Bio 202 - Lesson 13 & 14

Name the 3 things that cause the thirst sensation:

1.Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus 2. Dry mouth from salivary glands producing less saliva due to changes in blood chemistry 3. A decrease in blood volume or pressure, such as in hemorrhage

The intracellular fluid (ICF) accounts for approximately _____ of the body fluids and includes all of the fluids found within the cells of the body. The extracellular fluid (ECF) accounts for the remaining _____ of the fluid and is further divided into (1) plasma and (2) interstitial fluid (IF). This IF includes the fluid in the microscopic places between cells.

2/3rds. 1/3rd.

If bicarbonate is less than _____ mEq/L, then the condition is metabolic acidosis

22

If bicarbonate levels are greater than _____ mEq/L, the condition is metabolic alkalosis.

26

Obligatory water loss (the output of a certain amount of water that is unavoidable and explains why we can't survive without water) includes insensible water loss, water that accompanies undigested food residues in feces, and a minimum daily SENSIBLE WATER LOSS of _____mL in urine.

500

The kidneys excrete about _____ percent of water through the kidneys.

60%

What's the normal pH of blood?

7.4

Alkalosis is present if the pH is greater than _____. Acidosis is present if the pH is less than ____.

7.45, 7.35

About _____ liters of sodium-containing secretions (gastric, intestinal, and pancreatic juices, saliva, bile) are spewed into the digestive tract daily, only to be reabsorbed completely.

8

you rock

:)

Bicarbonate ions are highest in which of the following? A. Interstitial fluid B. Blood Plasma C. Intracellular Fluid

A. Interstitial fluid

Which of the following is associated with edema? A. accumulation of fluid in interstitial space B. hypotonic hydration C. hyponatremia D. Decrease capillary permeability E. excessive protein levels in the plasma

A. accumulation of fluid in interstitial space

How does the body respond when compensating for metabolic acidosis? A. increases respiratory rate B. excretes more bicarbonate ions C. excretes more monohydrogen phosphate ions D. decreases respiratory rate E. slows the rate of conversion of ammonia to urea

A. increases respiratory rate

Which of the following reflects the symptoms of a patient with uncontrolled chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A. pH of 7.32 and a high pCO2 level B. pH of 7.40 and a normal pCO2 level C. pH of 7.48 and a low pCO2 level D. pH of 7.32 and a low pCO2 level E. pH of 7.48 and a high pCO2 level

A. pH of 7.32 and a high pCO2 level

Which of the following describes the function of aldosterone? A. regulates sodium and potassium in the extracellular fluid B. regulates osteoclast activity C. stimulates renin production D. regulates the storage of glucose in tissue cells E. decreases renal tubular permeability

A. regulates sodium and potassium in the extracellular fluid

What cation is necessary for generation and conduction of action potentials and contributes nearly half of the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid? A. sodium ion B. potassium ion C. calcium ion D. chloride ion E. phosphate ion

A. sodium ion

Which of the following is a buffer for hydroxide ions? A. sodium phosphate B. the NH2 end of a protein C. bicarbonate ion D. any strong base E. a monohydrogen phosphate ion

A. sodium phosphate

Which chemical causes the kidneys to conserve water and excrete concentrated urine

ADH

_____ is the primary hormone affecting the sodium concentration in the body.

Aldosterone

_____ reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium and water retention.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (AKA ANP)

Average pH of urine?

Average pH of urine is 6.0, but ranges from 4.5 to 8.0

Sodium ions are highest in which of the following? A. Interstitial fluid B. Blood Plasma C. Intracellular Fluid

B. Blood Plasma

Which of the following explains an increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water? A. a decrease in ADH production B. an increase in ADH production C. an increase in aldosterone production D. a decrease in the concentration of blood plasma E. an increase in the production of ANP

B. an increase in ADH production

Which of the following would the body excrete in response to respiratory alkalosis? A. ammonium ions B. bicarbonate ions C. dihydrogen phosphate ions D. carbonic acid E. hydrogen ions

B. bicarbonate ions

What are the three major chemical buffer systems of the body? A. sodium pump and protein buffer systems B. bicarbonate, phosphate and protein buffer systems C. hemoglobin and protein buffer systems D. carbonic acid and hemoglobin buffer systems E. carbonic acid, phosphate and sodium buffer systems

B. bicarbonate, phosphate and protein buffer systems

What chemical substance dissociates in water and carries an electrical current? A. buffers B. electrolytes C. nonelectrolytes D. osmoregulators E. positrons

B. electrolytes

What is the primary method of water movement in and out of body compartments? A. diffusion B. osmosis C. filtration D. active transport E. pinocytosis

B. osmosis

Which of the following explains why venous blood is more acidic than arterial blood? A. partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greater in arterial blood B. partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greater in venous blood C. higher oxygen levels in arterial blood cause carbonic acid to dissociate D. higher oxygen levels in arterial blood uses up the carbonic anhydrase E. pulmonary capillaries secrete bicarbonate ions directly into the plasma

B. partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greater in venous blood

Which of the following is the major regulator of the level of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid? A. respiration rate B. renal function C. dietary intake D. rate of perspiration E. pH of the blood

B. renal function

_____ _____ _____ is the only important ECF buffer, though it also buffers ICF.

Bicarbonate Buffer System

Phosphate ions are highest in which of the following? A. Interstitial fluid B. Blood Plasma C. Intracellular Fluid

C. Intracellular Fluid

Potassium ions are highest in which of the following? A. Interstitial fluid B. Blood Plasma C. Intracellular Fluid

C. Intracellular Fluid

Proteins are highest in which of the following? A. Interstitial fluid B. Blood Plasma C. Intracellular Fluid

C. Intracellular Fluid

Which of the following describes the mechanism in which ADH preserves water? A. promotes excretion of sodium ions B. stimulates the secretion of renin C. enhances passive movement of water out of the collecting ducts D. stimulates the constriction of the distal convoluted tubules E. lowering the glomerular filtration rate

C. enhances passive movement of water out of the collecting ducts

Which of the following describes hypotonic hydration? A. renal failure causes excess toxins to contaminate interstitial water B. increase blood hydrostatic pressure caused by high total blood volume C. movement of water from interstitial fluid into intracellular fluid due to osmotic gradients D. long term edema E. lack of secretion of ADH

C. movement of water from interstitial fluid into intracellular fluid due to osmotic gradients

Which of the following are the main intracellular components? A. protein and potassium and chloride ions B. sodium and phosphate ions C. protein and potassium and phosphate ions D. sodium and chloride ions E. potassium, phosphate, and calcium ions

C. protein and potassium and phosphate ions

What is the renal mechanism for regulating acid base balance of the blood? A. increasing or decreasing glomerular filtration rate B. secretion of calcium ions C. reabsorbing, generating or excreting bicarbonate ions D. reabsorbing and generating chloride ions E. generating excess ketones

C. reabsorbing, generating or excreting bicarbonate ions

Which of the following tissues contains the highest percentage of water? A. adipose tissue B. bone tissue C. skeletal muscle D. smooth muscle E. neural tissue

C. skeletal muscle

Which of the following would serve to buffer H+? A. NaH2PO4 B. the -COOH end of a protein C. the HCO3 -1 ion D. any strong acid E. water

C. the HCO3 -1 ion

What determines the direction of water movement between fluid compartments? A. the electrical gradient B. the solubility of water in lipid membranes C. the concentration of solutes D. the diameter of blood vessels E. differences in pH

C. the concentration of solutes

The partial pressure of _____ in the arteries is the single most important indicator of the adequacy of respiratory function.

CO2

Which of the following stimulates the release of ANP? A. low blood pressure B. ADH C. Aldosterone D. Stretching of the atrial wall by high blood pressure E. Osmoreceptors

D. Stretching of the atrial wall by high blood pressure

Where is the thirst center that stimulates the conscious desire to drink water located? A. adrenal cortex B. kidney C. medulla oblongata D. hypothalamus E. lumbar region of the spinal cord

D. hypothalamus

_____ is defined as water loss, either the loss of water or the loss of water and solutes together.

Dehydration

What is a substance that functions to prevent rapid, drastic changes in the ph of a body fluid by changing strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases? A. capacitator B. enzyme C. catalyst D. salt E. buffer

E. buffer

Which of the following is associated with metabolic acidosis in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus? A. high glucose levels depress the respiratory centers B. high glucose is the reason the blood is acidic C. excess diarrhea associated with diabetes causes loss of bicarbonate ions D. excess glucose attracts hydrogen ions into the plasma E. increased rate of ketogenesis causes a low blood pH

E. increased rate of ketogenesis causes a low blood pH

The act of rapid deep breathing called hyperventilation can result in what homeostatic imbalance? A. hyperglycemia B. metabolic acidosis C. a pH below 7.30 D. respiratory acidosis E. respiratory alkalosis

E. respiratory alkalosis

_____ are compounds that dissociate into ions in water.

Electrolytes

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low. T/F

False

Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema. T/F

False

The ICF has large amounts of sodium and chloride. T/F

False, the ICF only has small amounts of sodium and chloride. The ECF has large amounts of these.

_____ is the least hydrated body tissue.

Fat

Normal appearance of urine?

Generally clear and pale yellow to amber in color due to urochrome

_____ in RBCs IS AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE of a protein that functions as an intracellular buffer.

HEMOGLOBIN

What's the most abundant anion in the ICF?

HPO4 2- (hydrogen phosphate)

Proteins are highest in which of the compartments?

Intracellular Fluid

_____ is the most abundant cation in the ECF and the only one exerting significant osmotic pressure. Cellular plasma membranes are also relatively impermeable to this cation. This is why this cation has the primary role in controlling ECF volume and water distribution in the body.

Na+

The salts _____ and _____ account for 90-95% of all solutes in the ECF, and they contribute about 280 mOsm of the total ECF solute concentration that is 300 mOsm.

NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) and NaCl (sodium chloride)

_____ have bonds (usually covalent bonds) that prevent them from dissociating in solution. Most are organic molecules--glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea are examples.

Nonelectrolytes

_____ _____ _____ is a major urine and ICF buffer, though it is present in low concentrations in the ECF.

Phosphate Buffer System

Specific gravity of urine?

Ranges from 1.001 to 1.030. A specific gravity of 1.001 contains very few solutes and is very dilute urine.

______ catalyzes the initial step in the reactions that produce angiotensin II. Angiotensin II prods the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, and also directly increases sodium reabsorption by kidney tubules. It has other actions, all of which raise blood volume and blood pressure.

Renin

_____ holds a central position in fluid and electrolyte balance and overall body homeostasis.

Sodium

65% of the sodium in the renal filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules of the kidneys and another 25% is reclaimed in the nephron loops. T/F

True

Aldosterone is the primary hormone affecting the sodium concentration in the body. T/F

True

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion. T/F

True

Aldosterone's effect is primarily to decrease urinary output and increase blood pressure. T/F

True

Angiotensin is a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. T/F

True

Most acid substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism. T/F

True

Receptors that specifically monitor the concentration or content of sodium in body fluids has not yet been found. T/F

True. Sodium balance is inseparably linked to blood volume and pressure. Changes in these 2 variables trigger neural and hormonal controls.

Place the words "salt" and "water" in the correct position. _____ follows _____.

Water follows salt.

_____ _____ are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate.

Weak acids

Note the pCO2. If over 45 mmHg, the respiratory system is the cause and the condition is respiratory _____.

acidosis

Respiratory _____ results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

acidosis

The presence of albumin in urine is called:

albuminuria

The most important trigger for _____release from the adrenal cortex is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism mediated by the juxtaglomerular complex of the renal tubules.

aldosterone

All the available HCO3- ions are often referred to as the _____ _____.

alkaline reserve

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis or acidosis?

alkalosis

Proteins are polymers of _____ ______.

amino acids

A single protein molecule can function reversibly as either an acid or a base depending on the pH of its environment. Molecules with this ability are called _____ _____.

amphoteric molecules

Sodium ions are highest in which of the compartments?

blood plasma

In which fluid compartment is calcium most abundant?

blood plasma (a subtype of ECF)

Hardened cell fragments--usually cylindrical--which are formed in the distal convuluted tubules of the nephrons and collecting tubules in the kidneys and then flushed out of the urinary tract are called:

casts

The primary anion in the ECF (blood plasma AND interstitial fluid) is _____.

chloride

The absolute blood pH limits for life are a low of 7.0 and a high of 7.8. When the pH becomes too low, a person goes into a _____ due to CNS depression. On the other hand, if the pH is greater than 7.8, the nervous system is overexcited and the patient may experience _____, convulsions, and extreme nervousness.

coma. tetany

The ______ of sodium in the ECF largely determines the osmolality of ECF fluids and influences electrical excitability of neurons and muscles. The _____ _____ _____ of sodium determines the ECF volume and therefore blood pressure. Sodium is the only ion whose value for these 2 quantities is important.

concetration. total body content. NOTE: For other ions, only the concentration is important.

ADH prompts the kidneys to _____ water and _____ more concentrated urine.

conserve. excrete.

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood increases or decreases?

decreases

If ketonuria and glycosuria are found at the same time, it is indicative of _____ _____.

diabete mellitus

Progesterone has a mild _____ effect due to it blocking aldosterone receptors.

diuretic

Because ions are charged particles, they can conduct an electrical current, and so have the name _____. Typically, these include inorganic salts, acids and bases, and some proteins.

electrolyte

The fluid compartments outside of the cell are called _____.

extracellular

Sodium is the primary cation in the _____, whereas chloride is its primary anion. In contrast, the _____ has only small amounts of each of these electrolytes.

extracellular fluid (ECF). intracellular fluid (ICF)

The phosphate buffer system is relatively important for buffering blood plasma. T/F

false

When plasma levels are high in _____, they exhibit potent aldosterone-like effects and promote edema.

glucocorticoids

The presence of glucose in the urine is called:

glycosuria

The appearance of erythrocytes (RBCs) in the urine is called:

hematuria

When the pH becomes too low, the respiratory system attempts to "blow off CO2" by _____.

hyperventilating

The thirst center in the brain is located in the _____.

hypothalamus

Another term or overhydration is _____ _____. This is when the ECF is diluted. Sodium content is normal but since there's extra water, the sodium concentration is low. The hallmark of this is _____, which is low ECF sodium concentration.

hypotonic hydration. hyponatremia.

Net CO2 retention (_____) leads to acidosis. _____, which causes net elimination of CO2, causes alkalosis.

hypoventilation. Hyperventilation

What are some causes of respiratory acidosis?

impaired lung function, impaired ventilatory movement, narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to the brain stem

Does aldosterone increase or decrease ECF volume?

increase

As ECF sodium content increases, ECF osmolality _____ which triggers the ADH and thirst mechanisms. This increases water retention and intake, simultaneously reducing the sodium concentration and increasing the ECF volume.

increases

Water that vaporizes out of the lungs in expired air or diffuses directly through the skin is called _____ ______ _____.

insensible water loss

Spaces between cells are called _____.

interstitial

Bicarbonate ions are highest in which of the compartments?

interstitial fluid

The fluid compartments located within the cell are called _____.

intracellular

Phosphate ions are highest in which of the compartments?

intracellular fluid

Potassium ions are highest in which of the compartments?

intracellular fluid

In which compartment is Mg2+ the most abundant?

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Presence of intermediate products of fat metabolism (acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone) in excessive amounts is called:

ketonuria

If urine becomes excessively concentrated, some of the substances normally held in solution begin to precipitate or crystallize, forming ____ ___, AKA renal calculi.

kidney stones

If urine becomes excessively concentrated, some of the substances normally held in solution begin to precipitate or srystallize, forming _____ _____ or _____ _____.

kidney stones or renal calculi

Body water produced by cellular metabolism is called _____ _____ or _____ of _____.

metabolic water or water of oxidation

The _____ include lipids, glucose, creatinine, and urea. In contrast to electrolytes, these compounds are held together by chemical bonds and do not dissociate in water.

nonelectrolyes

Both electrolytes and nonelectrolytes contribute to the osmolality of bodily fluids. However, because electrolytes dissociate into two or more ions, they have much more _____ _____.

osmotic power

The respiratory and renal systems together form the _____ _____ _____ that control pH by regulating the amount of acid or base in the body. Although they act more slowly than chemical buffer systems, they have many times the buffering power of all the body's chemical buffers combined.

physiological buffering systems

Extracellular fluid (which accounts for 1/3rd of body water) is found in 2 compartments. They are: There are exceptions like lymph and the humors of the eye.

plasma and interstitial fluid (the fluid in microscopic spaces between tissue cells)

What is the major cation of the ICF?

potassium

The amount of water reabsorbed in the renal collecting ducts is ______ to ADH release.

proportional

Proteins in plasma and in cells are the body's _____ _____ _____.

protein buffer system

The presence of leukocytes (WBCs) or other puss constituents in the urine is called:

pyuria

Estrogens are similar to aldosterone and enhance NaCl _____ by the renal tubules. This is why many women retain water as their estrogen levels rise during the menstrual cycle.

reabsorption

Regulating the balance b/ween sodium input and output is one of the most important ____ functions.

renal (kidney)

What are some causes of metabolic acidosis?

severe diarrhea, renal disease, untreated diabetes mellitus, starvation, excess alcohol consumption

The primary cation in the ECF (blood plasma AND interstitial fluid) is _____.

sodium

What are some causes of respiratory alkalosis?

strong emotions, hypoxemia, brain tumor or injury

Most water enters the body via ingested foods and water. T/F

true

Severe diarrhea may result in metabolic acidosis. T/F

true

The body's main mechanism for increasing blood volume and blood pressure is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism. T/F

true

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system. T/F

true

Aldosterone's effect is primarily to decrease _____ _____ and increase _____ _____.

urinary output. blood pressure.

What are some causes of metabolic alkalosis?

vomiting or gastric suctioning, selected diuretics, ingestion of excessive sodium bicarbonate (antacids), excess aldosterone