BIO-202: Respiratory

What is the respiratory membrane?

*The thin membrane of alveoli where gas exchange takes place *3 layers of the respiratory membrane: o Squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus o Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary o Fused basement membranes between the alveolar and endothial cells

What is the major muscle associated with breathing?

The diaphragm •Diaphragm: sheet of muscle extending across bottom of ribcage, separating thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

What is the difference between the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx?

• Nasopharynx: only air passage, soft palate and uvula block while swallowing • Oropharynx: both food and air pass • Laryngopharynx: just below epiglottis

List AND describe the respiratory defense system components.

• Respiratory Defense System: o Each day approx.. a quart of mucus containing lysozyme is secreted to trap particles and kill bacteria o Defensins (natural antibiotic) are secreted to kill microbes o Nasal cavity exposure to unpleasant stimuli (infection) increases production of mucus -i.e. "common cold" o Nasal mucosa, richly supplied w/ nerve endings, irritating particles trigger sneeze to blow irritants out o Nasal cavity, cilia sweep mucus with trapped debris toward pharynx to be swallowed. o Lower respiratory system, cilia move mucus upward toward pharynx

What is the Respiratory Portion (zone)?

• Respiratory portion (zone): -The actual site of gas exchange -Include smallest, most delicate bronchioles and alveoli

What is Bronchoconstriction?

•Bronchoconstriction: constricts bronchi -Caused by: Parasympathetic ANS Activation Histamine release (allergic reactions) Basophils release histamine!

What is Bronchodilation?

•Bronchodilation: dilation of bronchial airways -Caused by sympathetic ANS Activaiton -Reduces resistance

What is the Conducting Portion (zone)?

•Conducting portion (zone): -Begins at nasal cavity and extends through pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and larger bronchioles -Cleanse, humidify and warm incoming air

List AND describe the basic functions of the respiratory system.

•Gas exchange between air/blood •Moving air to/from exchange surfaces of lungs (simple squamous epithelium) •Protecting surfaces •Dehydration, temp. changes, pathogen invasion •Producing communication sounds •Facilitating olfaction (smell)

How do terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles differ?

•Terminal bronchioles: smallest, less than 0.5mm in diameter •Respiratory bronchioles: arise from terminal bronchioles which end in alveolar sacs w/ alveoli covering like grapes on a bunch.

What structures make up the Lower Respiratory System?

Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli of lungs

What structures make up the Upper Respiratory System?

Nose Nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses Pharynx

What is happening when a person has a pneumothorax? How about a hemothorax? Where exactly is the "unwanted" substance? In the lung or in the pleural space? Explain!

-Pneumothorax: where AIR gets in between the visceral and parietal layers (in the pleural space) and causes the lung to collapse by not allowing to expand fully. -Hemothorax: where BLOOD gets in between the visceral and parietal layers (in the pleural space) and causes the lung to collapse by not allowing it to fully expand. -Effusion: with fluid

Explain the importance of the nasal conchae and nasal meatuses.

-Superior, middle and inferior meatuses: swirl the air, create turbulence (helps to filter mucous and warms air before it goes to lungs)

What are the accessory muscles of exhalation?

-internal intercostals -transversus thoracis -external oblique -rectus abdominus -internal obliques (* no diaphragm because its relaxing! )

What are the three functions of the larynx?

1) Provide open airway 2) Switching mechanism for food and air 3) Voice production (houses vocal cords)

How many lobes does the left lung have?

2 lobes (also has the cardiac notch)

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior?

What is the normal range of pH? What is normal body temp?

7.35-7.45 37 degrees Celsius

What is the epiglottis? How does it "work?"

A little flap located in the pharynx. During swallowing, the epiglottis tips downward to cover the larynx and protect the airway.

Describe the mechanism by which the nose warms and humidifies air.

Air goes in, swirls around to pick up heat and evaporated water from nasal mucus. Air goes out and warmer air 'warms' nasal mucus and water condenses back into the mucus.

What is Boyle's Law? Does it describe a direct or inverse relationship? Explain!

Boyle's Law: -If you decrease the volume of a gas; its pressure will rise; if you increase the volume of a gas; its pressure will fall. -Air flow will flow from higher pressure to lower pressure (diffusion)

Describe the differences (in structure and function) between bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli? Which one has smooth muscle? What is the significance of this?

Bronchi: main branches (primary, secondary, tertiary) -has smooth muscle= can dilate and constrict Bronchioles: roots of main branches Alveoli: small branches of bronchioles (where gas exchange occurs)

What is the significance of the cardiac notch?

Cardiac notch: o The cardiac notch accommodates the pericardial cavity, which sits to the left of the midline.

What are the two zones/portions of the respiratory system?

Conducting portion (zone) and Respiratory portion (zone)

Describe the anatomical location of the trachea to the esophagus.

Esophagus is posterior to the trachea.

What is the significance of the trachea having cartilaginous rings?

Keeps the airway open.

What are accessory muscles of inhalation?

MAIN: DIAPHRAGM AND EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS -sternocleidomastoid -scalene -pectoralis minor -serratus anterior

What should you always visualize before advancing an endotracheal tube?

Make sure that it passes through the larynx and goes into the trachea. (the cricoid cartilage)

What are the sutures of the right lung?

Oblique and transverse

Describe the locations AND function(s) of the sinuses.

Paranasal Sinuses: •Frontal , sphenoidal, ethmoid and maxillary oLighten the skull oWarm and moisten the air o When passages connecting sinuses and nasal cavity are blocked w/ mucus, the air is absorbed by the mucosa, causing a partial vacuum=sinus headache

Provide AND explain the equation for Pulmonary Ventilation.

Pulmonary Ventilation (AKA Respiratory Minute Volume) •Total amount of air moved per minute Pulmonary Ventilation= Respiratory Rate x Tidal Volume

If a person were to aspirate (inhale) a hot dog, which lung would it be more likely to enter? Why?

Right, its wider.

What is the significance of the hilium of the lung?

The Hilum: o The hilum of the lung is a groove that allows passage of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.

What are the three cartilages associated with the larynx?

Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

To increase the diameter of the trachea

Describe or draw, in detail, the bronchiole tree.

Trachea-->Primary Bronchi (R&L)-->Secondary Bronchi--> Tertiary Bronchi-->Bronchioles

Compare the roles of Type I vs. Type II Pneumocytes.

Type I Pneumocytes: tiny, moist, multi-lobed air sacs made of simple squamous cells (involved in diffusion of O2 and CO2) Type 2: Create surfactant to decrease surface tension in the alveoli.

What role does surfactant play? Where is it found? What problems could an absence of surfactant result in?

Ultimately decreases surface tension in the alveoli. The contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. Premature infants that lack surfactant suffer from respiratory distress syndrome.

Explain why your nose drips when it is cold outside.

When cold, cilia become sluggish and mucus drips out of nose (water condenses at lower temps)

What is the mucociliary escalator?

cilia moves the debris and mucous towards pharynx to the mouth to be coughed out

How does diffusion apply to the respiration membrane?

o Across respiratory membrane is very rapid: Because distance is so short Gases (O2 and CO2) are lipid soluble o Inflammation of Lobules Also called pneumonia •Causes fluid to leaks into alveoli •Compromises function of respiratory membrane

What is expiration?

o Expiration (diaphragm relaxes): air is exhaled by elastic recoil of lungs/tissue lining thoracic cavity and abdominal muscles.

What is inhalation?

o Inhalation (inspiration): contracts, enlarging thoracic cavity Reduces intra-thoracic pressure, creating influx of air into lungs

What is Respiratory Rate?

the number of breaths per minute

What is the pharynx in layman's terms (everyday language)?

the throat

What is Tidal Volume?

the volume of air moved per breath

What exactly is pneumonia? What would be some appropriate treatments?

• Alveoli fill with bacteria, fluids and mucus resulting in coughing and breathing difficulties.

Explain the layers of the lung.

• Double-walled membrane! •Visceral layer: covers, protects and cushions lungs (directly on lungs) •Parietal layer: lines the inside of the thoracic cavity (on top of visceral layer) •Pleural Space: is a potential space (like, there is the potential for something to get into the space and increase the gap between the two pleural layers) *Pleural Fluid: lubricates space between two layers