Bio 2 FINAL exam review (mastering)

How does the large amount of genetic variation observed in prokaryotes arise?

- They have extremely short generation times and large populations. - They can exchange DNA with many types of prokaryotes by way of horizontal gene transfer

Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____.

-already existed in the population before methicillin was developed -were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections

Rank the following in order from most general to most specific. 1. gametic isolation 2. reproductive isolating mechanism 3. sperm-egg incompatibility in sea urchins 4. prezygotic isolating mechanism

2, 4, 1, 3

A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium

A and E

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection?

A cow that produces a large quantity of milk

Organisms maintain dynamic homeostasis through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Which of the following statements is an accurate explanation of a negative feedback mechanism used by animals to regulate body temperature?

A ground squirrel's hypothalamus detects changes in environmental temperatures and responds by activating or suppressing metabolic heat production.

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?

Adaptation

Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response?

After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels.

Which of these is an example of negative feedback?

After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels.

Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium?

Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment

While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya?

Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan.

Which principle of heat exchange is the most important explanation for why birds look larger in colder weather because they fluff their feathers?

Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation.

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?

Heritability

Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?

In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties.

Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value?

Integrator.

What must be true of any organ described as vestigial?

It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?

Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?

Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.

The common edible frog of Europe is a hybrid between two species, Rana lessonae and Rana ridibunda. The hybrids were first described in 1758 and have a wide distribution, from France across central Europe to Russia. Both male and female hybrids exist, but when they mate among themselves, they are rarely successful in producing offspring. What can you infer from this information?

Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frog species.

Which term describes a steady state in which the internal conditions of an organism are kept within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions?

Regulatory homeostasis.

Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment?

Sensor.

Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body?

Shivering.

Select the correct statement describing sympatric speciation.

Sympatric speciation can occur in a single generation.

What would be an advantage for an animal that conforms to a changing environmental condition, such as temperature?

The animal would spend less energy regulating its internal temperature.

If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result?

The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially.

Tunas, sharks, penguins, and dolphins all have a basic fusiform shape, tapered at both ends. What explains this similarity in shape?

The similarity is due to convergent evolution, because all these animals share similar environmental challenges

How long does it take new species to form on Earth?

The time required varies considerably.

Which statement is true about obligate anaerobes?

They are poisoned by O2

What is the function of fimbriae?

They are used to attach the cell to its substrate or to other prokaryotes.

True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.

True

Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?

Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?

You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?

a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, _____.

a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change

An adaptation is _____.

a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In fresh water, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon's moves between fresh water and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following?

acclimatization

In many animals, fat is stored in specialized cells in the ________.

adipose tissue

How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species?

allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations

Evolutionary adaptations that help some animals directly exchange matter between the cells of their body and the environment include ________.

an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body

The cow Bos primigenius (which is bred for meat and milk) has a smaller brain and larger eyes than closely related wild species of ungulates. These traits most likely arose by _____.

artificial selection, because changes in these traits co-occurred with human selection for high milk output and high muscle content

Which of the following has been shown to cause speciation most rapidly

autopolyploidy

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are _____.

both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state

If a person were to travel to a time zone that was several hours ahead of their own, they may experience tiredness known as jet lag. Jet lag is due to a disruption of ________.

circadian rhythm

You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels?

conformation

Bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis?

decomposer

Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become _____.

deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients

Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the _____.

endocrine system

Bats and hummingbirds are examples of _____.

endotherms that are also poikilotherms

Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____.

ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in _____.

environments with variable and limited food sources

Elephants can often be observed cooling off by spraying water over their bodies with their trunks. What type of heat exchange is occurring?

evaporation

The panting responses observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by ________.

evaporation

Macroevolution is _____.

evolution above the species level

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. Pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species. These two juniper species are kept separate by _____.

gametic isolation

What is the most important factor that holds a gene pool of a species together and prevents speciation?

gene flow

Which of the following is the first step in allopatric speciation?

geographic isolation

Use the following description to answer the question. On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands and is also found on the African mainland, located about two hundred miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago. Using only the information provided in the paragraph, which of the following is the best initial hypothesis for how D. santomea descended from D. yakuba?

habitat differentiation

Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?

habitat isolation

Use the following information to answer the question. Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. What keeps the two populations separate?

habitat isolation

The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _____.

halophiles

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed as ________.

homeostasis

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of _____.

homology

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the _____.

hypothalamus

In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm _____.

invests little energy in temperature regulation

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?

lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane

Homeostasis is the _____.

maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment

Snake behavior in Wisconsin changes throughout the year. For example, a snake is _____.

more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction

As animals have evolved large body size, they have also evolved adaptations to improve exchange of energy and materials with the environment. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with ________.

more branching or folds

All animals, whether large or small, have _____.

most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium

When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of _____.

negative feedback

The four major categories of tissues are _____.

nervous, epithelial, connective, muscle

Genes for the resistance of antibiotics are usually located __________.

on plasmids

In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures?

plasmids, nucleoid, and endospore

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of _____.

polyploidy

The metamorphosis of a tadpole to an adult frog involves a thorough reconstruction of the animal's body. All of the structural and physiological changes must be complete or the frog will not survive this transformation. Which type of regulation would ensure that the animal completed its transformation?

positive feedback

Charles Darwin _____.

proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

According to the _____ model, evolution occurs in spurts; species evolve relatively rapidly then remain unchanged for long periods.

punctuated equilibrium

To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmoths _____.

rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth

The production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) is an example of _____.

reduced hybrid fertility

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day and then die. These two frog species separate by _____.

reduced hybrid viability

An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a _____.

sea star living deep in the ocean

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that ________.

speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time

The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a

species.

An ecological relationship between organisms of different species that are in direct contact can best be described as _____.

symbiotic

Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowers' bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers, but they mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it?

sympatric speciation; habitat differentiation

The metabolic rate of an animal is most accurately determined by ________.

the amount of energy used by an animal in a given time

Sympatric speciation is _____.

the appearance of a new species in the same area as the parent population

Hybrid zones provide an opportunity to investigate _____.

the evolution of reproductive isolation

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when ________.

the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because _____.

the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming

How are archaeans most similar to bacteria?

the shape of their chromosomes and plasmids

Bioremediation is _____.

the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment

Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. These two groups differ in ________.

their sources of carbon

Which of the following describe all existing bacteria?

tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse

What is the goal of bioremediation?

to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria

Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources?

torpor

Both the endocrine and nervous systems transmit information around an animal's body. Which of the following is a characteristic of nervous system signals?

travel quickly, allowing rapid transmission of signals

Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment ____.

undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell

The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that the ________.

warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

wind blowing across the body surface