BIO 202 learnsmart: the female reproductive system

effects of pregnancy on urinary system (3)

1. increased glomerular filtration rate 2. increased urination due to pressing of the uterus on the bladder 3. elevated urine output

relatively weak contractions of the uterus that occur over the course of the pregnancy are called

Braxton Hicks contractions

T/F: the female orgasm is followed by a refractory period similar to the male

F

T/F: the first polar body produced during meiosis I will result in a viable daughter cell

F

the products of conception including the embryo or fetus, the placenta and membranes

conceptus

in the ovary, eggs develop within encircling structure called

follicles

within the ovary, eggs develop within encircling structures called

follicles

development of the follicle that surrounds the egg as the egg undergoes oogenesis is called

folliculogenesis

a woman is primipara if she is

giving birth for the first time

estrogens are secreted by ____ cells of the antral follicles

granulosa

cells forming the stratified layers around a secondary follicle

granulosa cells

a woman who is multipara ______ been pregnant previously

has

during pregnancy, the enlarged uterus presses on the stomach causing the reflux of gastric juices into the esophagus (GERD) the common symptom caused by this reflux is called

heartburn

what is the effect of pregnancy on tidal volume and minute ventilation of the respiratory system

increases; respiratory rate remains constant, the tidal volume and minute ventilation increase

the linea nigra from an accumulation of _____ (a cell type) along the linea alba

melanocytes

occurs about day 14 of the ovarian cycle includes the rupturing of the mature follicle and the release of its egg and surrounding cells

ovulation

name for unfertilized oocyte or egg

ovum

process of childbirth

parturition

the breast is a mound of adipose tissue superficial to the ______ muscle

pectoralis major

3rd and final stage of labor

placental stage

stage of labor that occurs after the baby has been expelled when uterine contractions continue in order to expel the placenta, amnion, and other membranes

placental stage

luteinizing hormone (LH) has a ______ affect upon the corpus luteum

positive (stimulatory)

estrogen has a _____ on the growth of mammary ducts during pregnancy

positive affect

during the uterine cycle, the last 2 days are the

premenstrual phase

deeper layer of the endometrium that is retained during each menstrual period and regenerates the superficial layer

stratum basalis

effect of breastfeeding on involution of the uterus postpartum

suppresses estrogen secretion thus stimulating uterine involution

function of progesterone during pregnancy

suppresses uterine contractions; prevents menstruation; stimulates development of mammary gland acini

during folliculogenesis, a follicle that has begun accumulating fluid secreted by the granulosa cells

tertiary follicle

a _______ follicle consists of 2 or more layers of stratified cells and a zona pellucida that surrounds a large oocyte

secondary

follicle that consists of 2 or more layers of stratified cells and a zona pellucida that surrounds a large oocyte

secondary

egg cell at any haploid stage between meiosis I and fertilization

secondary oocyte

the thickening of the endometrium as a result of secretion and fluid accumulation (not mitosis) occurs during the _______ phase of the menstrual cycle

secretory

series of hormonal events starting with menstruation that result in ovulation (4)

1. FSH causes follicular development 2. follicles release estrogen 3. estrogen triggers release of LH 4. LH triggers ovulation

2 characteristics of pubarche

1. appearance of sebaceous and axillary glands 2. appearance of pubic and axillary hair

2 roles of the suspensory ligament of the breast

1. attach breast to pectoralis major 2. attach breast to dermis of skin

structures affected by vasocongestion during sexual excitement (3)

1. clitoris 2. labia majora 3. labia minora

layers of the uterine wall from deep to superficial (3)

1. endometrium 2. myometrium 3. perimetrium

4 phases of female sexual response

1. excitement 2. plateau 3. orgasm 4. resolution

phases of the ovarian cycle (3)

1. follicular phase 2. ovulation 3. luteal phase

order the series of events leading to milk ejection (4)

1. infant suckling 2. posterior pituitary releases oxytocin 3. myopithelial cells around acini stimulated 4. milk enters lactiferous ducts

path of blood from systemic circuit to the endometrium of the uterus (4)

1. internal iliac artery 2. uterine artery 3. arcuate arteries 4. spiral arteries

normal components of menstrual fluid (3)

1. necrotic endometrium 2. blood 3. serous fluid

starting with they hypothalamus, the organs in the hierarchy of hormonal control involved in the sexual cycle (3)

1. pituitary 2. ovaries 3. uterus

3 hormones secreted by the corpus luteum

1. progesterone 2. estradiol 3. inhibin

during pregnancy the corpus luteum and placenta produce (2)

1. progesterone 2. estrogen

3 hormones that are present in elevated levels during pregnancy

1. prolactin 2. thyrotropin 3. aldosterone

4 uterine phases of the menstrual cycle

1. proliferative phase 2. secretory phase 3. premenstrual phase 4. menstrual phase

functions of placenta (3)

1. provide nutrients for fetus 2. dispose of fetal waste 3. secrete hormones

during the female sexual response, lubrication of the vestibule is by _______ and _______

1. secretions of the greater vestibular glands 2. production of vaginal transudate

series of events that contribute to increasingly forceful uterine contraction during labor starting with stretching of the cervix (3)

1. stretching of the cervix due to position of the conceptus 2. oxytocin released from posterior pituitary 3. increased strength of uteine contractions

benefits of breastfeeding for neonate (4)

1. supply of antibodies 2. colonization of intestine with beneficial bacteria 3. emotional bonding 4. laxative affect to remove meconium from intestinal tract

effects of estrogen (2)

1. upregulation of FSH, LH, and estrogen receptors in dominant follicle 2. inhibition of GnRH release

organs in the internal genitalia (4)

1. uterus 2. ovaries 3. uterine tubes 4. vagina

3 effects on circulation caused by an enlarged uterus interfering with venous return from the legs

1. varicose veins 2. hemorrhoids 3. edema of ankles and feet

each trimester of pregnancy is approximately _____ months in duration

3

average length of the sexual cycle each month is _____ weeks

4

the developing individual is known as a fetus from week _____ after conception to birth

9

T/F: round ligament of the uterus passes through the inguinal canal

T: the round ligaments run from the anterior surface of the uterus through the inguinal canals to the labia majora

longest portion of the uterine tube

ampulla

fluid cavity found in tertiary and mature follicles

antrum

colored circular zone surrounding the nipple of the breast

areola

process of egg cell degeneration

atresia

role of suspensory ligament

attaches ovary to pelvic wall

lumen of cervix

cervical canal

portion of the uterus that connects it to the vagina

cervix

erectile organ of the female genitalia

clitoris

mammary secretion that occurs in late pregnancy that is similar to breast milk but contains less fat

colostrum

layer of cells that surrounds the zona pellucida and the oocyte in tertiary and mature follicles

corona radiata

after involution of the corpus luteum, the inactive bit of scar tissue that remains is known as

corpus albicans

after an egg has been ovulated, the remnants of the follicle form a structure within the ovary called the

corpus luteum

longest stage of labor, marked by the opening of the cervical canal and thinning of the cervix

dilation stage

gestation refers to the

duration of pregnancy

the conceptus is considered an ______ from day 16 through week 8 of gestation at which point it becomes a fetus

embryo

a possible hormonal factor in causing labor contractions is the increased level of the hormone _______ as pregnancy progresses

estrogen

hormone that stimulates mitosis of the stratum basalis in order to rebuild the stratum functionalis

estrogen

________ and androgens are responsible for most of the visible changes associated with puberty in the female

estrogens

stage of labor that begins when the baby's head enters the vagina and lasts until the baby is entirely expelled

expulsion stage

hormone that selectively inhibits FSH secretion

inhibin

continued uterine contractions and autolysis of uterine cells causes ____, a period in which the uterus returns closer to its pre-pregnancy dimensions

involution

superficial most of the 2 pairs of labia

labia majora

thin, hairless folds of skin medial to the labia majora

labia minora

the synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammary glands

lactation

phase of the ovarian cycle that extends from ovulation to the start of menstruation

luteal phase

transformation of a ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum

luteotropic hormone

the structure within the breast of pregnant and lactating women is the _______ gland

mammary

discharge of menstrual fluid via the vagina occurs during the _____ phase of the menstrual cycle

menstrual

the ovarian stem cells that generate oocytes

oogonia

during the _______ phase the cervix plunges spasmodically into the vagina

orgasm

______ enters the ovary through the mesovarium

ovarian branch of the uterine artery

during the menstrual cycle, the drop in levels of the hormone _____ most directly triggers events leading to menstruation

progesterone

hormone that primarily targets the uterus, preparing it for pregnancy and maintaining it during prenancy

progesterone

pituitary hormone that promotes milk production by mammary glands

prolactin

phase of uterine cycle that involves rebuilding of the stratum functionalis of the endometrium via mitosis

proliferative

rising levels of the hormone GnRH stimulates secretion of gonadotropins and sex hormones to trigger the onset of ________, the transition that begins reproductive life

puberty

the period immediately after parturition that is critical for involution of the uterus and onset of breastfeeding

puerperium

earliest noticeable sign of puberty in females

thelarche

connection between fetus and placenta

umbilical cord

duct that extends from the ovary to the uterus and conveys an egg or conceptus to the uterus

uterine tube

large muscular organ that opens into the roof of vagina

uterus

area of female external genitalia enclosed by the labia

vestibule