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5. The myelin sheath is associated with a) dendrites b) axons c) cell bodies d) synapses

b) axons

12) Cell proteins are made in the a) axon b) cell body c) dendrites d) synapse

b) cell body

6. Synaptic transmitter a) is stored postsynaptically in vesicles. b) is stored presynaptically in vesicles. c) acts uniformly on membrane of the postsynaptic cell. d) causes the postsynaptic muscle membrane to hyperpolarize.

b) is stored presynaptically in vesicles.

The gradual development of muscle force a) occurs initially by recruitment of the motor units generating the largest force b) occurs both by recruitment of additional motor units and generation of more force by each recruited motor unit as motor neuron discharge frequency increases. c) Occurs by random recruitment of motor units in a muscle d) Is independent of the frequency of firing of each motor axon

b) occurs both by recruitment of additional motor units and generation of more force by each recruited motor unit as motor neuron discharge frequency increases.

3. Constriction of the pupil and slowing of heart rate is produced by activity in the a) somatic nervous system b) parasympathetic nervous system c) sympathetic nervous system d) cerebral cortex

b) parasympathetic nervous system

Choose the incorrect statement a) During development of force, the initially recruited motor unit is the least fatigable b) During development of force, the initially recruited motor unit is the most slowly contracting c) A high level of myosin ATPase is associated with the most rapidly contracting motor units d) The fractional increase in total force contributed by each successively recruited motor unit (ΔF/F) is highest when a muscle is generating minimal force.

(ΔF/F) is highest when a muscle is generating minimal force.

. Choose the incorrect statement a) Activation of central nociceptive pathways by non-nociceptive stimuli is referred to as hyperalgesia. b) Sensitization of nociceptors such that they become activated by normally non nociceptive stimuli is an example of "allodynia". c) Aspirin acts to block peripheral sensitization d) Secondary hyperalgesia occurs via changes in the spinal cord.

a) Activation of central nociceptive pathways by non-nociceptive stimuli is referred to as hyperalgesia.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Amphetamine is addictive because it shortens the action of dopamine b) Release of dopamine in nucleus accumbens is hedonic c) Self-stimulation experiments involve activation of dopamine releasing cells. d) Economic models of decision making involve calculation of size and value of any potential reward, the probability of obtaining that reward, and the work required to get the reward.

a) Amphetamine is addictive because it shortens the action of dopamine

13) Action potentials a) Are conducted at different speeds in different axons b) Vary in amplitude at different times at a given position in the axon c) Are initiated by hyperpolarization of the axon d) Can summate if they occur at the same time at a given position of the axon

a) Are conducted at different speeds in different axons

The most easily recruited motor units are those which a) Are the least sensitive to fatigue b) Are the most strongly contracting c) Are the most rapidly contracting d) Have muscle fibers that do not express myoglobin

a) Are the least sensitive to fatigue

Choose the incorrect statement a) Changes in gene expression occurs only during development. b) Gene expression can be altered by altered by epigenetic mechanisms such as methylation of the bases c) The number of genes in the human genome is smaller than might be expected based on the number of proteins expressed in humans d) Only about 0.1% of the genes differ among members of the human species.

a) Changes in gene expression occurs only during development.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Classical conditioning requires that the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus both be delivered many times during the establishment of the conditioning but without constraints on the timing relative to each other. b) The concept of firing together leading to wiring together is crucial to classical conditioning. c) Long term potentiation at a synapse requires simultaneous discharge of the pre and postsynaptic cell. d) Long term potentiation is associated with structural changes in the postsynaptic cell.

a) Classical conditioning requires that the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus both be delivered many times during the establishment of the conditioning but without constraints on the timing relative to each other.

Which of the following statements about brain machine interfaces is FALSE? a) Current retinal implants restore normal vision to blind people. b) It is not possible to extract detailed information about brain movement plans from electroencephalography (EEG) recordings or near infrared spectroscopy. c) In Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR), surgeons take nerves involved in controlling the muscles that moved the forearm, wrist, and elbow and attach them to muscles remaining in the stump of the amputated arm. d) Cochlear implants convert sounds into their different frequencies (speech processor) and then present electrical stimuli (electrode bundle) to the place on the cochlea that codes for that frequency.

a) Current retinal implants restore normal vision to blind people.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Cutting half the spinal cord from the midline to the lateral border (i.e., lateral hemisection) abolishes all sensation on the opposite side of the body from dermatomes below the level of the hemisection. b) Windup refers to progressive increase in discharge of spinal neurons in response to repeated stimulation of unmyelinated fibers in a peripheral nerve. c) Input from nociceptors is conducted through the spinal cord to the brain via the spinothalamic tract. d) "Mirror therapy" works to reduce pain from a phantom upper limb by providing visual input that suggests unclenching of the "phantom fist".

a) Cutting half the spinal cord from the midline to the lateral border (i.e., lateral hemisection) abolishes all sensation on the opposite side of the body from dermatomes below the level of the hemisection.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Damage to peripheral nerves results in permanent silence of their cortical projections b) Cells in the posterior parietal cortex can be fully characterized only in conscious animals because the responses depend on what the animal is paying attention to. c) Barrel cortex contains a very precise map of rodent whiskers. d) The dorsal column medial lemniscal system is specialized for transmitting precise somatosensory information to the brain, e.g., the location and timing of stimuli.

a) Damage to peripheral nerves results in permanent silence of their cortical projections

Which of the following statements about the visual system is FALSE? a) Damage to primary visual cortex (V1) produces a profound loss in the ability to understand spoken speech. b) Primary visual cortex is the FIRST place in the brain where neurons respond to inputs from both eyes. Neurons in this region can respond to retinal disparity, i.e., depth perception. c) Loss of the region of visual cortex responsible for color vision, V4, produces achromatopsia - a loss of color vision. d) Damage to the area of cortex containing neurons that respond to faces, Area IT, causes prosopagnosia - an inability to recognize faces even though vision is normal.

a) Damage to primary visual cortex (V1) produces a profound loss in the ability to understand spoken speech.

Which of the following statements about language is FALSE? a) Damaging the music area of the RIGHT hemisphere prevents all speech. b) In more than 90% of people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language. c) Visual stimuli presented in the RIGHT visual field or handled by the RIGHT hand (i.e., LEFT half of brain) can be verbalized, whereas stimuli presented to the LEFT visual field or handled by the LEFT hand (i.e., RIGHT half of brain) cannot be verbalized. d) Broca's area and Wernicke's area of the left cerebral cortex are involved in speech.

a) Damaging the music area of the RIGHT hemisphere prevents all speech.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Determination of the shape of an object held in the fingers without the benefit of visual input can be carried out using input from cutaneous receptors alone. b) The receptive field of primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion is ipsilateral (on the same side of the body). c) The receptive field of cells in somatosensory cortex is contralateral. d) As one proceeds to higher order cells in the somatosensory system (e.g., the posterior parietal cortex), the receptive field properties become modified by other inputs, e.g., visual.

a) Determination of the shape of an object held in the fingers without the benefit of visual input can be carried out using input from cutaneous receptors alone.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Dualism refers to the relationship between the intentionality and consciousness b) Self-awareness is a component of consciousness c) Widespread functional connectivity within the brain is important for conscious behavior. d) Mind is an activity of the brain

a) Dualism refers to the relationship between the intentionality and consciousness

Choose the incorrect statement. a) H-M had a loss of spatial memory b) Declarative memory is lost after bilateral hippocampus ablation. c) The brain regions active when recalling a declarative memory shift with time after formation of the memory. d) Emotional memory involves activity in the amygdala.

a) H-M had a loss of spatial memory

Which of the following statements about brain machine interfaces is FALSE? a) In targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR), surgeons take nerves involved in controlling the muscles that moved the forearm, wrist, and elbow and attach them directly to a robotic arm to enable the user to receive sensory information from the robotic hand. b) To obtain sensation from opening and closing a prosthetic hand, 'tendons' in the hand measure force of closure. This information goes to a computer, which converts the force signal into electrical stimuli. c) To provide sensory information from the prosthetic hand, electrical signals are delivered to median and ulnar nerves in the arm, which provide cutaneous sensory information from hand in a person with an intact hand. d) Individuals with sensory feedback from their prosthetic arm can tell the difference between soft and hard objects.

a) In targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR), surgeons take nerves involved in controlling the muscles that moved the forearm, wrist, and elbow and attach them directly to a robotic arm to enable the user to receive sensory information from the robotic hand.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Individual cells in the superior olive respond to sounds coming from all directions in the horizontal plane. b) Localization of sounds is hardest for sounds coming from a direction directly in front or directly behind the head in the horizontal plane. c) A cell in the superior olive discharges when impulses generated in each ear arrive at the cell at the same time. d) The mechanism of sound localization is fundamentally different from localization of visual or skin stimuli.

a) Individual cells in the superior olive respond to sounds coming from all directions in the horizontal plane.

Which of the following statements about brain machine interfaces is FALSE? a) It is impossible to provide sensory feedback about the force generate by a prosthetic hand. b) With targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) of an amputated arm, surgeons take nerves involved in controlling the muscles that moved the forearm, wrist, and elbow and attach them to muscles remaining in the limb stump. c) Some retinal implants work by taking visual images and turning them into pixels and sending the pixelated image into the brain. d) Some types of retinal implants are put underneath the retina.

a) It is impossible to provide sensory feedback about the force generate by a prosthetic hand.

12. Which of the following statements about mirror neurons is FALSE? a) Mirror neurons always respond to the individual making a movement and when watching someone else perform the opposite movement. b) Mirror neurons may mediate imitation and allow us to understand the actions of others. c) Experience molds mirror neuron responses. d) Mirror neurons are active when making a movement involving an effector (e.g, hand) and an object.

a) Mirror neurons always respond to the individual making a movement and when watching someone else perform the opposite movement.

Choose the incorrect statement. a) Moving a joint requires simultaneous equal force in flexor and extensor muscles at that joint. b) The stretch reflex involves activity in the spinal cord c) The inhibitory projection from muscle afferent fibers to motor neurons involves the action of an inhibitory interneuron. d) Activation of muscle stretch receptors provides positive feedback to the muscle in which they are located.

a) Moving a joint requires simultaneous equal force in flexor and extensor muscles at that joint.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Nociceptors project to the spinal cord via the largest, most rapidly conducting fibers in the peripheral nerve. b) Windup is a progressive lengthening of the spinal neuron discharge in response to successive stimuli delivered to C-fiber in the peripheral nerve. c) Nociceptors can be sensitized. d) Secondary hyperalgesia occurs via a spinal (central) mechanism.

a) Nociceptors project to the spinal cord via the largest, most rapidly conducting fibers in the peripheral nerve.

Choose the incorrect statement. a) Paralysis of the lower limbs can occur only after a complete loss of anatomical connectivity between the brain and the lumbar spinal cord. b) The central pattern generator mediating hind limb movements is located in the upper lumbar spinal cord. c) The central pattern generator in the lumbar spinal cord has separate control of left-right alternation and flexor-extensor alternation in hind limbs. d) The neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 have different effects on hind limb stepping when applied after a lower thoracic spinal cord transection.

a) Paralysis of the lower limbs can occur only after a complete loss of anatomical connectivity

22. Which of the following statements about the eye is NOT true? a) Photoreceptors contact retinal cells, which contact bipolar cells that send their axons into the brain. b) A retinal ganglion receptive field measures differences in light intensity across its receptive field. c) A visual receptive field is the area of retina that when stimulated with light changes the cell's membrane potential. d) Retinal ganglion cells have an antagonistic "center-surround" receptive field in which the center (the donut hole) and surround (the donut) respond oppositely to light.

a) Photoreceptors contact retinal cells, which contact bipolar cells that send their axons into the brain.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Place cells are located in the entorhinal cortex b) Place cells discharge when the animal is in a particular location in a spatial field. c) Place cells develop their location preference rapidly when the animal enters the field. d) Place cells respond to other modalities of stimulation such as pressure stimuli to the skin

a) Place cells are located in the entorhinal cortex

Which of the following statements about the eye is FALSE? a) Presbyopia describes how people's vision always improves as they get older so that they don't need reading glasses. b) The cornea and (to a lesser extent) the lens refracts (bends) light rays coming into the eye to bring them into focus on the retina. c) The optic disc, where the optic nerve leaves the eye and blood vessels enter and leave, is the 'blind spot' of the retina. No vision occurs at this point on the retina. d) Rod and cone photoreceptors respond directly to light.

a) Presbyopia describes how people's vision always improves as they get older so that they don't need reading glasses.

11. When action potentials are initiated at 2 separate places in a single axon, they travel towards each other but are unable to get past the other. This "collision" resulting in mutual extinction is the primary result of which property of action potentials? a) Refractory period b) Threshold c) Conduction d) Summation

a) Refractory period

Choose the incorrect statement a) Reproductive cloning involves harvesting and transplantation of stem cells. b) Stem cells are normally observed in the hippocampus. c) Stem cells are normally observed in the olfactory system. d) Therapeutic cloning makes use of nuclei from adult somatic cells

a) Reproductive cloning involves harvesting and transplantation of stem cells.

Which of the following statements about visual prostheses is FALSE? a) Retinal implants that stimulate retinal ganglion cells provide pixelated information about the visual scene, which is identical to that provided by normal retinal ganglion cells. b) Current retinal implants being tested in people allow users to read individual letters shown against a dark background. c) In one type of retinal implant, photovoltaic arrays are put in the back of the retina adjacent to the region that normally contains photoreceptors. The video camera on the glasses converts the visual scene into a 'pulsed' infrared image that is projected onto the photovoltaic arrays. d) In an experimental approach to restore sight to mice without photoreceptors, the visual image is run through an encoder, which sends pulses of blue light to activate the ChR2 (channel rhodopsin) retinal ganglion cells with the same patterns as occur in mice with an intact retina.

a) Retinal implants that stimulate retinal ganglion cells provide pixelated information about the visual scene, which is identical to that provided by normal retinal ganglion cells.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Retinally blind individuals can have blindsight b) Patients in vegetative state can show evidence of responding to questions despite the inability to verbalize c) Blindsight does not involve the use of the visual cortex. d) One criterion for consciousness is the ability to show intentionality of action.or move in a purposeful way.

a) Retinally blind individuals can have blindsight

Choose the incorrect statement a) Sound waves can directly cause the basilar membrane to vibrate b) Sound waves can directly cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate c) Sound waves are transduced into action potentials by the vibration of the basilar membrane d) The energy in sound waves is mechanical.

a) Sound waves can directly cause the basilar membrane to vibrate

Which of the following statements about motor cortex is FALSE? a) The activity of PMA (premotor area) neurons indicates the intention to perform a voluntary movement in the absence of an external stimulus. b) Regions of motor cortex can "switch their allegiance" if the muscles they normally control are no longer available. c) Lesions of SMA (supplementary motor area) significantly reduce the number of self-initiated movements. d) Damage to the PMA (premotor area) prevents humans and other primates from performing motor tasks in response to a visual stimulus, even though they can see the visual stimulus and can perform the motor task under different circumstances.

a) The activity of PMA (premotor area) neurons indicates the intention to perform a voluntary movement in the absence of an external stimulus.

21. Which of the following statements about the eye is NOT true? a) The bipolar cells respond directly to light. b) The only step in the visual system that requires light is the transition of 11-cis retinal into all trans retinal when hit by a photon of light. c) There are only cone photoreceptors in the fovea. d) Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but do not allow detailed vision.

a) The bipolar cells respond directly to light.

Which of the following statements about motor cortex is NOT correct? a) The corticospinal (pyramidal) tract only contains axons from primary motor cortex. b) Ventromedial pathways include the pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts. c) Motor cortex has an orderly map of the contralateral body (homunculus) in which the size of the cortical representation reflects the amount of motor control. d) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to excite neurons in motor cortex.

a) The corticospinal (pyramidal) tract only contains axons from primary motor cortex.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The diversity of proteins is reduced by alternative splicing of mRNA b) Differences in expression of genes rather than the genetic composition accounts for most of the differences in phenotype between members of the human species. c) Primates with dichromatic vision appear to compensate for the absence of a third cone by having a greater number of active smell genes d) Genes are conserved over a wide range of evolutionary history.

a) The diversity of proteins is reduced by alternative splicing of mRNA

20. Which of the following statements about the eye is NOT true? a) The lens in the eye performs all of the refraction (bending of light rays) for the eye ball. b) The retina inside the eyeball is brain tissue. c) Presbyopia is a loss of near vision with aging caused by a loss of lens elasticity. d) The optic disc, where the optic nerve leaves the eye and blood vessels enter and leave, is the 'blind spot' of the retina.

a) The lens in the eye performs all of the refraction (bending of light rays) for the eye ball.

2) Which of the following statements about the eye and retina is NOT correct? a) The optic disc, where the optic nerve leaves the eye and blood vessels enter and leave is the site of highest acuity (best vision) for the retina. b) The photoreceptors in the retina, rods and cones, respond to light. c) Presbyopia is a loss of near vision with aging caused by a decrease in lens elasticity. You need reading glasses to correct for it. d) Retinal ganglion cells send their axons to the brain.

a) The optic disc, where the optic nerve leaves the eye and blood vessels enter and leave is the site of highest acuity (best vision) for the retina.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The pattern of muscle fiber innervation is not influenced by motor neuron activity. b) Regeneration of central axons is possible under some special conditions. c) Growth factors such as neurotrophins can promote neurite extension d) Strengthening of synapses during the period of refinement of neural circuits occurs such that strong synapses at which the postsynaptic cell is brought to threshold survives whereas weak synapses where the postsynaptic cell does not fire an impulse become nonfunctional.

a) The pattern of muscle fiber innervation is not influenced by motor neuron activity.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The receptive field of individual primary sensory neurons covers an entire limb. b) The receptive fields of sensory neurons can overlap c) Activation of some sensory receptors in the skin can lead to a decrease in sensory neuron firing d) Information about the intensity of a stimulus is transmitted to postsynaptic cells by means of spatial and temporal summation of synaptic potentials

a) The receptive field of individual primary sensory neurons covers an entire limb.

6) Which of the following statements about the visual system is NOT correct? a) The ventral stream of visual information, the one going to inferotemporal cortex (IT) primarily provides information about the location of objects in space. b) Loss of V4, the area of the brain where neurons respond to color, produces achromatopsia - a loss of color vision although cone function is normal. c) Damage to the inferotemporal region (IT) can cause prosopagnosia - an inability to recognize faces even though vision is normal. d) The binding problem is that if different components of the visual world are analyzed in different cortical regions, then how do we perceive a unified visual image.

a) The ventral stream of visual information, the one going to inferotemporal cortex (IT) primarily provides information about the location of objects in space.

Which of the following statements about eye movements is FALSE? a) The very slow smooth pursuit eye movements of professional baseball players enable them to hit a baseball better than the average person. b) Professional athletes don't always see the ball when they hit it. c) You can see the ball during smooth pursuit eye movements, but smooth pursuit eye movements are much slower than saccadic eye movements. d) Amateur athletes cannot keep their eye on the baseball when it crosses the plate.

a) The very slow smooth pursuit eye movements of professional baseball players enable them to hit a baseball better than the average person.

Which of the following statements about eye movements is NOT correct? a) The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is driven exclusively by vision. b) With the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), constant velocity head rotation in the dark produces nystagmus with the eye slowly moving opposite to the direction of head rotation (slow phase) interrupted by a saccade in the direction of head rotation (fast phase) to reset the eye. c) The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) eliminates retinal slip, maintains image stability. d) The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) rotates the eyes opposite to the direction of head rotation. This pattern keeps gaze, where the eye is looking, stable in spite of the headrotation.

a) The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is driven exclusively by vision.

Which of the following statements about change blindness is FALSE? a) Visual memory of what was at the site of the change is extremely good because visual memory capacity is very large. b) Unless your attention is on the location, visual memory encoding of the items at that location is poor. c) In the color changing card trick, your visual attention was 'high jacked' away from the true changes. d) Inserting a blank in between two pictures with a change makes it difficult to see the change.

a) Visual memory of what was at the site of the change is extremely good because visual memory capacity is very large.

15. Which of the following statements about catching a ball is NOT true? a) You focus your attention on the ball so that you become more aware of all of the objects in the background. b) You move your eyes to follow the ball. c) The nervous system plans a movement in terms of its goal rather than the effector used to accomplish the task. d) Our body is not in Cartesian coordinates.

a) You focus your attention on the ball so that you become more aware of all of the objects in the background.

7) Which of the following statements about having a brain is NOT true? a) You need a brain if food comes to you, but don't need a brain if you have to go out and collect food. b) For humans, a brain is approximately 2% of body mass, but consumes 20% of the body's oxygen. c) Larval tunicates are free swimming animals with a full nervous system and sensory systems. d) All living creatures need a source of nutrition.

a) You need a brain if food comes to you, but don't need a brain if you have to go out and collect food.

1. A circuit where a neuron controls its own activity is called a a) feedback loop b) sensory circuit c) motor circuit d) transmission circuit

a) feedback loop

4. The spinal cord a) is segmentally organized b) has an outer shell of gray matter c) has motor output but no sensory input d) is not involved in mediating the stretch reflex of limb muscles

a) is segmentally organized

Choose the incorrect statement a) Resolving the conflict between reason and emotion in making decisions depends on the function of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex b) A midbrain dopaminergic cell's response to a reward is greatest when the reward is predicted by a conditioning stimulus c) The EEG measures parameters of brain electrical activity d) People with antisocial personality disorder have been shown to have reduced gray matter in the frontal lobes.

b) A midbrain dopaminergic cell's response to a reward is greatest when the reward is predicted by a conditioning stimulus

Choose the incorrect statement a) A placebo involves the action of the intrinsic opiate system. b) A placebo requires the action of externally delivered opiates c) The unpleasantness of a stimulus is coded by the cingulate cortex. d) Damaged peripheral axons become mechanically sensitive due to accumulation of mechanically sensitive Na channels.

b) A placebo requires the action of externally delivered opiates

Choose the incorrect statement a) After a stroke damaging regions of the cortex, surviving regions of the brain can take over accomplishing functions lost due to the stroke.. b) Amputation of a limb results in permanent silence of the somatosensory cortical regions previously receiving input from the amputated limb. c) Meissner corpuscles are rapidly adapting receptors d) The intensity of a cutaneous stimulus is coded by the number of responding fibers as well as the discharge frequency of each fiber.

b) Amputation of a limb results in permanent silence of the somatosensory cortical regions previously receiving input from the amputated limb.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Amusia has a genetic component b) Amusia is always associated with an inability to determine the beat of musical passage c) The ability to determine the timbre of an instrument depends on the ability of the auditory system to determine the different frequencies in a tone. d) With aging or exposure to loud noises it becomes more difficult to resolve consonants such as b and d.

b) Amusia is always associated with an inability to determine the beat of musical passage

25. Which of the following statements about color vision is NOT true? a) We have two color opponent systems, red-green and yellow-blue. b) Color opponent retinal ganglion cells are organized so that center responds to yellow light and the surround responds to green light. c) Individuals missing one cone type are dichromats. d) In anomalous trichromacy, the retina has three cone types but the spectral sensitivity of one cone type is shifted.

b) Color opponent retinal ganglion cells are organized so that center responds to yellow light and the surround responds to green light.

3) Which of the following statements about the eye and retina is NOT correct? a) The fovea contains only cone photoreceptors. b) Cones work best at night and are saturated and not functioning in sunlight. c) Cones are responsible for color vision. d) The closest thing to a pixel in your eye is a retinal ganglion cell receptive field.

b) Cones work best at night and are saturated and not functioning in sunlight.

Which of the following statements about attention is NOT correct? a) The parietal lobe participates in visual attention, particularly in shifting visual attention. b) Damage to the right parietal lobe disrupts visual attention to the right side of the visual space. c) Attention reduces detection of stimuli away from the site of attention. d) Attention enhances detection of stimuli at site of your attention.

b) Damage to the right parietal lobe disrupts visual attention to the right side of the visual space.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Psychophysical studies led Helmholtz to postulate that there is significant processing carried out unconsciously. b) Damage to the right post parietal lobe results in an inability to process any visual information from the left visual field c) Damage to the ventral stream of the visual system eliminates form vision, but action requiring visual guidance is still possible using the dorsal stream. d) The difficulty of writing a computer program to identify objects, and the lack of awareness in humans as to how this is carried out indicates that the processing humans carry out to solve the same perceptual problem is carried out subconsciously.

b) Damage to the right post parietal lobe results in an inability to process any visual information from the left visual field

Choose the incorrect statement. a) The emotional component in associative learning is processed in the amygdala b) Declarative memory is implicit memory c) Procedural memory involves habits and skills and is processed in the striatum. d) Habituation is carried out in reflex pathways

b) Declarative memory is implicit memory

Which of the following statements about brain machine interfaces is FALSE? a) The goal of a cochlear implant is to convert sounds into their different frequencies (speech processor) and then to present electrical stimuli (electrode bundle) to the place on the cochlea which codes for that frequency. b) Everyone agrees that every deaf person needs and should get a cochlear implant. c) A speech processor identifies the amplitude, frequency, and phase of the sine waves found in speech. d) A person with cochlear implant reports about hearing with a cochlear implant "The sound is different to normal hearing, it is a bit more robotic. There are still difficulties with background noise."

b) Everyone agrees that every deaf person needs and should get a cochlear implant.

Which of the following statements about the basal ganglia or Parkinson's disease is FALSE? a) The basal ganglia can prevent unwanted movements. b) In Parkinson's disease, the increased number of neurons producing dopamine causes faster than normal movements. c) The basal ganglia modify the 'motivation' to move. d) James Parkinson published the 1st complete description of the disease, the shaking palsy, which would become named Parkinson's disease.

b) In Parkinson's disease, the increased number of neurons producing dopamine causes faster than normal movements.

Choose the incorrect answer a) Brain activity is observed before conscious awareness to move. b) It is now believed that mind and brain are separate entities. c) The binding problem is an expression of the need to understand how activity in different areas of the brain is linked to produce the state we call consciousness. d) Am unvarying sleeplike state with eyes closed is called coma

b) It is now believed that mind and brain are separate entities.

Which of the following statements about reward or dopamine is FALSE? a) A suppression of dopamine activity can provide a prediction error. b) Lateral habenula neurons cause dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens to triple the number of action potentials they generate in response to negative rewards. c) A burst of dopamine tells the brain that something happened in the past that could predict a positive reward. d) A reduction in dopamine tells the brain that something happened in the past that could predict a negative reward.

b) Lateral habenula neurons cause dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens to triple the number of action potentials they generate in response to negative rewards.

29. Which of the following statements about the visual system is NOT true? a) The ventral pathway (or stream) leaving primary visual cortex provides information about the characteristics of objects. b) Lesioning the ventral pathway prevents monkeys from making a two choice discrimination based on spatial location, but not object characteristics. c) Loss of V4 (area 4 of visual cortex) produces achromatopsia - a loss of color vision although cone function is normal. d) The dorsal pathway (or stream) leaving primary visual cortex provides information about the spatial location of objects.

b) Lesioning the ventral pathway prevents monkeys from making a two choice discrimination based on spatial location, but not object characteristics.

Which of the following statements about the vestibulo-ocular reflex is FALSE? a) The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) eliminates retinal slip by rotating the eyes opposite to the direction of head rotation. b) Linear velocity of the semicircular canals and vision are the two stimuli that drive the vestibulo-ocular reflex. c) After continued rotation at a constant angular velocity, the endolymph moves at the same speed as the canal and the cupula does not bend, thereby eliminating the sense of rotation. d) Constant velocity head rotation in the dark produces nystagmus with the eye slowly moving opposite to the direction of head rotation (slow phase) interrupted by a saccade in the direction of head rotation (fast phase) to reset the eye.

b) Linear velocity of the semicircular canals and vision are the two stimuli that drive the vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Choose the incorrect statement a) A placebo counteracts pain by suggestion rather than by the action of a substance delivered to the organism, but it involves activation of opiate receptors. b) Morphine inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins, an important cause of inflammatory pain. c) Damaged nerves develop sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and noradrenergic transmitters. d) "Mirror therapy" can reduce phantom limb pain.

b) Morphine inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins, an important cause of inflammatory pain.

27. Which of the following statements about the visual system is NOT true? a) Primary visual cortex has orientation columns in which all of the neurons within that column have the same preferred orientation. b) Most neurons in the primary visual cortex have a "center- surround" organization identical to retinal ganglion cells. c) We typically perceive complete objects even when the figures are incomplete, e.g., the Kanisza illusion. d) Our brain assumes that lines in the world are continuous and 'fills in' lines that aren't actually present.

b) Most neurons in the primary visual cortex have a "center- surround" organization identical to retinal ganglion cells.

Which of the following statements about motor cortex is FALSE? a) The ventromedial pathways control proximal (trunk) musculature. b) Motor cortex has an orderly map of the ipsilateral (same side) body (homunculus) in which the size of the cortical representation exactly matches the size of the body parts. c) The motor cortex map is organized so that the face is located more laterally on the cortex than are the feet. d) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to activate motor cortex in humans.

b) Motor cortex has an orderly map of the ipsilateral (same side) body (homunculus) in which the size of the cortical representation exactly matches the size of the body parts.

Which of the following statements about movement is FALSE? a) Our sensation during movement is the difference between the expected sensory consequences of a movement and the actual sensory signals from the movement. b) Movement is a serial process, starting in the somatosensory cortex, going to the basal ganglia, then to the cerebellum, and ending in the visual cortex. c) Movement involves the primary motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. d) Reflexes are involuntary, coordinated patterns of muscle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli, e.g. the stretch reflex.

b) Movement is a serial process, starting in the somatosensory cortex, going to the basal ganglia, then to the cerebellum, and ending in the visual cortex.

14) Increase in conduction velocity in an axon is favored by a) The action of neurotransmitters b) Myelination c) The refractory period d) Smaller axon diameter

b) Myelination

Choose the incorrect statement a) Sensitization is an example of non-associative learning b) Operant conditioning involves an unconditioned and a conditioned stimulus. c) The reduction in the amplitude of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia with repeated siphon stimulation is called habituation. d) Sensitization of the gill withdrawal reflex in response to tail pinch is heterosynaptic.

b) Operant conditioning involves an unconditioned and a conditioned stimulus.

Which of the following statements about attention is FALSE? a) In Bottom-Up attention, the object "grabs" your attention without conscious knowledge of the stimulus. b) Paying attention to a specific object makes it more likely that you'll notice things about the objects to which you are not paying attention. c) In Top-Down Attention, you consciously look for a specific object. d) Visual search is faster with Bottom-Up attention than with Top-Down attention.

b) Paying attention to a specific object makes it more likely that you'll notice things about the objects to which you are not paying attention.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The axons of central neurons exhibit less regeneration after injury than do peripheral axons b) Peripheral axons regenerate at about 10 mm/day c) When axons regenerate, they do not necessarily make synapses with their original target. d) Factors preventing regeneration are associated with myelin.

b) Peripheral axons regenerate at about 10 mm/day

19. Which of the following statements about movement NOT true? a) Catching a ball involves the entire brain. b) Reflexes are voluntary, coordinated patterns of muscle contraction and relaxation. c) Repetitive patterns of movement, e.g., walking, running, swimming, breathing, are produced by rhythmic neural circuits, central pattern generators. d) Voluntary movements are initiated internally.

b) Reflexes are voluntary, coordinated patterns of muscle contraction and relaxation.

Which of the following statements about eye movements is FALSE? a) Smooth pursuit eye movements occur in response to a small, slowly moving target. b) Smooth pursuit eye movements are faster than saccadic eye movements. c) Combining vergence eye movements with saccadic eye movements increases the speed of vergence eye movements. d) When following a smoothly moving object, primates use smooth pursuit eye movements until the object goes faster than a speed that the smooth pursuit system can achieve, at which point they make a catch up saccadic eye movement.

b) Smooth pursuit eye movements are faster than saccadic eye movements.

Which of the following statements about hearing and cochlear implants is FALSE? a) Each point on the basilar membrane vibrates best for one sound frequency. b) Speech created by a cochlear implant sounds completely normal. c) The goal of cochlear implants is to convert sounds into their different frequencies using a speech processor and then present electrical stimuli from the electrode bundle to the place on the cochlea that codes for that frequency. d) There is disagreement in the deaf community as to the value of cochlear implants.

b) Speech created by a cochlear implant sounds completely normal.

Choose the incorrect statement. a) Epidural stimulation increases the excitability of the underlying spinal cord. b) The Central Pattern Generator controlling the hind limbs is located in the cerebral cortex c) Thoracically injured patients with no motor function of the hind limbs can recover some voluntary movement during epidural stimulation. d) Epidural stimulation was initially used in pain control

b) The Central Pattern Generator controlling the hind limbs is located in the cerebral cortex

9. The refractory period associated with the action potential is important primarily for determining a) the ability for action potentials to summate b) that conduction of the action potential is unidirectional once initiated at a sensory ending c) the threshold of the action potential d) the conduction velocity of the axon

b) that conduction of the action potential is unidirectional once initiated at a sensory ending

Which of the following statements about visual acuity is FALSE? a) Because we see the most detail using our fovea, we have our highest visual acuity when we look at an eye chart using our fovea. b) The Snellen eye chart measures our visual acuity at very low contrast in which the letters are a dim grey color. c) As the visual image moves further out on the retina from the fovea, the density of photoreceptors decreases. To distinguish between a dark line and a white space, the two objects must fall on different photoreceptors. d) The brain has several parallel channels that have carry information about different ranges of spatial frequencies.

b) The Snellen eye chart measures our visual acuity at very low contrast in which the letters are a dim grey color.

Which of the following statements about the cerebellum or cerebellar disorders is FALSE? a) Cerebellar activity influences the entire brain. b) The cerebellum contains the fewest neurons in the brain. c) The climbing fiber input adjusts the strength of the parallel fiber synapses on the Purkinje cell to correct the movement on future attempts. d) A single climbing fiber exerts a powerful effect on a few Purkinje cells.

b) The cerebellum contains the fewest neurons in the brain.

Choose the incorrect statement. a) The position of individual whiskers on the rodent snout is mapped accurately on the surface of the somatosensory cortex. b) The distance between sites on the skin is proportional to the distance between their projections in the somatosensory cortex, i.e., the mapping is linear. c) The ability to resolve individual stimuli applied to the surface of the skin (i.e., a 2- point discrimination task) is related to the size of its cortical representation. d) Inhibition plays a role in the ability to localize stimuli on the skin.

b) The distance between sites on the skin is proportional to the distance between their projections in the somatosensory cortex, i.e., the mapping is linear.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The difference between chords consisting of 2 tones judged as Consonant and Dissonant is considered to relate to the ratio of their pitches, particularly whether the ratio is a "simple" number such as 2 or 3/2, or a not simple number such as 18/17. b) The frequency response of cells in the auditory cortex is fixed and cannot be affected by auditory experience. c) Distinguishing different timbres requires an ability to resolve the profile of harmonic frequencies in the tones d) The pitch of a tone is the fundamental frequency of that tone.

b) The frequency response of cells in the auditory cortex is fixed and cannot be affected by

Which of the following statements about neural basis of visual attention is FALSE? a) Damage to the right parietal lobe disrupts visual attention to the left side of the visual space. b) The right parietal cortex does not become active when a subject pays attention to the right visual space. c) Attention reduces detection of stimuli away from site of attention. d) The right parietal lobe may be involved in disengaging visual attention.

b) The right parietal cortex does not become active when a subject pays attention to the right visual space.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Second pain is described as diffuse, burning pain. b) The use of local anesthetics such as novocaine is based on their ability to selectively block conduction large myelinated axons. c) Enkephalins and endorphins activate opiate receptors d) Respiratory depression is a side effect of opiate drugs.

b) The use of local anesthetics such as novocaine is based on their ability to selectively block conduction large myelinated axons.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The frontal eye fields are active in implementing saccades based on visual sensory information b) Transcranial magnetic stimulation activates only neurons in the neck c) Activation of the left but not the right post parietal cortex can influence the decision of which hand to use in a bimanual reach task. d) Brain activity begins before conscious awareness of the intention to move.

b) Transcranial magnetic stimulation activates only neurons in the neck

Choose the incorrect statement a) The amplitude of a sensory stimulus delivered to the skin is coded by the number of fibers activated as well as the discharge frequency in each. b) Vibrating stimuli are detected by Merkel Cells c) Cooling the skin reduces the discharge of warm receptors d) Dermatomes of neighboring dorsal roots overlap.

b) Vibrating stimuli are detected by Merkel Cells

Which of the following statements about language is FALSE? a) One problem associated with learning to speak a language is that spoken language does not reliably indicate breaks between words with a pause. b) When speaking with sign language, only the right side of the brain is active. c) Activation of the language areas of the brain occurs in infants when they listen to speech. d) The brains of humans, even as infants, are designed to identify and to use the statistical properties of syllables.

b) When speaking with sign language, only the right side of the brain is active.

Which of the following statements about brain machine interfaces is FALSE? a) Using EEG (electroencephalography) and near infrared spectroscopy provides a 'coarse grain' view of brain activity. b) With EEG and near infrared spectroscopy measurements of brain activity, there is no possibility of artifacts, but the recordings involve surgical implantation of electrodes. c) The elevated blood flow to a brain region increases the ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) to deoxygenated hemoglobin (dHb) Hb/dHb d) The key to using near infrared spectroscopy is for the user to develop consistent patterns of brain activation.

b) With EEG and near infrared spectroscopy measurements of brain activity, there is no possibility of artifacts, but the recordings involve surgical implantation of electrodes.

Which of the following statements about Parkinson's disease is FALSE? a) Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of approximately 80 - 90% of substantia nigra compacta (SNc) dopamine containing neurons. b) With Parkinson's disease, striatal neurons in the Direct Pathway become more active and inhibit the Indirect Pathway. c) With Parkinson's disease, globus pallidus internal (GPi) neurons exhibit an abnormal bursting discharge that is correlated with the activity of other GPi neurons. d) One treatment for Parkinson's disease is L-Dopa.

b) With Parkinson's disease, striatal neurons in the Direct Pathway become more active and inhibit the Indirect Pathway.

Which of the following statements about attention is NOT correct? a) Visual transients produced by changes in color, shape, orientation draw your attention to the location of the change. (where change occurred) b) Your visual memory of a briefly seen visual scene is perfect. c) In the color changing card trick, your visual attention was 'high jacked' away from the true changes. d) Visual attention improves detection of the ball leaving the pitcher's hand.

b) Your visual memory of a briefly seen visual scene is perfect.

15) Consider 20 excitatory axons synapsing on a postsynaptic cell. Each axon conducts at 10 impulses per second. Assume that the impulses in the 20 axons never occur at the same time as any impulse in the other axons. At what frequency does a single axon have to discharge to give the same spatial/temporal summation of EPSPs as that produced by the 20 axons a) 20/sec b) 10/sec c) 200/sec d) 1/sec

c) 200/sec

If a motor neuron pool consists of 100 motor neurons and the average motor unit size in this muscle is 300, the number of individual muscle fibers in this muscle is a) 3000 b) 300000 c) 30000 d) 300

c) 30000

Choose the incorrect statement. a) Imaging using fMRI is a useful tool to determine conscious activity in patients in the vegetative state. b) The comatose state lasts at most a few weeks. c) A patient in a persistent vegetative state can show a response to his/her surroundings. d) A patient may recover from coma, a persistent vegetative state, and a minimally conscious state.

c) A patient in a persistent vegetative state can show a response to his/her surroundings.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Primary hyperalgesia occurs via a peripheral mechanism. b) Nociceptors respond only to stimuli that are potentially damaging to the tissue they innervate. c) Activation of nociceptors always results in pain. d) Opiate receptors are antagonized by naloxone.

c) Activation of nociceptors always results in pain.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Therapeutic cloning uses the nucleus from a somatic cell, e.g., the skin, to replace the nucleus in an unfertilized egg. After 5 days of cell division, stem cells harvested from the blastocyst stage are used to replace lost cells in damaged tissue, e.g., the injured spinal cord. b) In reproductive cloning, the egg with the replacement nucleus is transferred to the uterus for development and if carried to term, it results in birth of a new organism. c) Adult stem cells are not present in the adult central nervous system. d) Newborn neural precursors can give rise to glia as well as neurons.

c) Adult stem cells are not present in the adult central nervous system.

Which of the following statements about visual attention is FALSE? a) We automatically shift our attention to the direction another person is looking. b) In the 'vanishing ball illusion', the magician's cue of looking to the expected location of the ball creates the illusion. c) Advertisers never measure eye movements in trying to find out where people look at an advertisement. d) Your eye movements show where you are attending.

c) Advertisers never measure eye movements in trying to find out where people look at an advertisement.

Which of the following statements about brain machine interfaces is FALSE? a) A major challenge for recording the activity of many neurons in the brain to control a robotic device is to decode the neural information accurately enough to control a robotic arm. b) One problem for recording the activity of many neurons in the brain is how do you keep implanted electrodes functioning for long periods of time, e.g., years? c) All experiments demonstrate that sensory feedback from the robotic movement disrupts brain control of robotic devices. d) One problem for recording the activity of many neurons in the brain is how to simplify hooking up to subject, not require developing a new decoding algorithm each day, and minimizing the electronics necessary to decode brain signals in real time.

c) All experiments demonstrate that sensory feedback from the robotic movement disrupts brain control of robotic devices.

Which of the following statements about motor cortex is FALSE? a) Microstimulation in primary motor cortex, M1, evokes simple movements of the contralateral (opposite) side of the body. b) Damage to the lateral pathways (corticospinal tract), disrupts movement of distal musculature, particularly independent (fractionated) finger movements. c) All of the neurons sending axons in the corticospinal tract originate in the ipsilateral (same side) somatosensory cortex. d) The primary lateral pathway is the corticospinal (pyramidal tract).

c) All of the neurons sending axons in the corticospinal tract originate in the ipsilateral (same side) somatosensory cortex.

Which of the following statements about motor cortex is NOT correct? a) The activity of primary motor cortex (M1) neurons correlates with the amount of force generated and the direction of movement. b) Each primary motor cortex (M1) neuron has a preferred direction, the direction of movement for which it gives the highest discharge. c) An individual motor cortex neuron accurately specifies the direction of arm movement. d) To find out what information about movement direction the motor cortex is signaling to the rest of the brain requires recording the activity of many neurons simultaneously.

c) An individual motor cortex neuron accurately specifies the direction of arm movement.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Reading Braille requires slowly adapting Merkel receptors. b) The ability to feel the vibrations of a tuning fork requires Pacinian Corpuscles c) At normal skin temperature the sense of warmth is signaled exclusively by warm receptors d) The duration of a stimulus is signaled by slowly adapting receptors

c) At normal skin temperature the sense of warmth is signaled exclusively by warm receptors

Choose the incorrect statement a) Stimuli that damage the skin signal to the brain via a specialized group of cells known as nociceptors. b) Nociceptors can be sensitized by inflammation. c) Axons supplying nociceptors have a conduction velocity that is similar to axons supplying receptors activated by gentle mechanical stimuli. d) Nociceptors release peptide transmitters.

c) Axons supplying nociceptors have a conduction velocity that is similar to axons supplying receptors activated by gentle mechanical stimuli.

Which of the following statements about language is FALSE? a) Aphasia is the loss of the ability to produce and/or to comprehend language. b) Broca's aphasia is called motor or nonfluent aphasia. With this form of aphasia, patients have difficulty generating words. c) Broca's area and Wernicke's area do not have any connections with each other. d) Wernicke's aphasia is a fluent aphasia. With this form of aphasia, patients easily generate words, but the statements have little meaning.

c) Broca's area and Wernicke's area do not have any connections with each other.

Which of the following statements about visual acuity is FALSE? a) Cats don't have good visual acuity at high contrast. At low spatial frequencies, however, cats can see things that humans cannot perceive. b) Cats see better in lower levels of light than humans, i.e. cats have better night vision than humans. c) Cats can't see the flicker that we see when we watch a movie in a theater, i.e., we have a higher critical flicker frequency than a cat. d) The typical measure of visual acuity (Snellen Eye Chart) does not fully measure visual ability for all species. It measures vision under conditions optimal for primates.

c) Cats can't see the flicker that we see when we watch a movie in a theater, i.e., we have a higher critical flicker frequency than a cat.

16. Which of the following statements about catching a ball is NOT true? a) Converting between different coordinate systems usually involves some distortion. b) 3 degrees of freedom are necessary to specify the rotational components of your hand position to catch the ball. c) Combining the translational and rotational components necessary to specify your hand position to the catch the ball involves exactly eight degrees of freedom. d) The advantage to excess degrees of freedom in movement is the ability to go around obstacles.

c) Combining the translational and rotational components necessary to specify your hand

2. Which of the following statements about visual attention is FALSE? a) Adding distracters usually increases the time required to search when using Top-Down attention. b) Because we tend to group objects preattentively, increasing the number of distracters can increase search speed. c) Conjoining two dimensions, e.g., color and shape, makes it easier to find the 'oddball'. d) People can use color to group objects preattentively.

c) Conjoining two dimensions, e.g., color and shape, makes it easier to find the 'oddball'.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The number of genes in humans is estimated at 20,000 b) The number of proteins is greater than the number of genes c) Diseases involving dysfunction of genes are always the result of a gene mutation d) There is a family of temperature receptors with similar structure as demonstrated by the same number of membrane crossings

c) Diseases involving dysfunction of genes are always the result of a gene mutation

Choose the incorrect statement a) The choice of which hand to use in reaching for a target involves the post parietal cortex b) Addiction is thought to involve activity in dopamine releasing cells in the midbrain c) Dopamine receptor blockers increase learning of reward- based activity. d) In carrying out a motor action the decision to move reaches consciousness about 100 ms before the motor cortex discharges.

c) Dopamine receptor blockers increase learning of reward- based activity.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The central pattern generator in the lumbar spinal cord plays an important role in generating stepping movements of the hind limbs. b) Epidural stimulation of the spinal cord can help individuals paralyzed due to spinal cord injury regain some movement. c) Epidural stimulation of the spinal cord should be effective in individuals suffering paralysis due to death of motor neurons in motor neuron disease (ALS) d) Epidural stimulation of the spinal cord demonstrates that some connectivity remains between the brain and spinal cord even in cases of total paralysis after spinal injury.

c) Epidural stimulation of the spinal cord should be effective in individuals suffering paralysis due to death of motor neurons in motor neuron disease (ALS)

Choose the incorrect statement a) H-M had a bilateral ablation of the hippocampus to treat severe epilepsy. b) H-M had a deficit in declarative memory c) H-M had a deficit in procedural memory d) H-M never recovered from his memory deficit.

c) H-M had a deficit in procedural memory

Choose the incorrect statement a) Prosopagnosia is the inability to explicitly identify a person by looking at his/her face b) Some recognition is evident from autonomic responses. c) Human memories are passed to succeeding generations through their DNA. d) Idiot savants are most likely to be male and suffer from autism.

c) Human memories are passed to succeeding generations through their DNA.

Choose the incorrect statement. a) The genetic component of personality traits can be determined by comparing monozygotic twins raised apart and those raised together b) A greater concordance for a trait among monozygotic twins than among dizygotic twins suggests that the trait has a genetic component. c) If the correlation for a factor among monozygotic twins reared together and apart is 1.0, that factor has a strong environmental component. d) The expected correlation for religious attitudes among randomly chosen individuals is 0.

c) If the correlation for a factor among monozygotic twins reared together and apart is 1.0, that factor has a strong

Choose the incorrect statement a) Semaphorins act during development to insure accurate innervation of targets by acting to repel axons. b) Netrins act to encourage axons to cross the midline during development c) Individual muscle fibers become singly innervated immediately at the onset innervation by motor axons and remain so throughout life d) The critical period is a time at which neural connections are particularly vulnerable to environmental factors.

c) Individual muscle fibers become singly innervated immediately at the onset innervation by motor axons and remain so throughout life

31. Which of the following statements about the visual system is NOT true? a) Retinal ganglion cells from the nasal retina of the right eye send their axons to the left lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). b) Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) have center surround receptive fields. c) Most neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receive an input from retinal ganglion cells from both the left and right eye. d) Neurons in the right lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) have visual information about the left visual world.

c) Most neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receive an input from retinal ganglion cells from both the left and right eye.

9) Which of the following statements about catching a ball is NOT true? a) When you reach out to catch a ball, your center-of-gravity moves forward. b) Your brain estimates the weight of an object before you catch it. c) Movement is a serial process. It begins in the cerebellum, goes to the spinal cord, then back to the motor cortex and finally goes to the basal ganglia. d) Stimulating primary motor cortex produces movement of the opposite (contralateral) side of the body.

c) Movement is a serial process. It begins in the cerebellum, goes to the spinal cord, then back to the motor cortex and finally goes to the basal ganglia.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Congenital insensitivity to pain can result from a loss of function of the Nav1.7 gene. b) Changes in the gene for Nav1.7 can result in a gain in function and a higher level of pain. c) Olfaction and taste operate via a similar number of receptors. d) Not all olfactory receptors are functional in humans.

c) Olfaction and taste operate via a similar number of receptors.

24. Which of the following statements about color vision is NOT true? a) Each color we see has a specific wavelength. We perceive longer wavelengths (lower frequency cycles/sec) as red and shorter wavelengths (higher frequency cycles/s) as violet. b) Rod photoreceptors respond best to a greenish-yellow light, but also respond weakly to lights that are red or violet. c) One photoreceptor type enables a person to perceive many different colors. d) Each of the three cone types, red (long), green (medium), and blue (short) responds to a different range of light wavelengths.

c) One photoreceptor type enables a person to perceive many different colors.

8) Which of the following statements about movement is NOT true? a) The nervous system plans a movement in terms of its goal rather than the effector (e.g., hand or foot) used to accomplish the task. b) Converting between different coordinate systems usually involves some distortion. c) Our body is organized in Cartesian coordinates, X, Y & Z. d) Degrees of freedom are the number of independent pieces of information that go into the estimate of a parameter.

c) Our body is organized in Cartesian coordinates, X, Y & Z.

Which of the following statements about eye movements is NOT correct? a) Saccadic eye movements are among the body's fastest movements. b) Saccadic eye movements reveal the location of a person's visual attention. c) People can voluntarily change the speed of their saccadic eye movements. d) We change the direction of gaze because our point of highest acuity, the fovea, only looks at a small region of the visual world.

c) People can voluntarily change the speed of their saccadic eye movements.

Choose the incorrect statement a) People who are "tone deaf" cannot reproduce the tone of a given pitch but can recognize a tune b) People who are "pitch deaf" are said to have a condition known as amusia and to them music sounds like noise such as the banging of pots and pans c) People who are pitch deaf are always "beat deaf", i.e., cannot identify the beat in a tune. d) Amusia has a genetic component.

c) People who are pitch deaf are always "beat deaf", i.e., cannot identify the beat in a tune.

28. Which of the following statements about the visual system is NOT true? a) Retinal disparity occurs because each eye sees a slightly different part of the visual world. b) Primary visual cortex is the 1st place where a single neuron responds to both eyes. c) Retinal disparity is the only visual mechanism for seeing motion. d) Binocular neurons can encode depth information by being tuned to specific retinal disparities between the two eyes.

c) Retinal disparity is the only visual mechanism for seeing motion.

Which of the following statements about eye movements is FALSE? a) There are three pairs of antagonistic extraocular muscles to rotate the eye. b) One goal of eye movements is to redirect the line of sight. c) Smooth pursuit eye movements are dysconjugate, i.e., the eyes move in different directions. d) With conjugate eye movements, the two eyes move in the same direction and at the same speed.

c) Smooth pursuit eye movements are dysconjugate, i.e., the eyes move in different directions.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The brain consumes less power than a computer b) The Turing test is a test for whether a computer can be considered intelligent c) The behavior of simple animals such as roundworms with 302 neurons has been fully analyzed functionally. d) There are individuals who can rapidly identify whether large numbers are primes. They have a strong chance of being autistic.

c) The behavior of simple animals such as roundworms with 302 neurons has been fully analyzed functionally.

16. Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is FALSE? a) The cerebellum is critical for coordinated movement. b) The vermis and lateral hemisphere are zones of the cerebellar cortex. c) The cerebellar cortex contains fewer neurons than any other region of the brain. d) The cerebellum receives inputs from the entire brain and spinal cord.

c) The cerebellar cortex contains fewer neurons than any other region of the brain.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Motor neuron axons exit the spinal cord via the ventral root. b) Stretch receptors provide a signal about the length of a muscle c) The flexor reflex involves changes in activity in motor neurons only on the side of the stimulus d) Using control of a home heating system as a model for control of muscle length, the muscle is analogous to the furnace.

c) The flexor reflex involves changes in activity in motor neurons only on the side of the stimulus

Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is FALSE? a) The cerebellar cortex contains over 50% of the brain's neurons. b) The inputs to the cerebellum come from mossy fibers and climbing fibers. c) The four zones of the cerebellum are the primary motor cortex, the deep cerebellar nucleus, the basal ganglia, and the primary somatosensory cortex. d) Cerebellar activity influences the entire brain.

c) The four zones of the cerebellum are the primary motor cortex, the deep cerebellar nucleus, the basal ganglia, and the primary somatosensory cortex.

26. Which of the following statements about the visual system is NOT true? a) The left side of the brain looks at the right side of the visual world and the right side of the brain looks at the left side of the visual world. b) Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) send their axons to the primary visual cortex (V1). c) The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), but not the primary visual cortex (V1) has a map of the retina, a retinotopic map. d) Simple cells in primary visual cortex respond best to bars and edges with a specific or preferred orientation.

c) The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), but not the primary visual cortex (V1) has a map of the retina, a retinotopic map.

5) Which of the following statements about the visual system is NOT correct? a) We typically perceive complete objects even when the figures are incomplete, such as illusory line or the Kanizsa illusion. b) In alert monkeys, neurons in primary visual cortex can respond more strongly (generate more action potentials) to an illusory edge than to an actual line. c) The lateral geniculate nucleus is the first place in the brain where a single neuron responds to input from both eyes. d) Retinal disparity produces the perception of depth because each eye sees a different part of the visual world.

c) The lateral geniculate nucleus is the first place in the brain where a single neuron responds to input from both eyes.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The thalamus and somatosensory cortex receive input from the contralateral skin surface. b) The ability to resolve 2 separate stimuli delivered to the skin at the same time (Two point discrimination) is best for distal structures. c) The map of the sensory skin surface in the somatosensory cortex is linear d) Inhibition plays an important role in 2-point discrimination tasks

c) The map of the sensory skin surface in the somatosensory cortex is linear

1) Which of the following statements about the eye is NOT correct? a) The eye develops as an out pouching from the diencephalon during embryonic development. b) The cornea and (to a lesser extent) the lens refract (bend) light rays coming into the eye c) The outer covering of the eye (white of the eye - sclera) is like the brain, it has no sensation. d) With normal vision, the diameter of the eye matches the refraction produced by the cornea.

c) The outer covering of the eye (white of the eye - sclera) is like the brain, it has no sensation.

18. Which of the following statements about movement is NOT true? a) Primary motor cortex has a map of the contralateral (opposite) side of the body. b) Movement is a parallel process beginning in different regions of the brain at the same time. c) The primary role of the basal ganglia in movement is to process visual information. d) The brain is only interested in unexpected sensory signals from the movement to catch the ball.

c) The primary role of the basal ganglia in movement is to process visual information.

Which of the following statements about motor cortex is NOT correct? a) Electrical microstimulation in primary motor cortex (M1) evokes simple movements of the contralateral (opposite) side of the body. b) The premotor area (PMA M2) is involved in the programming of complex movements in response to external stimuli. c) The primary role of the ventromedial pathways is to control the distal musculature, e.g., the fingers. d) We name tracts by 1) where they originate and 2) where they terminate. Corticospinal originates in cortex (cortico) and terminates in the spinal cord (spinal).

c) The primary role of the ventromedial pathways is to control the distal musculature, e.g., the fingers.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The vibration of the tympanic membrane occurs directly in response to sound waves reaching the ear. b) The stapes acts as a piston to push the oval window causing vibrations of the basilar membrane c) The transducing action of the peripheral auditory system is to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy d) The vibration of the basilar membrane causes deflection of cilia on the hair cells leading to depolarization and transmitter release.

c) The transducing action of the peripheral auditory system is to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy

Which of the following statements about reward or dopamine is FALSE? a) Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons give a burst of action potentials when the monkey receives an unexpected reward. b) After learning that a reward occurs after a conditioned stimulus (CS), ventral segmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons give a burst of action potentials for the CS predicting the reward, but not when the reward occurs. c) The ventral segmental area (VTA) primarily contains neurons that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. d) Dopamine signals a prediction error, the difference between the expected reward and what is received.

c) The ventral segmental area (VTA) primarily contains neurons that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

Which of the following statements about attention is NOT correct? a) In Bottom-Up attention, the object "grabs" your attention without conscious knowledge of the stimulus. b) Stimulus grouping can lead to false 'pop outs'. c) Top-Down visual searches are much faster than Bottom-Up visual attention. d) Conjoining two dimensions, e.g., color and shape, makes it more difficult to find the oddball.

c) Top-Down visual searches are much faster than Bottom-Up visual attention.

Which of the following statements about visual attention is FALSE? a) Your eye movements show where you are attending, but not what you're seeing b) In Bottom-Up attention, the object "grabs" your attention because the stimulus is more salient than the background. c) Unfortunately, visual attention cannot improve detection of the ball leaving the pitcher's hand, so batters with good visual attention are unlikely to hit the ball well. d) People can use size to group objects preattentively.

c) Unfortunately, visual attention cannot improve detection of the ball leaving the pitcher's hand, so batters with good visual attention are unlikely to hit the ball well.

Which of the following statements about eye movements is FALSE? a) One of the goals of eye movements is to redirect the line of sight, i.e. allow you to look at different things. b) With conjugate eye movements, the two eyes move in the same direction and at the same speed. c) You can see very clearly during saccadic eye movements. d) Saccadic eye movements are among the body's fastest movements.

c) You can see very clearly during saccadic eye movements.

17. Which of the following statements about catching a ball is NOT true? a) When you reach your arms out to catch the ball, your center-of-gravity moves forward. b) You adjust your posture before reaching out to catch the ball. c) You depend upon sensory feedback from catching the ball to estimate the ball's weight. d) After adjusting your posture, you create a signal to start your planned arm movement to catch the ball.

c) You depend upon sensory feedback from catching the ball to estimate the ball's weight.

2. Motor coordination is processed in the a) cerebral cortex b) thalamus c) cerebellum d) medulla oblongata

c) cerebellum

10. The intensity of a stimulus delivered to the sensory ending of an axon is coded by the a) amplitude of the action potentials it evokes b) conduction velocity of the action potentials it produces in that axon c) frequency of the action potentials that it elicits d) direction of action potential travel

c) frequency of the action potentials that it elicits

7. Action potentials a) can alter their amplitude depending on the nature of the stimulus b) can conduct in both directions if initiated artificially at a point in the middle of the axon. c) normally conduct in only one direction if initiated at the end of the axon either at a synapse or at a sensory receptor d) travel at the same velocity in all axons

c) normally conduct in only one direction if initiated at the end of the axon either at a synapse

The individual potentials recorded by an EMG electrode a) reflect activity in a single muscle fiber b) reflect activity in all the muscle fibers within recording range of that electrode c) reflect activity in a population of the muscle fibers in a single motor unit d) are always the same amplitude.

c) reflect activity in a population of the muscle fibers in a single motor unit

8. Action potentials are initiated in normal, uninjured axons located in a nerve such as the sciatic nerve a) when the axon is activated with a threshold level of neurotransmitter b) when the axon is activated by threshold pressure c) when the axon is depolarized by a threshold amount d) All of the above are true

c) when the axon is depolarized by a threshold amount

Which of the following statements about visual prostheses is FALSE? a) Some retinal implants use a camera to capture the visual scene and then electrically stimulate the retina to reproduce the visual image. b) In an experimental approach to restore sight to mice without photoreceptors, the retinal ganglion cells are engineered to express a protein, channel rhodopsin (ChR2), which makes the retinal ganglion cells generate action potentials in response to a pulse of blue light. c) Current retinal implants being tested in people allow users to tell where large objects are located and allows them to see sidewalks and curb sides. d) A new approach to restoring retinal function is to stimulate the cochlea with electrical pulses from a camera capturing the visual scene.

d) A new approach to restoring retinal function is to stimulate the cochlea with electrical pulses from a camera capturing the visual scene.

Which of the following statements about reward or dopamine is FALSE? a) Electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) produces the most potent reward that mammals experience. b) Electrically stimulating the medial forebrain bundle causes release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. c) With the presentation of food or immediately after sex, rats exhibit an increase in the amount of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. d) A positive reward is something that people avoid experiencing.

d) A positive reward is something that people avoid experiencing.

14. Which of the following statements about the basal ganglia is FALSE? a) Activating striatal neurons in the Direct Pathway decreases basal ganglia inhibition of the thalamus and allows movement to go forward. b) The cerebral cortex excites striatal neurons. c) The subthalamic nucleus (STN) excites neurons in the globus pallidus internal (GPi) and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr). d) Activation of the Indirect Pathway causes inappropriate movement.

d) Activation of the Indirect Pathway causes inappropriate movement.

14. Which of the following statements is NOT true? a) More Americans are hospitalized with neurological and mental disorders than with any other major disease group. b) A brain is 2% of the body's weight, but consumes 20 % of its energy. c) You need a brain if you're going to go out to collect food and water. d) Adult tunicates develop a large nervous system after attaching to a rock.

d) Adult tunicates develop a large nervous system after attaching to a rock.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Low and high frequency sounds have an unequally sized spatial representation on the basilar membrane. b) The vestibular system hair cells operate at a much lower frequency than auditory hair cells. c) The proximal portion of the cochlea mediates the response to high frequencies d) Aging causes a selective loss of low frequency components of sounds such resulting in difficulty in distinguishing certain consonants such b and d.

d) Aging causes a selective loss of low frequency components of sounds such resulting in difficulty in distinguishing certain consonants such b and d.

The individual muscle fibers in a single motor unit a) Receive synaptic connections from different motor neurons b) Can be either red or white (pale) c) Do not always generate action potentials in response to activity in their motor axon d) All have the same enzymatic profile

d) All have the same enzymatic profile

Choose the incorrect statement a) The number of genes in the human genome is about 20,000 b) Some genes are the same in flies as in man. This is called gene conservation. c) Gene function can be assessed by expressing the gene by itself in a cell such as an oocyte and observing its function. d) All human diseases involving genes are due to mutations leading to changes in the coding sequences of DNA

d) All human diseases involving genes are due to mutations leading to changes in the coding sequences of DNA

Which of the following statements about visual acuity is FALSE? a) With an eye chart, normal vision is defined as 20/20. b) Because of optical distortion in your cornea and lens, a point in the visual world (Object in visual space) spreads out over a circular area on the retina (the Point Spread Function, PSF). c) You can think of the E in the Snellen chart as a square wave grating with two white and three black bars. d) All mammals have the same visual acuity.

d) All mammals have the same visual acuity.

13. Inhibition in the central nervous system is associated with a) hyperpolarization of the membrane b) action of the transmitter GABA c) the membrane potential moving away from threshold d) All of the above are true

d) All of the above are true

Choose the incorrect statement a) The gene cfos increases its level of expression after repeated painful stimulation b) Alternative splicing of mRNAs increases the diversity of proteins c) The TRPV1 receptor responds to capsaicin and is activated by temperatures at the threshold for noxious heat (43°C) d) All taste receptors involve the action of G-protein coupled receptors.

d) All taste receptors involve the action of G-protein coupled receptors.

23. Which of the following statements about the eye is NOT true? a) Because retinal ganglion cells are only interested in differences in light intensity, our perception of brightness is distorted. b) Your brain 'fills in' the missing information from the 'blind spot' created by the optic disc. c) Contrast is our perception of the difference in light intensity between two areas. Brightness is our perception of light intensity based on contrast. d) An 'on center - off surround" retinal ganglion cell is inhibited (reduces the number of action potentials) when a light shines on the center of the receptive field.

d) An 'on center - off surround" retinal ganglion cell is inhibited (reduces the number of action potentials) when a light shines on the center of the receptive field.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The number of triplet repeats in the gene Huntingtin is not the same in all individuals with this gene. b) Huntington's disease is associated with the gene called Huntingtin c) The number of triplet repeats in the gene Huntingtin is inversely correlated with the age of onset of Huntington's disease. d) Any individual with the Huntingtin gene will develop Huntington's disease.

d) Any individual with the Huntingtin gene will develop Huntington's disease.

Choose the incorrect statement. a) Deep brain thalamic stimulation can enhance conscious function in patients in the vegetative state. b) Blindsight stimulates certain motor responses such as reaching and eye and head movements to visual stimuli without conscious awareness of the stimuli. c) Brain rhythms may be important in integrating activity in different regions of the brain leading to conscious behavior. d) Brain activity associated with a willed activity begins at the same time as the activity itself.

d) Brain activity associated with a willed activity begins at the same time as the activity itself.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The nucleus known as MT is important in sensing the direction of visual stimuli b) PET measures the absorption of a radioactive contrast agent that indicates active areas of increased metabolic activity. c) The response of dopaminergic cells to a reward is in proportion to the degree by which the reward exceeds expectation of a reward. d) Brain imaging of neural activity can reliably detect whether a person is telling a lie.

d) Brain imaging of neural activity can reliably detect whether a person is telling a lie.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Dorsal roots are composed of sensory axons; ventral roots are composed of motor axons. b) The part of the body innervated by fibers in a dorsal root is called a dermatome c) Cutting a peripheral nerve leads to complete denervation of a portion of the body surface. d) Cutting a dorsal root leads to complete denervation of a portion of the body surface

d) Cutting a dorsal root leads to complete denervation of a portion of the body surface

Choose the incorrect statement a) A loss of function of the Nav1.7 channel leads to chronic insensitivity to pain. b) As the number of triplet repeats in a gene increases, the protein it codes for becomes more likely to malfunction and the resulting disease occurs earlier in the individual's lifetime. c) A correlation of 0.4 in expression of a trait between monozygotic twins raised together or apart indicates partial genetic and environmental determinants of that trait. d) Humans have a uniform array of functional smell genes.

d) Humans have a uniform array of functional smell genes.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The stretch reflex can be operantly conditioned to either increase or decrease in amplitude. b) At a cellular level classical conditioning can be described as strong inputs onto a cell acting to strengthen the response to weaker inputs. c) In Hebb's description of learning at a synaptic level, inputs that are not stabilized by activity are eliminated. d) In habituation the strength of the behavior is progressively increased.

d) In habituation the strength of the behavior is progressively increased.

Which of the following statements about motor cortex is FALSE? a) The activity of primary motor cortex (M1) neurons correlates with the amount of force generated and the general direction of arm movement. b) An individual motor cortex (M1) neuron cannot specify the exact direction of arm movement. c) The activity of a population of motor cortex neurons can specify the direction of arm movement, but a single neuron cannot. d) Individual primary motor cortex (M1) neurons are active for only one direction of arm movement.

d) Individual primary motor cortex (M1) neurons are active for only one direction of arm movement.

Choose the incorrect statement. a) There are cells in the hippocampus that discharge when the animal is in a particular position in the environment. b) Place cell properties can be disrupted after Long Term Potentiation is blocked pharmacologically. c) H-M had bilateral removal of the hippocampus d) It is not possible to condition the stretch reflex.

d) It is not possible to condition the stretch reflex.

Choose the incorrect statement a) In song birds, there is evidence for auditory-motor cells analogous to visuomotor mirror cells that could play a role in learning songs from other birds. b) Vocal learning is abnormal in deaf children c) A stroke abolishing language can leave musical abilities largely intact. d) Language and music comprehension both involve circuits residing entirely in the left brain.

d) Language and music comprehension both involve circuits residing entirely in the left brain.

18. Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is FALSE? a) The climbing fiber provides an 'error signal' that tells Purkinje cells that a movement needs correction. b) The cerebellum appears to be involved in the acquisition of procedural learning. c) Purkinje cells have two types of action potentials, simple spikes that occur approximately 60 times per second, and complex spikes that occur 1 to 3 times per second. d) Lesions of the cerebellum improve adaptation to a displacing prism put on the eyes.

d) Lesions of the cerebellum improve adaptation to a displacing prism put on the eyes.

4) Which of the following statements about the visual system is NOT correct? a) Each layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) has a map of the retina (visual world) from only one eye, a retinotopic map. b) The map of the visual world in primary visual cortex is distorted. The fovea takes up almost half of the primary visual cortex map, but only represents approximately 1% of the retinal area. c) Primary visual cortex over represents the fovea because the fovea has a higher density of photoreceptors than any other part of the retina. d) Neurons in primary visual cortex respond best to circles of light that completely cover the entire receptive field.

d) Neurons in primary visual cortex respond best to circles of light that completely cover the entire receptive field.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Associative learning requires pairing of a neutral stimulus with either a stimulus generating a response or a reward. b) Sensitization is an example of non-associative learning. c) Pairing the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus enhances the strength of the synapse between conditioned stimulus and the neurons generating the unconditioned response. d) Operant conditioning is an example of non-associative learning.

d) Operant conditioning is an example of non-associative learning.

Choose the incorrect statement. a) The Turing test is a test to determine if a computer is intelligent. b) The ability of a computer to approach humans in playing chess is because of its much faster processing speed. c) The human brain excels in retrieving information from memory rather than in its processing speed. d) Operation of the brain and a digital computer requires similar amounts of power.

d) Operation of the brain and a digital computer requires similar amounts of power.

Which of the following statements about optokinetic eye movements is FALSE? a) Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) eliminates retinal slip by moving the eyes at the same speed and direction as the retinal slip. b) We perceive pigeons as bobbing their head as they walk, but in reality they hold their head still and move their body while keeping their head stationary. c) Optokinetic eye movements (OKN) require a visual stimulus. d) Optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular eye movements try to drive the eyes in opposite directions during head rotation in the dark.

d) Optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular eye movements try to drive the eyes in opposite directions during head rotation in the dark.

Which of the following statements about Parkinson's disease is FALSE? a) Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of approximately 80 - 90% of substantia nigra compacta (SNc) dopamine containing neurons. b) Tremor at rest and rigidity are two cardinal features of the motor problems caused by Parkinson's disease. c) Autonomic dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, urinary urgency and frequency, are frequently non motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. d) People with Parkinson's disease are usually treated with dopamine receptor antagonists to block dopamine receptors.

d) People with Parkinson's disease are usually treated with dopamine receptor antagonists to block dopamine receptors.

Which of the following statements about eye movements is NOT correct? a) Vision is suppressed during saccadic eye movements. b) Optokinetic eye movements maintain image stability, i.e. eliminate retinal slip. c) Vergence eye movements are dysconjugate. d) Smooth pursuit eye movements move the eye much faster than saccadic eye movements.

d) Smooth pursuit eye movements move the eye much faster than saccadic eye movements.

Which of the following statements about eye movements is FALSE? a) Together, convergence, pupil constriction, and accommodation are called the near triad. b) We take in visual information during fixations, not during saccadic eye movements. c) Humans cannot voluntarily change the speed of saccadic eye movements. d) Speed reading works by teaching you to make more saccadic eye movements than usual so that you make a saccadic eye movement for each letter in a word.

d) Speed reading works by teaching you to make more saccadic eye movements than usual so that you make a saccadic eye movement for each letter in a word.

11) The parasympathetic system is a portion of a) The somatic nervous system b) The cerebral cortex c) The spinal cord d) The autonomic nervous system

d) The autonomic nervous system

Which of the following statements about the basal ganglia or basal ganglia disorders is FALSE? a) Through the Direct Pathway, the basal ganglia reduces its inhibition of the thalamus to allow a movement to go forward. b) The basal ganglia modify the 'motivation' to move. c) Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of approximately 80 - 90% of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine containing neurons. d) The basal ganglia has no connections with the motor cortex, but have dense interconnections with auditory cortex.

d) The basal ganglia has no connections with the motor cortex, but have dense interconnections with auditory cortex.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Operant conditioning of the stretch reflex can help correct a limp due after a partial spinal cord injury. b) Stem cells have been used to build functional neural bridges across a transected spinal cord. c) Cell adhesion molecules act over short distances to guide axons during development. d) The critical period for establishment of binocular input begins during middle age.

d) The critical period for establishment of binocular input begins during middle age.

13. Which of the following statements about the basal ganglia is FALSE? a) Substantia Nigra compacta (SNc) modulates neurons in the striatum with the neurotransmitter dopamine. b) The basal ganglia modulate almost all of the cerebral cortex through the thalamus. c) Most of the cerebral cortex inputs to the basal ganglia (corticostriate) go to the striatum, the caudate and putamen nuclei. d) The output nucleus of the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus external (GPe) directly excites the thalamus.

d) The output nucleus of the basal ganglia, the globus pallidus external (GPe) directly excites the thalamus.

17. Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is FALSE? a) Outputs from the cerebellar cortex come from Purkinje cells. b) A single parallel fiber synapses once or at most twice on 300-400 Purkinje cells. c) Each Purkinje cell receives synapses from only one climbing fiber, but that climbing fiber makes synapses over the entire Purkinje cell dendritic tree. d) The parallel fiber from a single granule cell exerts a massive effect on only one Purkinje cell.

d) The parallel fiber from a single granule cell exerts a massive effect on only one Purkinje cell.

Choose the incorrect statement a) The affective component of pain is processed in the anterior cingulate cortex. b) The discriminative component of pain is processed in the somatosensory cortex. c) Individual cells in the spinal cord receive input from visceral and somatic structures and this underlies the phenomenon of referred pain.. d) The relationship between perceived pain and stimulus intensity is the same for all individuals.

d) The relationship between perceived pain and stimulus intensity is the same for all individuals.

Choose the incorrect statement a) Sounds in the horizontal plane directly behind an observer looking straight ahead are difficult to locate b) The direction of a sound stimulus in the horizontal plane is mapped in the brain by the discharge of cells in the superior olive, i.e, each direction is associated with the discharge of a different group of cells. c) The pitch of a tone is defined by its fundamental frequency, not the harmonics. d) The response of cells in the auditory cortex is fixed and independent of the tonal environment.

d) The response of cells in the auditory cortex is fixed and independent of the tonal environment.

Which of the following statements about brain machine interfaces is FALSE? a) It is possible to obtain a coarse measure of brain activity with near infrared spectroscopy and EEG (electroencephalogram). b) Major problems for decoding EEG (electroencephalographic) signals are to ignore artifacts and to get the subject to generate consistent signals in a busy environment with many claims on the subject's attention. c) It is possible to control a flying machine with EEG (electroencephalographic) signals. d) The signals from EEG and infrared spectroscopy provide a highly detailed plan of intended movements sufficient to control complex robotic devices completely.

d) The signals from EEG and infrared spectroscopy provide a highly detailed plan of intended movements sufficient to control complex robotic devices completely.

In order for the stretch reflex to move a joint, it is necessary that a) Inhibition be stronger than excitation b) Excitation and inhibition be equal c) The stretched muscle and its antagonist muscle contract d) The stretched muscle contract and its antagonist relax

d) The stretched muscle contract and its antagonist relax

30. Which of the following statements about the visual system is NOT true? a) Damage to area IT (inferotemporal cortex, or fusiform face area) can cause prosopagnosia - an inability to recognize faces even though vision is normal. b) Area MT (V5) is specialized for processing linear image motion. c) Damage to area MT (V5) can cause an inability to see motion. d) There is one location in the brain, the prefrontal cortex, where all of the visual information, eg faces, motion, and color, are combined to create a unified visual image.

d) There is one location in the brain, the prefrontal cortex, where all of the visual information, eg faces, motion, and color, are combined to create a unified visual image.

Which of the following statements about motor cortex is FALSE? a) It is possible to record the activity of many neurons in motor cortex and use that information to control a robotic arm. b) It is possible to record the activity of many neurons in the motor cortex of an individual who is paralyzed below the neck and use that information to open and close a robotic hand. c) One goal of using the motor cortex to control a robotic arm is to mount the arm on a wheelchair, which would allow people paralyzed below the neck to use the arm like they would a normal arm. d) Unfortunately, motor cortex controlled robotic arms cannot pick up round objects.

d) Unfortunately, motor cortex controlled robotic arms cannot pick up round objects.

Control of muscle force depends on a) recruitment of a population of motor units b) ability to control the recruitment of individual muscle fibers c) varying motoneuron discharge frequency d) a) and c) are true

d) a) and c) are true

12. An increase in frequency of action potential discharge in a single sensory neuron increases the response of a postsynaptic cell on which it synapses by a process of a) addition b) spatial summation c) inhibition d) temporal summation

d) temporal summation

10) Sensory information accesses the cerebral cortex via the a) Cerebellum b) Hippocampus c) Amygdala d) thalamus

d) thalamus

Running a marathon requires activity primarily in a) motor units using aerobic metabolism b type S motor units c) motor units generating low force d)all of the above are true

d)all of the above are true