bio 211 final

Mendel's 1st Law, the Principle of Segregation, states that the pairs of alleles that control a character segregate (separate) as gametes are formed; half the gametes carry one allele, and the other half carry the other allele. At what stage of cell division are the two alleles separated?

meiosis I

What kind of macromolecule is pictured in this image? (black = carbon, blue = nitrogen, red = oxygen, white = hydrogen, yellow = sulfur)

protein

Genes A and B are on the same chromosome. You perform a test cross AaBb x aabb and find the following numbers in the offspring. Aabb: 83 aaBb: 84 aabb: 17 AaBb: 16 How must the alleles in the heterozygous parent been linked?

A linked to b, and a linked B

Which of the following are true of recombinant chromosomes? (Select all that apply.)

They are created by crossing over events in meiosis I They are more frequent when two genes are further apart

Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people with normal color vision have a color-blind son. What are the genotypes of the parents?

XNXn and XNY

For cells with genotype CPSR/CYSW entering meiosis, what gamete genotypes are possible if the C and S genes are completely linked (no crossing over occurs between them). Select all that apply.

CYSW CPSR

What is the goal of gene therapy for Gaucher disease?

Change the patient's DNA to have a functional copy of the glucocerebrosidase gene

In what molecules is the energy from a single molecule of glucose at the end of the citric acid cycle?

ATP, NADH, FADH2

In which organelle would a glycolipid get a sugar modification?

Golgi

Why do our cells require oxygen?

Oxygen is a reactant in cellular respiration.

Which of the following values of the Chi-Square test statistic would be most likely to suggest that the null hypothesis were really true?

0.4251

You set up a monohybrid cross for flies with two alleles of a gene, "wild type" (normal) and "mutant". You count wild type and mutant flies in the F2 offspring and calculate a chi-square value of 0.012. Use the chi-square table above to report the p value and whether you accept or reject the hypothesis that the alleles segregate away from each other during gamete formation.

0.975>p>0.9 Accept hypothesis

How many phenotypes and degrees of freedom are there for a dihybrid cross?

4 phenotypes, 3 degrees of freedom

If a pure-breeding round corn plant is crossed with a pure-breeding wrinkled corn plant, which of the following is true of the F1 generation? (Select all that apply.)

The phenotype of the F1 will be the dominant phenotypeThe F1 will be heterozygous

Which of Mendel's laws do linked gene violate?

The principle of independent assortment

Ribose and deoxyribose refer to which subunit of a nucleotide?

The sugar

In cats hair length determined by a gene with two alleles, long and short. The short allele is dominant to the long allele. If you were to cross a short-haired heterozygous cat with a short-haired heterozygous cat, what is the expected phenotype ratio in their offspring?

25% long hair; 75% short hair

When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?

50%

How does recombination frequency change with physical distance between genes on a chromosome?

The larger the distance between genes on the chromosome, the greater the chance that they will be separated by crossing over.

Which of the following is true of the alignment of chromosomes at metaphase I?

The maternal and paternal chromosomes of each homologous pair, line up and segregate independently of the other pairs

The shape and color gene are 17 map units apart on a chromosome. A third gene, kernel size, is 11 map units away from the shape gene and 28 map units away from the color gene.

color, shape, size

What is the genotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross with alleles P and p?

1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp

For two unlinked genes, allele S is dominant to s, and allele Y is dominant to y. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the progeny of a SsYy x ssyy test cross?

1:1:1:1

The fur color gene (C - brown dominant to c - white) is linked to the fur texture gene (W - wavy dominant to w - straight). You cross a CcWw individual to a ccww individual (F1 cross). The F2 phenotypes are: 14 brown wavy, 12 white straight, 35 brown straight and 39 white wavy. How far apart are the color and texture genes?

26 cM

For two unlinked genes, allele A is dominant to a, and allele B is dominant to b. In a dihybrid cross, AaBb x AaBb, what fraction of the offspring will be homozygous for both recessive traits?

1/16

You perform a test cross with a double heterozygous individual to a double homozygous recessive individual. You suspect the two genes are linked on the same chromosome with a recombinant frequency of 0.2. If you have 50 offspring how many total recombinant offspring do you expect to see?

10

Cinnabar eyes is a sex-linked, recessive characteristic in fruit flies. If a female having cinnabar eyes is crossed with a wild-type male, what percentage of the F1 males will have cinnabar eyes?

100%

In cats hair length determined by a gene with two alleles, long and short. The short allele is dominant to the long allele. If you were to cross a short-haired homozygous cat with a long-haired cat, what is the expected phenotype ratio in their offspring?

100% short hair

If the recombinant frequency (RF) is 12% how many cM (or map units) apart are the genes?

12 cM

You perform a test cross with a double heterozygous individual to a double homozygous recessive individual. You suspect the two genes are linked on the same chromosome with a recombinant frequency of 0.1. If you have 200 offspring how many total parental-type offspring do you expect to see?

180

How many phenotypes and degrees of freedom are there for a monohybrid cross?

2 phenotypes, 1 degree of freedom

For a self cross between two CPSR/CYSW parents, what offspring phenotype ratio do you expect if the C and S genes are completely linked (no crossing over occurs between them) and CP purple is dominant to CY yellow and SR round is dominant to SW wrinkled.

3 purple round: 1 wrinkled yellow

Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently. Among the F2 offspring of a dihybrid cross, what is the probability of plants with white axial flowers?

3/16

What is the phenotypic ratio of dominant to recessive in a monohybrid cross?

3:1

In lab you analyzed the human HBB (β-globin) gene and concluded that Sickle Cell Disease arises from a mutation in the 6th codon as shown below. DNA templates HBB: Normal 3'- CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA CTT CTC -5' Sickle Cell 3'- CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA CAT CTC -5' What is the mutated mRNA codon for sickle cell?

5' GUA 3'

Given the parents AABb × Aabb, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent with genotype AABB?

50%

In cats hair length determined by a gene with two alleles, long and short. The short allele is dominant to the long allele. If you were to cross a short-haired heterozygous cat with a long-haired cat, what is the expected phenotype ratio in their offspring?

50% long hair; 50% short hair

Which of the following are both outputs of the light-dependent reactions and inputs of the Calvin cycle? (select all that apply)

ATP NADPH

Match the following terms with their meaning.

Allele - one of a number of different versions of a gene Gene - sequence of DNA that encodes an mRNA Homozygous - having two identical alleles of a gene Heterozygous - having two different alleles of a gene Phenotype - an individual's observable characteristics Genotype - an individual's genetic makeup independent assortment - random distribution of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I

Which of the following is true about alleles? (select all that apply)

Alleles have different DNA sequenceA homologous chromosome pair may have different allelesA haploid organism can only have one allele of a gene

Why does independent assortment of different genes occur?

Because each pair of homologous chromosomes separate independently of the others.

The fur color gene (C - brown dominant to c - white) is linked to the fur texture gene (W - wavy dominant to w - straight). You cross a CcWw individual to a ccww individual (F1 cross) and get four phenotypes in the F2 offspring. Which of the following would be evidence that the P1 parents of the F1 CcWw individual came from a cross between pure-breeding brown wavy and white straight parents, instead of pure-breeding brown straight and white wavy parents?

Brown wavy and white straight offspring are more common than brown straight and white wavy offspring in the F2.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy What is oxidized and what is reduced in cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 is oxidized, O2 is reduced

For a self cross between two CPSR/CYSW parents, what offspring genotypes are possible if the C and S genes are completely linked (no crossing over occurs between them). Select all that apply.

CPSR/CPSR CPSR/CYSW CYSW/CYSW

Why can the same allele of HBB which causes the recessive inheritance of sickle cell disease, be considered dominant for malaria resistance?

Dominance depends on the phenotype being considered and only 1 copy of the HBB allele causes malaria resistance

Select all the statements below that are TRUE about genetic sex.

Females inherit an X chromosome from each parent Males inherit their X chromosome from their mother Males inherit their Y chromosome from their father.

Color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. If a mother who is a carrier (heterozygote) for color blindness mated with a father with normal vision, what phenotypic ratio would you expect in the offspring?

Half of sons color blind, all daughters normal vision

What type of bond allows sugars to dissolve in water?

Hydrogen bonds

Select all the statements below that are TRUE.

Linked genes are inherited together unless crossing over occurs between them. The likelihood of crossing-over occurring between two genes, increases with increasing distances between the two genes. The frequency of recombinants (genotypes from crossing over) can be used to map genes on a chromosome. The frequency of parental genotypes will always exceed recombinant genotypes. Recombinant frequency varies between 0 and 50%. Cross over recombination occurs during meiosis I.

At what stage does the independent assortment of genes occur?

Meiosis I

Which of the following are true of meiosis?

Meiosis reduces pliody

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the HBB (β-globin) gene. HBB gene monomers are

Nucleotides

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the HBB (β-globin) gene. HBB gene monomers are ______.

Nucleotides

Why did the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the two parental varieties?

One allele was dominant.

What is a chromatid?

One of two identical DNA molecules in a replicated chromosome

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a serious condition caused by a recessive allele of a gene on the human X chromosome. The patients have muscles that weaken over time because they have absent or decreased dystrophin, a muscle protein. They rarely live past their twenties. How likely is it for a woman to have this condition?

One-half of the daughters of an affected father and a carrier mother could have this condition.

What happens to the oxygen in our cells?

Oxygen is reduced forming water in the electron transport chain.

Which of the following is true about CRISPR Cas9 gene editing? Select ALL that are true.

RNA base-pairing to DNA targets Cas9 to a specific location in the genome Only DNA edits made to sex cells (that form gametes) will be passed on to offspring CRISPR Cas9 can be used to change the sequence of DNA bases.

All three of the Covid-19 vaccines discussed as being available within the next couple of months (Moderna, AstraZeneca & Pfizer) work by teaching the human immune systems to recognize a specific protein found in the SARS-CoV-2 virus. What protein is it?

S, the spike protein: form the outer layer of the coronavirus and helps protect the RNA

Which statement below best describes the relationship between SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus and COVID-19?

SARS-CoV-2 is a type of coronavirus that causes the disease COVID-19.

In which organelle are lipids are synthesized and processed?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

You are crossing mice and are interested in following sex chromosomes because you suspect a gene you are interested in is sex-linked and resides on the X chromosome. Sex is determined genetically in mice the same as in humans. For each of the following indicate the expected sex chromosome genotype.

Sperm : Either X or Y Egg : X Female Mouse: XX Male Mouse : XY

For two unlinked genes, allele S is dominant to s, and allele Y is dominant to y. Which of the following genotypes would you not expect to find among the offspring of a SsYy x ssyy test cross?

SsYY

For two unlinked genes, allele S is dominant to s, and allele Y is dominant to y. Which of the following genetic crosses would be predicted to give a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1?

SsYy x SsYy

For two unlinked genes, allele S is dominant to s, and allele Y is dominant to y. Which of the following are gamete genotypes produced by a plant of genotype SsYy? (Select all that apply.)

Sy sY SY sy

The C-terminus of a protein refers to

The end with the free carboxyl group

Which of the following is true of stop codons? (Select all that apply.) There are no tRNAs that recognize stop codons

They determine translation termination

Which of the following is true of the squares inside a Punnett square? (Select all that apply)

They should be diploidThey represent the genotypes of the offspring

Which of the following is true of aneuploidy?

Trisomy 21 (Downs syndrome) is an example of aneuploidy Aneuploidy is an abnormal number of chromosomes

All protein synthesis begins on free ribosomes.

True

This designates a diploid individual that is heterozygous for eye color, where E = eye color gene, R = red allele, W = white allele. EREW

True

Dr. Barber discussed the typical components of vaccines. Which one of these is NOT a typical component?

antibodies

In lab you analyzed the human HBB (β-globin) gene and concluded that Sickle Cell Disease arises from a mutation in the 6th codon. mRNA codon: Normal 5'- GAA -3' Sickle Cell 5'- GUA -3' Which amino acid replaces glutamic acid (Glu) in Sickle Cell β-globin?

Val

Sickle cell anemia results in an amino acid substitution where Valine (Val) replaces the Glutamic Acid (Glu) in the HBB protein. Which side chain is nonpolar?

Valine

In this trial researchers are making DNA base sequence changes to make Victoria Gray's "gene-edited super cells." Select ALL of the following statements below that are true based on what you've learned about genes and DNA. Victoria must have two copies of the gene researchers targeted for editing.

Victoria must have two copies of the gene researchers targeted for editing. Changes to the DNA base sequence are called mutations. If Victoria is homozygous for the sickle cell disease allele then her children will have inherited a disease allele from her. Mutations introduced to the DNA base sequence of a gene may not change the primary structure of the protein.

For class this week we asked you to read/listen to this recent NPR story about a sickle cell gene therapy trial: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/11/19/780510277/gene-edited-supercells-make-progress-in-fight-against-sickle-cell-disease (Links to an external site.) In this trial researchers are making DNA base sequence changes to make Victoria Gray's "gene-edited super cells." Select ALL of the following statements below that are true based on what you've learned about genes and DNA.

Victoria must have two copies of the gene researchers targeted for editing. Changes to the DNA base sequence are called mutations. If Victoria is homozygous for the sickle cell disease allele then her children will have inherited a disease allele from her. Mutations introduced to the DNA base sequence of a gene may not change the primary structure of the protein.

How does the rate of product formation change with increasing substrate concentration?

With increasing substrate concentration the rate of product formation will increase but this increase will slow as enzymes become saturated

Below the optimal temperature for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, why would you expect the rate of the reaction to increase with increasing temperature?

With increasing temperature substrates are more likely to encounter enzymes

Which of the following is true about a dominant allele?

You only need one dominant allele to produce the dominant phenotype.

Genes A and B are on the same chromosome. You perform a test cross AaBb x aabb and find the following numbers in the offspring. Aabb: 83 aaBb: 84 aabb: 17 AaBb: 16 Which of the following offspring genotypes are parental type? Select all that apply.

aaBb Aabb

If you have a heterozygous parent Ab/aB what genotype would you cross it to do perform a test cross and determine crossover frequency between A and B?

ab/ab

If you have a heterozygous parent Ab/aB what genotype would you cross it to do preform a test cross and determine crossover frequency between A and B?

ab/ab

The fur color gene (C - brown dominant to c - white) is linked to the fur texture gene (W - wavy dominant to w - straight). You cross a CcWw individual to a ccww individual (F1 cross). The F2 phenotypes are: 14 brown wavy, 12 white straight, 35 brown straight and 39 white wavy. What were the phenotypes of the P1 cross that produced the CcWw individual if both P1 parents were purebreeding?

brown straight x white wavy

Peptidoglycan functions in

cell structure

The shape and color gene are 17 map units apart on a chromosome. A third gene, kernel size, is 11 map units away from the shape gene and 28 map units away from the color gene. What is the order of these genes on the chromosome?

color, shape, size

The shape and color gene are 17 map units apart on a chromosome. A third gene, kernel size, is 11 map units away from the shape gene and 28 map units away from the color gene. What is the order of these genes on the chromosome?

color, shape, size explanation : Shape must be in the middle because it's 11 map units away from size and 17 maps units away from color (which are 28 map units away from each other, and 11+17=28).

A sexually reproducing animal has two genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism if the genes for head shape and tail length are unlinked? (Select all that apply.)

hT

You suspect a gene is on the X chromosome. Normal (N) is dominant to mutant (n). You set up an F1 cross: XNXn and XNY. You find three categories of offspring in the F2: normal females, normal males, and mutant males. (No mutant females in the F2). Using your observed and expected phenotypes, you calculate a chi-square value of 2.17. Use the chi-square table above to report the p value and whether you accept or reject the hypothesis that the gene is on the X chromosome.

p value: 0.5>p>0.1 Conclusion: Accept hypothesis

You set up a dihybrid cross, where the F1 genotypes are AaBb x AaBb. A is dominant to a, and B is dominant to b. You count the numbers of individuals with each phenotype in the F2 and calculate a chi-square value of 0.62. Use the chi-square table above to report the p value and whether you accept or reject the hypothesis that the genes independently assort during gamete formation.

p value: 0.9>p>0.5 Conclusion: Accept hypothesis

While there are several different types of tests to detect the presence of a viral infection, the type being used by the UO's testing laboratory is:

qPCR

2 β-globin proteins (blue) and 2 ⍺-globin proteins (red) form hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in our red blood cells. Which levels of protein structure are visible in the hemoglobin protein image below?

secondary, tertiary, quarternary

Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. What does this ratio suggest?

the parents were both heterozygous for the particular trait

RNA vaccines involve the use of a synthetic RNA encoding a viral gene that is delivered into host cells. Once inside the host cell, the mRNA is translated to produce viral protein antigens.

true