, your muscle mass increases while the amount of collagen in your muscles decreases. d.) As you get older, your muscle mass increases as does the amount of collagen in your muscles.

a.) As you get older, your muscle mass decreases while the amount of collagen in your muscles increases.

Oxidative phosphorylation is responsible for nearly all the ATP produced in your body. Select the three true statements about oxidative phosphorylation. a.) Chemiosmosis is the final step in oxidative phosphorylation. b.) Oxidative phosphorylation is the second step in aerobic respiration, occurring after glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle. c.) Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation would not occur. d.) NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation. e.) Some, but not all, of oxidative phosphorylation occurs inside mitochondria.

a.) Chemiosmosis is the final step in oxidative phosphorylation. c.) Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation would not occur. d.)NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation.

Which of the following statements regarding glycolysis is FALSE? a.) Glycolysis evolved in an oxygen-rich environment. b.) Glycolysis plays a role in both fermentation and cellular respiration. c.) Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway found in Earth's life. d.) Glycolysis does not require compartmentalization by internal membranes.

a.) Glycolysis evolved in an oxygen-rich environment.

Your 60-year-old aunt was recently diagnosed with sarcopenia. Which of the following activities will likely help her the most? a.) yoga b.) Cross Fit c.) running intervals d.) biking intervals

a.) yoga

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?

a.)NADH + H+ b.) acetyl CoA c.) ATP CO2 d.) FADH2

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?

acetyl CoA

Assuming the U.S. is similar to the U.K., which of the following will occur? a.) More women will meet exercise recommendations, while men will not.T b.) there will be no real change in the exercise habits of adults in the coming years. c.) More adults will meet exercise recommendations. d.) More men will meet exercise recommendations, while women will not.

b.) there will be no real change in the exercise habits of adults in the coming years.

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? a.) ATP b.) water c.) FADH2 d.) pyruvate e.) NADH + H+

c.) FADH2

In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive carbon. The mice were closely monitored, and in a few minutes, radioactive carbon atoms showed up in __________.

carbon dioxide

During ______, the energy in sugar molecules is used to make molecules of ATP

cellular respiration

The transfer of _____ from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction.

electrons

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.

glucose ... enzymes

in cellular respiration, ___ is oxidized and ___ is reduced

glucose...oxygen

During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized. However, an intermediate, __________, can be siphoned off and used to synthesize fats.

glyceraldeyhyde 3-phosphate

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

Which stage of cellular respiration appears to have evolved first?

glycolysis

the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration:

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

An organism that must consume other organisms to obtain nourishment is called a(n)

heterotroph

A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to treat people with bacterial infections. However, he can't do this because _____.

human cells also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them

During the first step of a redox reaction, what does the enzyme dehydrogenase strip from organic fuel?

hydrogen atoms

Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.

in the cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?

in the cytoplasmic fluid

We inhale O2 and we exhale CO2. Carbon dioxide is produced __________.

in the reaction that creates acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) from pyruvate

When a car engine burns gasoline, the results of the reaction are similar to when cells burn glucose. Both reactions release carbon dioxide and water. In cells, the chemical energy in food is converted to ATP and heat. In a moving car, the chemical energy in gasoline is converted to __________.

kinetic energy and heat

Recent data suggests that heat-generating brown fat is most active in __________.

lean people exposed to cold temperatures

In cellular respiration, glucose _____ electrons, whereas _____ electrons.

loses ... oxygen gains

A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction __________.

loses electrons and becomes oxidized

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondria

Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration.

mitochondria

Lungs are to breathing as __________ are to cellular respiration.

mitochondria

A scientist wants to study the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells. What part of the cell would she use as a source of these enzymes?

mitochondrial matrix

is the loss of one or more electrons.

oxidation

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.

oxidative phosphorylation

Some human cells, such as nerve cells, are restricted to aerobic respiration to recycle NADH and FADH2. If these cells are deprived of oxygen, then __________.

oxidative phosphorylation would come to a halt because there wouldn't be any oxygen to "pull" the electrons down the transport chain

In cellular respiration, glucose becomes ____ to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms).

oxidized

NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor, _____.

oxygen

A muscle cell deprived of molecular oxygen will convert glucose to lactic acid to __________.

recycle NADH through fermentation

When the loss and gain of electrons happen in sequence, it is called a(n)

redox reaction

In cellular respiration, oxygen becomes ____ to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose.

reduced

is the gain of one or more electrons.

reduction

Glycolysis is the only stage of cellular respiration that __________.

requires ATP to make ATP

In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

Virtually all organisms on Earth use cellular respiration to produce ATP from sugar. ATP is then used to power cellular work. Which of the following is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

sugar + O2 →→ CO2 + H2O + ATP

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?

the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain

Most NADH molecules generated during cellular respiration are produced during __________.

the citric acid cycle

Sunlight is essential for the varied life on Earth. Sunlight provides energy to photosynthetic organisms by providing __________.

the energy necessary to power the rearrangement of chemical bonds in H2O and CO2

Oxidative phosphorylation could not occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, because _____.

these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain

A gram of fat oxidized by cellular respiration produces approximately __________ as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate.

twice

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?

two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules

Fat is the most efficient molecule for long-term energy storage, even compared to carbohydrates, because _____.

with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons

Fat is the most efficient molecule for long-term energy storage, even compared to carbohydrates, because __________.

with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons

Recall from Chapter 4 that phospholipids have two parts: a nonpolar head and two nonpolar tails. In an oil-based, nonpolar environment, phospholipids would arrange themselves so that they __________.

would stay together but in a reverse orientation, with their tails projecting outward