BIO 211 FINAL EXAM
Herbivore adaptations
- Acute chemosensors - Specialized teeth/jaws and digestive systems - Detoxification systems
What are predator adaptations?
- Acute senses attuned to the prey - Germane anatomical and physiological adaptations - Specific behaviors
What are some advantages of asexual reproduction?
- Animals can reproduce without mates, so if they are widely dispersed that is no problem. - Asexual reproduction can often lead to rapid rates of population increase (like bacteria multiplying over and over and over again in a short amount of time) - Rapid colony growth of things like corals and tunicates - Perpetuation of successful genotypes
Other direct observations of evolutionary change include:
- Antibiotics and antivirals result in drug-resistant strains surviving and reproducing. (directed study) - Extensive fossil records showing changes in bone morphology, providing evidence in evolution. E.g.: little-bug like organisms called trilobites left fossils for millions of years - you can see how they change over time.
Control of community structure may be exerted in three ways...
- Bottom-up control - Top-down control - Disturbance control
This high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all the following
- Diffusion of salt from the thin segment of the ascending Loop of Henle - Active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending Loop of Henle - The spatial arrangement of the juxtamedullary nephrons - Diffusion of urea from the collecting duct
What are the three embryonic tissue layers?
- Endoderm (develops during gastrulation) - Ectoderm (develops from the outside of the blastula) - Mesoderm
Which statement about human reproduction is TRUE?
- Fertilization occurs in the oviduct - Spermatogenesis and oogenesis require different temperatures - An oocyte completes meiosis after sperm penetration
What are 4 major influences of genetic drift on populations?
- Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random - Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations - Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed - Genetic drift has a major impact on small populations
What functions do basement membranes do?
- Help organize sequences of metabolic chemical reaction. Kind of like having another beaker to do a chemical reaction in in chemistry lab. - Filter materials, for example your kidneys have basement lamina that help filter the blood - Forms a barrier for protection - Helps cells migrate certain routes during development
Which of the following is an accurate statement?
- Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory - Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions - Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in endocrine glands - Hormones are often regulated by feedback loops
Which of the following does contribute to filtration?
- Large surface area for filtration - Permeability of the glomerular capillaries - High hydrostatic pressure of blood - Podocytes
Which of the following is a Hardy Weinburg assumption?
- Mating must be totally random - No immigration or emigration can occur - Populations must remain large - Each genotype is equal successful
How does the relatively inert N2 gas get converted into forms that organisms can use?
- Microbes (small lifeforms like rhizobacteria, cyanobacteria) take the N2 and make it into ammonium (NH4+) in a process called nitrogen fixation. - Lightning creates NO3-
What are the characteristics seen in most animals?
- Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes - Lack cell walls - Have structural proteins that hold bodies together - Nervous and muscle tissues are unique to animals, though at not in sponges. - Most have sexual reproduction - The diploid stage is usually dominant - Hox genes that regulate body form
What are functions of coeloms?
- Permit larger size - Organ size - Greater complexity - Cushion suspended organs - Acts hydrostatic skeleton
What are the 2 biggest reservoirs and fluxes in the H20 cycle?
- Reservoirs Ocean = 97.2% Glaciers/ice = 2.15% - Fluxes Precipitation = 47.3% Evaporation = 42.6%
What are the major reservoirs and fluxes of carbon?
- Reservoirs Sedimentary rocks Kerogens - Fluxes Photosynthesis Respiration/decomposition Leaf litter fall, etc.
The transition from aquatic eggs to land eggs was facilitated by membranes that allow
- Retention of water - Waste storage - Gas exchange - Nutrient Transfer - Physical protection
What are some examples of regional specialization of dermal tissue?
- Roots hairs that help absorption - Secretion of cuticle by epidermis (water-proofing) - trichomes (little hairy protrusions for defense, reduction of water loss, and/or reflection of excess light)
What are the 4 components of body plan?
- Symmetry - Embryonic Tissue Layers - Type of Body cavity - Protostome vs. Deuterostome development
Which of following is an observation or inference of natural selection?
- There is heritable variation among individuals. - There is a struggle among individuals for limited resources - Unequal reproductive success leads to adaptations - Individuals whose characteristics best fit them to the environment will leave more offspring
Which of the following is one of the factors that adaptive radiation can result from?
- Vacant ecological niches - Evolutionary innovation - Colonization of an isolated region
Which of the following statement about vascular tissue is true?
- Xylem not only conducts water and dissolved minerals but provides support as well - While sieve tube elements are alive they lack many organelles and have reduce cytoplasm - vessel elements are non-living at maturity, are hollow, and their end walls have perforations
Top - down control
- an upper trophic level determines the biomass of the lower trophic levels - dominance may take form in predation and/or competition - removal of a dominant competitor or predator reduces biomass and diversity of the community - N<- V <- H <- P (tested by exclusion/removal experiments)
r max
- intrinsic rate of increase - a population will exhibit the greatest growth rate when r is at its highest theoretical value
Disturbane control
- nonequilibrium model - environmental harshness may be extreme and/or unpredictable thereby preventing all population from reaching equilibrium - No one single trophic level gains "control" - Fires - storms - floods - seasonal drying or freezing
Bottoms- up control
- the level of nutrient provisioning determines the biomass of the upper trophic levels - N -> V -> H -> P (tested by fertilizer experiments) - Removal of top trophic animals has no effect
Green algae called ________ are the most recent common ancestor of land plants. What is the evidence?
-charophytes -1) Plants and charophytes share ring-shaped protein complexes in the plasma membrane 2) Plants and charophytes share peroxisome enzymes involved in photosynthesis 3) Plants and charophytes share similar structure of flagellated sperm 4) Plants and charophytes formation of a phragmoplast which aligns cell elements across midline of dividing cell. 5) The chloroplasts of plants and charophytes have similar DNA.
Energetic hypothesis
-the transfer of mass and energy from one level to the next is so inefficient that there is not enough of either is able to reach trophic levels beyond 4 or even 3.
A fruit fly population has a gene with two alleles, A1 and A2. Tests show that 70% of the gametes produced in the population contain the A1 allele. If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what proportion of the flies carry both A1 and A2?
0.42
In Hardy-Weinberg populations with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of A allele?
0.7
How many integuments do gymnosperms have?
1
Animals that can produce exceptionally concentrated urine should be expected to have nephrons with longer 1. Descending limbs of the loop of Henle 2. Distal tubules 3. Ascending limbs of the loops of Henle 4. Proximal tubules
1 and 3
Asexual reproduction happens through (1 parent/2parents)
1 parent
Carbon gets removed from the active cycle by sedimentation into the geosphere in what 2 main forms?
1) 80% as limestome (CaCO3) 2) 20% as kerogan (coil, oil, natural gas)
What are some features shared with the protists?
1) All algae are photosynthetic like plants 2) Brown, red & some green algae are multicellular eukaryotes like plants 3) Some protists have cell walls composed of cellulose like plants 4) Chlorophylls (a protein used in photosynthesis) are found in some protists and plants
List these for the outside to inside of the cell: cell membrane/protoplast, primary cell wall, secondary cell wall.
1) Cell membrane / protoplast 2) secondary cell wall 3) primary cell wall
Plant cells differ from animal cells in several ways including .....
1) Chloroplasts are present in plant cells but not in most animals 2) Plant cells have a central vacuole bounded by a specialized membrane called a tonoplast 3) Plant cells have a cell wall
What are the two functions of the gastrovascular cavities in cnidaria and platyhelminths?
1) Digestion 2) Distribution of nutrients, metabolic wastes, respiratory gases.
What are the 4 main categories of vertebrate tissue?
1) Epithelial 2) Connective 3) Nervous 4) Muscle
What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells and what are some properties of each?
1) Fiber cells long, slender, tapered Often associated with vascular tissues Commonly in strands or bundles Scerlenchyma fibers cells are used to produce hemp products like ropes. 2) Sclereids Variable and irregular in shape Occur singly or in aggregates in ground tissues In seed coats, Papery stuff in onions, sandy texture of pears Imparts hardness to nutshells and stones of stone fruits Can't digest them or break them down, so they are fiberin your diet
What are 3 types of imprinting? Describe them too.
1) Filial imprinting - discrimination of members of the same species. Example - some birds with "imprint" on moving objects during their infancy. Usually they imprint on a member of their family. 2) Song imprinting- young birds learn songs (typically of their parents) 3 components: 1) The baby hears conspecific a conspecific is a member of the same species) 2) The baby hears itself mimic the song (aka rehearse the song) 3) The baby has a genetic capacity to recognizes and produce the song. 3) Sexual imprinting - during a critical period some young animals must imprint on conspecifics. Example: male zebra finches prefer mates that resemble the females that reared them rather than their birth mothers.
What are three big mechanisms of speciation?
1) Genetic variation Such as mutations, gene duplications, chromosome rearrangements, sexual reproduction, genetic drift (i.e., the unpredictable fluctuation of allele frequencies in a population from generation to generation) 2) Reproductive isolation 3) Selection
What are 5 types of learned behaviors?
1) Habituation: filature to respond to a persistent stimulus 2) Associative Learning: linkage of one stimulus to the other 3) Imprinting: a restrictive and irreversible form of rapid learning that occurs during a short critical period. 4) Imitative learning: copying a behavior 5) Insight: mental manipulation of concepts to perform adaptive behaviors
What are the two basic types of mechanisms of parthenogenesis?
1) Haploid eggs develop into haploid adults (1n -> 1n) 2) Chromosome number doubles to create a diploid zygote
What the the three Byrophyte Phyla?
1) Hepatophyta - Liverworts 2) Bryophyta - Mosses 3) Anthocerophyta - Hornworts
What 2 phyla are seedless vascular plants?
1) Lycophyta 2) Monilophyta
Ovules in seed plants consists of what 3 main things...
1) Megasporangium 2) megaspores 3) their integuments which envelope and protect the sporophyte
Three major lineages emerged during the Mesozoic period:
1) Monotremes 2) Marsupials 3) Eutherians
What mechanisms likely lead to sympatric speciation?
1) Non-random mating 2) Chromosomal changes (e.g., Polyploidy in plants - errors in cell division increases chromosome number generating gamete isolation or reduced hybrid viability. If chromosome number doubles in a plant, it can only mate with another plant that also has a double number of chromosomes.) 3) Habitat differentiation (e.g., apple maggot flies could lay eggs on Hawthorne berries or apples which have different growing seasons. This eventually resulted in two different species of flies, one that lays eggs on the berries and one that lays eggs on the apples).
What are the 4 synapomorphies of chordates?
1) Notochord 2) Dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3) Pharyngeal slits 4) Muscular-post anal tail
What 2 things makes bark?
1) Periderm 2) Secondary phloem
What 3 primary meristems do apical meristems give rise to? What tissue does each turn into?
1) Protoderm which gives rise to dermal tissue system 2) Ground meristem which gives rise to ground tissue system 3) Procambium which becomes vascular tissue
What synapomorphies do deuterostomes share?
1) Radial cleavage during development 2) Early indeterminant development 3) Blastopore develops into anus 4) Eucoelom forms by enterocoely
What are 3 advantages of seeds over spores?
1) Seed coat = extra protection 2) Stored food permits long periods of dormancy (can be years!) 3) Long-distance dispersal is possible
What two criteria help classify different types of connective tissues?
1) Shape of cells ( squamous, cuboidal, columnar) 2) Number of layers of cells (one layer (simple) or more than one layer (stratified)) There is also a transitional type where there are multiple layers and cell shapes In organs that need to expand like the bladder.
Lancelets are different than lampreys in what ways?
1) Unique notochord that persists in adults - bears a flexible sheath partly enclosing the nerve cord 2) Cartilaginous skeleton lacking collagen, which is weird because most types of collagen is made of collagen.
What are two types or lateral meristems?
1) Vascular cambium 2) cork cambium
What do ferns have that mosses do not?
1) Vascular tissue - xylem & phloem 2) Roots 3) Leaves
What 2 complex tissues does the vascular cambium make?
1) Xylem 2) Phloem
How can you test is a community is under bottom-up control?
1) add fertilizer to the ecosystem and if vegetation, herbivore, and predator numbers increase then it is under bottom-up control 2) remove predators, and see if herbivores or vegetation change. If there is no big change, the community is under bottom-up control.
What three types of control are there for community structure?
1) bottom-up: this perspective emphasizes that community structure is influenced by the lowermost trophic levels like nutrient provisioning (like nitrogen and phosphorus levels). 2) top-down: Upper trophic levels (predators or herbivores) determines the mass and numbers of the lower trophic levels. 3) disturbance: the physical environment is so horrible that animals never reach a steady-state. Things like floods, viruses, drought, etc.
What are three main parts of a seed?
1) embryo 2) food supply 3) seed coat
What synapomorphies do protostomes share?
1) spiral cleavage during development 2) Determinant development 3) Blastopore develops into mouth 4) Eucoelom forms by splitting of the mesoderm aka schizocoely.
Which sequence describes the sequence of blood flow in a mammal? 1. Pulmonary artery 2. Pulmonary vein 3. Left atrium 4. Right atrium 5. Capillaries
1, 5, 2, 4
Put the following in the correct chronological order. 1. Invertebrates appear 2. Colonization of land by fungi plants and animals 3. Diversification of early vascular plants 4. Cambrium explosion 5. Origin of reptiles
1-4-2-3-5
What are 3 main functions of roots?
1. Anchorage 2. Absorption of minerals & water 3. Food storage
What are five derived traits of land plants that are not in charophyceans (the green algal most recent common ancestor)?
1. Apical meristems - regions of growth at shoots and roots 2. Alternation of generations - two different, multicellular bodies, each form producing the other. 3. Walled spores are produced in sporangia. 4. Multicellular gametangia produce gametes 5. Multicellular plant embryos develop from zygotes that are retained in the tissues of the female parent 6. Waxy cuticles prevent desiccation 7. Toxic compounds to prevent getting eaten.
Leaves typically have what two components?
1. Blade 2. Petiole
What are three major compartments cell have?
1. Cell Wall 2. Cytosol 3. Vacuole
What are the three tissue systems that comprise plants organs?
1. Dermal 2. Ground 3. Vascular
What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction in the ppts?
1. Fission - separation into 2 or more individuals of equal size 2. Budding - smaller individuals split from the parent 3. Fragmentation - aka architomy. The parent breaks down into smaller pieces followed by regeneration (contracts with fission and budding in which organ differentiation takes place within the fragments before separation) 4. Parthenogenesis - egg development without fertilization
What two key adaptations characterize angiosperms?
1. Flowers 2. Fruits
What are 5 ways there can be a prezygotic barrier?
1. Habitat isolation: two garter snake species occupy different habitats in the same region 2. Temporal Isolation: two spotted skunk species breed in different seasons 3. Behavioral Isolation: unique behavioral rituals may be required for mate recognition 4. Mechanical Isolation: morphological differences prevent successful meaning 5. Gamete Isolation: sperm and eggs may not be compatible
What are three examples of innate behavior?
1. Kinesis 2. Taxis 3. Fixed action patterns
What are the 3 major clades of mammals?
1. Monotremes (only 5 species) composed of the Echidna (only 4 species) & the Platypus (only 1 species) 2. Marsupials (pouched animals, ~334 species). Yolky eggs support early embryonic development, then the tiny fetus-like babies crawl out and suckling on a nipple in the marsupium (the pouch) for further development. 3. Eutherians (placental mammals, >4,700 species). Placenta arises from extraembryonic membranes of the embryo and the lining of the uterus.
Evidence that animals described from choanoflagellate-like protistan.
1. Morphologically, choanoflagellates and poriferan collar cells are indistinguishable. Put simply: choanoflagellates look like a part of sponges. 2. Collar cells have been observed in other animals, but not in other kingdoms (e.g., plants and fungi). 3. Based on DNA sequence data, choanoflagellates and animals have homologous cadherin genes
What tissues make up ground tissue (cortex, pith, mesophyll, etc.)?
1. Parenchyma 2. Sclerenchyma 3. Collenchyma
What tissues make up the dermal tissue (epidermis)?
1. Parenchyma 2. Sclerenchyma
What two principles did John Baptiste de Lamarck base Lamarckian evolution on?
1. Principle of use and disuse 2. Principle of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
What are 5 synapomorphies (recent shared derived traits) for seed plants?
1. Reduced gametophytes 2. Heterospory 3. Ovules (Archegonium has eggs in ovules instead of just eggs) 4. Pollen 5. Seeds
What are three postzygotic barriers?
1. Reduced hybrid fertility: hybrids may be rigorous but sterile 2. Reduced hybrid viability: offspring may have incomplete development 3. Hybrid breakdown: hybrids are fertile, but subsequent offspring are feeble or sterile
What are the three basic organs of plants?
1. Roots 2. Stems 3. Leaves
What cell types make up phloem?
1. Sieve tube elements 2. Companion cell 3. Fiber 4. Parenchyma
What cell types make up xylem?
1. Tracheid 2. Vessel Elements 3. Fiber 4. Parenchyma
What are the three steps in urine production?
1. Ultrafiltraiton 2. reabsorption 3. Secretion
What are some reasons a photosynthesis organisms might benefit from being on land?
1. Unfiltered sunlight 2. Abundance of CO2 3. Soil rich in nutrients 4. Fewer herbivores, pathogens, or competitors
What tissues make up vascular tissue (vascular bundles, stele, etc.)?
1. Xylem 2. Phloem
What are the three basic components of circulatory systems?
1. circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph) 2. Blood vessels 3. Pulsatile organ / a pump (for example a heart).
When was "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" published?
1859
How many chambers does a heart of a bony fish have?
2
How many integuments do angiosperms have?
2
Through how many capillary beds must a human red blood cell travel if it takes the shortest possible route from the right ventricle to the right atrium?
2
In the phylogenetic trees above number represent species and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are presented as sister taxa in the tree to the fight but not in tree to the left?
2 and 3
Sexual Reproduction happens through (1 parent/2parents)
2 parents
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life? 1. Formation of protoblonts 2. Synthesis of organic monomers 3. Synthesis of organic polymers 4. Formation of DNA-based genetic systems
2, 3, 1, 4
Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.
2-4-1-3
Put in the correct order in terms of appearance of ancestral characters of mammals. 1. three germ layers 2. true tissues 3. amniotic egg 4. bilateral symmetry
2-4-1-3
Triploblastic animals have ___ embryonic tissue layers.
3
Blood flukes are parasitic flatworms that live in the bloodstream of the host. The worm's interstitial fluids are isoosmotic to the host's blood, so which of these is/are true? 1. The worms lack flame bulbs, or have nonfunctional flame bulbs 2. The worms have flame bulbs that are mostly active in performing osmoregulation 3. The worms have flame bulbs that eliminate nitrogenous wastes. 4. The worms have flame bulbs whose role is to eliminate excess water that enters the worm by osmosis.
3 and 4
How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?
3 chambers: 2 atria and one ventricle
Sample sizes for t tests need to be _______
3 or larger
How any chambers does a mammalian heart have?
4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles
In human hormone cascades, what is the correct sequence in which these structures become involved, starting with the organ at the beginning of the cascade? 1. Nonendocrine target 2. Anterior pituitary gland 3. Posterior pituitary gland 4. Hypothalamus 5. Specific endocrine gland
4, 2, 5, 1
Which is though to be correct sequence of evolutionary events rom earliest to most recent? 1. Origin of mitochondria 2. Origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. Origin of chloroplasts 4. Origin of prokaryotes 5. Accumulation of oxygen in the air
4, 5, 1, 3, 2
Who was Carolus Linnaeus?
A Swedish scientist that published "Systema Naturae", in which he created the nested classification system used in taxonomy today.
glomerulus
A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.
Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?
A behavior reproductive isolation
What is life history?
A broad term gesturing at the traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and death.
A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is an illustration of
A change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts
How does phloem sap more through the plant?
A combination of apoplastic and symplastic routes
Transmembrane route is...
A combination of apoplastic and symplastic routes, going through multiple membranes of cells
What is a basement membrane / basal lamina?
A dense matrix of extra-cellular glycoproteins (proteins with sugars on them)
Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?
A desert bird
What is game theory?
A field of study based on studying how individuals try to maximize their returns in a game. Though this idea was not originally developed to explain aspects of evolution, it can. The game is maximizing fitness (surviving and reproducing). How should organisms behave to maximize their fitness? Individual organisms will try to behave in ways that maximize the perpetual of their genes into the future. We don't go into this very deeply, but it is really interesting!
Egg-retrieval in grey-lay geese in an example of
A fixed-action pattern
What is a tissue?
A group of cells with a common structure and function.
What is the neural crest?
A group of embryonic cells near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube. These cells migrate to distant sites in the embryo and give rise to some tissues unique to vertebrates like. 1) Bones & cartilage of the cranium 2) Connective tissue of major glands 3) Parasympathetic and sensory ganglia 4) Dermis and fat of the skin 5) smooth muscle of dermal and vascular system 6) melanocytes - cells that allow for pigmentation 7) cornea of eye and cartilage of the ear 8) adrenal medulla
What is a population?
A group of individuals of a single species that simultaneously occupy the same generation
What is a clade?
A group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all it is descendants.
What is an organ?
A group of tissues which function together to accomplish something
Which of the following animals generals has the lowest volume of urine production?
A marine bony fish
What is reproductive fitness?
A measure of the number of offspring that survive to reproduce.
Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?
A mouse species living in the desert
Vertebrates and tunicates share
A notochord
All chordates have all the following:
A notochord pharyngeal slits bilateral symmetry dorsal, hollow nerve cord
A pharmaceutical trial was conducted in which a hair restorative drug was tested on 20 individuals with hair densities taken before and after treatment. Which one of the following statements is true?
A paired T test would be the appropriate choice
What is niche overlap?
A phenomenon where different species share some aspects of their requirements
What is water potential?
A physical property that predicts the direction of flow based on solute concentration and pressure.
What is a learned behavior?
A pliable behavior which can be modified as the result of experience. Requires interactions with the environment
What is the unit of selection?
A population
What is, arguably, the unit of natural selection?
A population (but there is also explanatory power in thinking that an individual, or a group of related individuals (kin) are "units" of selection), hence the terms "individual selection" and "kin selection.") Even individual genes or groups of genes might be conceived of as a unit of selection. What is the unit of selection is, is a complicated, deep question in biology.
What is an aquarporin?
A pore in the cell membrane that allows water in and out of a cell.
What is the difference between a proximate and ultimate cause for a behavior?
A proximate cause for a behavior explains the occurrence of a behavior in terms of physiological happenings (aka chemical reactions) close to the occurrence of the behavior. An ultimate cause for a behavior explains the occurrence of a behavior in terms of how it tends to increase fitness (survival and reproduction).
What is an synapomorphy?
A recent, shared, derived characteristics
What is the pericardium?
A sac filled with serous fluid to reduce friction when the heart beats.
In a comparison of birds and mammals the condition of having four limbs is
A shared derived characters
What is the bottleneck effect?
A sharp reduction I the size of a population due to environmental events or human activities
What is the appendix?
A small cecum found at the juncture between the small and large intestines
What is a keystone species?
A species that is highly influential in the community.
What is a sign stimulus?
A stimulus that causes a fixed action pattern in an animal. Example: eggs cause retrieval fixed action pattern in geese Yellow pigments cause orachard flies to land on the yellow thing.
The apoplast is
A system of interconnected plant cell walls through which water moves
What is a convergent/analogous trait?
A trait that evolved in independently in organisms and does not exist in a shared common ancestor.
What is a homologous trait?
A trait that exists in multiple species because it evolved in a shared common ancestor
"A creepy, crawly, slimy thang that obviously ain't sumthin' else" best describes...
A worm
In kidneys, which hormone is most effective at causing increased numbers of aquaporins to be present in collecting duct epithelia, and what is the source of this hormone?
ADH; posterior pituitary gland
What turns pepsinogen into pepsin?
Activated pepsin or low pH / acidic environments
Which of the following does NOT contribute to filtration?
Active transport by epithelial lining renal tubules
A species of bird finds its way to the Galápagos Islands, where there are many ecological niches. This species evolves into many new species to fill all the unfilled niches. This is an example of
Adaptive radiation
What type if tissue has a big intracellular matrix of triglycerides and also aids in insulation?
Adipose connective tissue
What are some properties of Class Amphibia?
Adults have lungs but they are small, inefficient, or absent. No alveoli. All rely on cutaneous respiration to some degree - big leathery skinned toads not so much. Amphibians have external fertilization with eggs alid in water Eggs lack water-proof shell, so they need to be in the water
What is an advantage and disadvantage of hermaphroditism?
Advantage - Increases reproductive output because you can impregnate yourself and don't have to find or compete for mates Disadvantage - maintaining both reproductive systems is energetically costly.
What are reproductive tables / fertility schedules?
Age-specific summary of the reproductive rate in a population
What are some properties of Hagfishes?
Agnathous Cartilaginous skeleton w/o bones Notochord retained in adults Highly reduced vertebrae and cranium Rows of slime glands along flanks. No paired appendages
What are some properties of lancelets?
Agnathous Lack paired appendages Can live in marine or freshwater environments. Suspension feeding during development, can become parasitic on fish or nonfeeding when adults.
What has a lower water potential: air or soil?
Air
Which of the following is a benefit of gas exchange in air compared with exchange in water?
Air has a higher concentration of molecular oxygen
Fatty acids are transported around by what protein in the blood?
Albumin
Who came up with similar ideas about Natural Selection as Charles Darwin?
Alfred Russel Wallace
Food processing, water balance, and absorption are all functions of the
Alimentary canal
___ is a disposal sac for certain metabolic wastes produced by the embryo and also functions as a respiratory organ.
Allantois
Geographic isolation can lead to:
Allopatric speciation
What is the most common method by which new species arise?
Allopatric speciation/geographic isolation
What is the difference between allopatry and sympatry?
Allopatry: speciation mediated by barrier-interupted gene flow. Sympatry: speciation that occurs in geographically overlapping procedures.
What is mammalian hair made of?
Alpha-keratin
Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in the closely related green algae?
Alteration of generation
Of the social behaviors listed below, which one results in increase fitness to the recipient, but decreased fitness to the donor?
Altrustic behavior
An animal's nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat
Ammonia
If the animal is small and aquatic, odds are that its nitrogenous waste is in the form on ___________.
Ammonium
What form of nitrogenous waste do aquatic animals secrete?
Ammonium
What form of nitrogenous waste is most toxic?
Ammonium
In the process of nitrification, what gets turned into nitrates?
Ammonium (NH4+)
What are the three forms of nitrogenous waste animals deal with?
Ammonium (NH4+) Urea Uric acid
What major evolutionary breakthrough allowed a full terrestrial existence?
Amnions
___ are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg
Amniotes
What class are the first terrestrial vertebrates?
Amphibians. Later, Insects (which are arthropods) also successfully colonized land.
What is a behavior?
An activity triggered by a stimulus
An excess of phosphorus in freshwater systems might lead to what?
An algal bloom
Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis?
An egg develops without being fertilized
metanephridium
An excretory organ found in many invertebrates that typically consists of tubules connecting ciliated internal openings to external openings.
protonephridium
An excretory system, such as the flame-cell system of flatworms, consisting of a network of closed tubules having external openings called nephridiopores and lacking internal openings.
What is a zymogen?
An inactive enzyme that can get turned into an active enzyme via being a specific pH or being acted on by an enzyme
Symplastic route is...
An intracellular route through the cytoplasm of cells via plasmodesmata
Structures as different as bird wings, butterfly wings, and skin flaps on gliding squirrels all have the same function. These similarities are an example of
Analogy
Photosynthesis eukaryotes contain both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Which sequence most likely describes the evolution of this group?
Ancestral anaerobic prokaryote engulfs heterotrophic prokaryote and then engulfs photosynthetic prokaryote
______ bear seeds wrapped in a mature ovary.
Angiosperms
What are the two major clades of seed plants?
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
Evolutionary hallmark is peristaltic burrowing via expansion and contraction of segments.
Annelida
Polychaete
Annelida
earthworms are in this phyla
Annelida
leeches are in this phyla
Annelida
What continent contains the most ice and freshwater?
Antarctica
The male gametangia is called ______ and produces eggs and serves as the site of fertilization.
Antheridia
What is the male gametangia?
Antheridia
In terms of the pattern of blood flow in the kidney, which one of the following is in the correct sequence?
Aorta -> Renal artery -> Afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> vasa recta -> renal vein -> vena cava
Tips of roots and stems Including axillary buds)
Apical Meristems
What are two types of meristems seen in many plants?
Apical and Lateral Meristems
Herbaceous plants
Apical meristems
Primary growth
Apical meristems
Roots and shoot
Apical meristems
Which taxon is incorrectly paired with the representative example?
Apoda: caecilian Squamata lizard Urodela: salamander Chelonian: tortoise Myxini: hagfish
What route does the soil solution travel while moving from root tips to the cortex of the root?
Apoplastic route, although stuff in the soil may be taken up into cells for symplastic transport.
What is the female gametangia?
Archegonia
The primitive gut is called the
Archenteron
What type of asexual reproduction is commonly seen in social insects like bess, ants, wasps, and termites?
Arrhenotoky - where parthenogensis creates haploid males. Unfertilized eggs become males.
(arteries/veins) tend to have thicker walls.
Arteries
In what type of blood vessel (i.e., capillaries, veins, blood vessels) the highest?
Arteries
In comparing arteries and veins, as a general rule...
Arteries tend to have thicker walls and veins tend to have larger interior diameters
Each day an adult human loses about 4-8L of fluid form capillaries to the surround tissues. The lost fluid is returned to the blood via
Arterioles
______ are small vessels that carry blood to, and directly connect with capillaries.
Arterioles
Animals are which phyla are protostomes with chitinous exoskeletons?
Arthropoda
Arachnids
Arthropoda
Chitinous exoskeleton
Arthropoda
Millipede
Arthropoda
Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body?
Arthropoda
crustaceans
Arthropoda
evolutionary hallmark = waterproof, articulated exoskeleton
Arthropoda
insects
Arthropoda
myriapods & trilobites
Arthropoda
What phyla have exoskeletons?
Arthropods
Comparing Asexual and sexual reproduction, which has greater efficiency of transfer of an individuals genes?
Asexual
Comparing Asexual and sexual reproduction, which has less expense of time, effort, and risk?
Asexual
Polyps are the ________ stage of the cnidarian life cycle.
Asexual
In comparing sexual vs. asexual reproduction, which of the following statements is true?
Asexual reproduction tends to be less costly in terms of time, effort, and risk.
Palov and Skinner are credited with elucidating details of which one of the following types or behaviors?
Associative learning
The only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles of the human heart is/are the ____________.
Atrioventricular node
The normal contraction of specialized atrial cells results from the activity of the ______, and the simultaneous contraction of the left and right atria is due to the _____.
Auto-rhythmic pacemaker cells; gap junctions
B-keratin
Aves
Sister group to the crocodilians
Aves
What do some bacteria in the large intestine synthesize?
B complex vitamins and vitamin K
All chordates have all the following except:
Backbone
What taxa would you likely find fission in?
Bacteria, protists, Cnidarians, platyhelminths
What is the difference between Batesian and Mullerian mimicry?
Batesian = harmless mimic and harmful model (e.g., toxic monarchy butterfly is mimicked by the non-toxic viceroy butterfly. Mullerian = two or more harmful animals mimic each other
Why are ventricles have thicker, more muscular walls than the atria?
Because the atria only pump to the ventricles. The ventricles have to pump all the way through the lungs or all the way through the body.
Why are fish gills red?
Because you can see the hemoglobin (a respiratory pigment)
What is the climax community in the northeastern united states?
Beech-maple forest.
Did the split between the Parazoans and Eumetazoans occur before or after the split between the radiate and bilateria?
Before
distal convoluted tubule
Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium
What are chylomicrons?
Big packages of triacylglycerols that get formed inside the cells of the small intestines.
An animal with a dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior sides have ________ symmetry.
Bilateral
Animals have cephalization (i.e., aggregation of neurons and sensory organs in a "head") have __________ symmetry.
Bilateral
Most animal phyla belong to the clade
Bilateria
What are some components of bile?
Bile salts Cholesterol Bile pigments - Colored pigments from hemoglobin that comes from broken down red blood cells Electrolytes - help neutralize pH
What are some functions of loose connective tissue proper?
Binds epithelia to underlying tissue Packing material to hold organs in place
______ species concept defines a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature, produce viable, fertile offspring and are unable to produce viable fertile offspring with members of other populations.
Biological
Groups of interbreeding natural populations that reproductively isolated from other groups
Biological species concept
As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?
Bipedal locomotion
Which of the following possesses a one-way flow system to ventilate the respiratory epithelium?
Birds, fish
What sort of statistics are common concerns in demography?
Birth rate, death rate, generation time, and sex ratio
What two things increase density?
Births and immigration
The primitive groove of the bird is the functional equivalent of the
Blastopore
What comes first: blastula or gastrula?
Blastula
What is the extracellular matrix of blood?
Blood plasma - water, salts, soluble proteins etc.
Is blood pressure or osmotic pressure higher at the start of capillary beds?
Blood pressure
What 3 cues contribute to the opening of stomata?
Blue-light receptors active proton pumps when dawn comes and bring light CO2 levels decrease An innate circadian rhythm in the plants
What is an example of protogynous species?
Bluehead wrasse
____ effect is the lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by a drop in pH. It aides in the release of O2 from hemoglobin in active tissues.
Bohr
What type of tissue is best described as heavily mineralized connective tissue at least partly made out of hydroxyapatite?
Bone
Of the following anatomical structures which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?
Bones in the flipper of a whale
Which of the following are accurately matched?
Bony fish - operculum
What is the difference between protogynous and protoandrous hermaphroditism?
Both are types of sequential hermaphroditism. Protogynous species start out as females Protandrous species start out as males.
Which of the followings statements is true for BOTH oogenesis and spermatogenesis?
Both processes are stimulated at some point by FSH
What evidence suggests that the vertebrate brain had its origins in a lancelet-like chordate?
Both show similar pattern of HOX gene expression in the development of their "brains"
ongoing, substantial population growth
Broad based pyramid
What taxonomic groups exhibit a dominant gametophyte stage?
Bryophytes
What type of roots support shallow-rooted trees in the tropics?
Buttress roots
In addition to skeletal differences, cartilaginous fishes can be distinguished from bony fishes
By the absence in cartilaginous fished of a swim bladder
The velocity of blood flow varies in the circulatory system and is slowest in the ___ as a results of the high resistance and large total cross-sectional area.
Capillaries
What type of blood vessel has the highest sum of cross sectional area?
Capillaries
In terms of the human circulatory system, the greatest cross-sectional area, lowest average blood pressure and slowest blood flow velocity would be found int which of the following, respectively?
Capillaries: vena cava: capillaries
What does salivary amylase break down?
Carbohydrates
What period is called the "Age of the Amphibians?"
Carboniferous Period
Which muscle types is syncytial and involuntary?
Cardiac
Which types of muscle are considered involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth
Blood pressure can be affected by
Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume
What are the three types of muscle?
Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
What is K?
Carrying capacity. The maximum population size that an environment can support with no net increase or decrease over a relatively long period of time.
What tissue is made up of a rubbery matrix of chondroitin sulfate and collagen?
Cartilage
Embryonic skeletons are mostly made of what tissue?
Cartilage. Joints, rib cage ears, noses, bronchial tubes, and in-between vertebral discs are major locations of cartilage in adults
The waterproof region around the walls of the endodermal cells is the
Casparian strip
Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of
Cell elongation
How is root pressure created in plants?
Cells in the root pumps mineral ions into xylem and the casparian strip prevents them from leaking back out. Adding ions to into the xylem decreases its water potential. Water likes to go from high water potential to low water potential, so water is drawn into the xylem, creating root pressure.
What subphylum are lancelets in?
Cephalochordata
What are plasmodesmata?
Channels in cell walls that permit intercellular cytoplasmic connections
Natural Selection, "origin of species"
Charles Darwin
Who was the author of "On the Origin of Species by Mean of Natural Selection"?
Charles Darwin
Uniformitarianism
Charles Lyell
Who advocated uniformitarianism, the idea that natural processes that operated in the past are the same as those can be observed operating in the present?
Charles Lyell
The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____.
Charophytes
What are 3 cell types in gastric glands and what do they secrete?
Chief cell - Pepsinogen (a zymogen that gets turned into pepsin) Parietal cells -HCl Goblet cells - Mucus
What are some example of Imitative learning?
Chimps watch another chimp use a tool and then do the same
All animals described from a ___________
Choanoflagellate-like protist
Which of the following are closely related to animals?
Chonaoflagellate
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Chondrichthyes
Placoid scales
Chondrichthyes
Polyphyodont dentition
Chondrichthyes
Spiral valve
Chondrichthyes
What cells produce the chondroitin sulfate and collagenous fibers?
Chondrocytes found in lacunae
To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree,
Choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes in either DNA or morphology
Lancets, tunicates, and vertebrates are in this phyla
Chordata
bilaterally symmetrical, enterocoelous deuterostomes
Chordata
dorsal nerve cords (aka a stiff rod of tissue down the back)
Chordata
muscular post-anal tail
Chordata
pharyngeal gill slits
Chordata
What type of tissue would you find lining our trachea?
Ciliated epithelial tissue
Cladistics differs from phonetics in that
Cladistics accounts for the phenomenon of convergence.
You find a section of sedimentary rock in which the strata and some fossils have been exposed. You notice that a clam fossil is in deeper strata than a fish fossil you can see. Using relative dating, which fossil is most likely older?
Clam
What are the three 3 classes of Osteichthyes?
Class Actinopterygii (the ray-fined fishes) Class Actinistia (the lobe-finned fishes) Class Dipnoi (the lungfishes)
What class are birds in?
Class Aves (~10,000 species)
Sharks, skates, and rays are in what class?
Class Chondrichthyes
What class of chordates are humans in?
Class Mammalia
What class are the hagfishes in?
Class Myxini
What group has a swim bladder: Class Osteichthyes or Class Chondrocytes?
Class Osteichthyes
What superclass are the bony fish?
Class Osteichthyes - the largest group of vertebrates (~30,000 species!)
What class are the lampreys in?
Class Petromyzontida
What class has a classical taxonomy based on temporal fenestrae (openings in the sides of the skull behind the eyes)?
Class Reptilia (~8,000 species, I doubt you have to memorize how many species, I just think it is interesting)
What two classes form a clade cyclostoma (circular mouth)?
Class myxini Class Petromyzontida
Which vertebrate classes are agnathous?
Class myxini - hagfishes Class petromyzontida - lampreys
What are two types of conditioning? Describe them and give an example.
Classical Conditioning - association of an arbitrary stimulus with a reward or punishment Example: Pavlov's dogs unconditioned stimulus = food unconditioned response = salivation Conditioned stimulus = ring bell Conditioned response = salivation Ringing a bell before presenting food eventually makes the dogs salivate to the sound of the bell. Operant conditioning - association of an animal's own behavior with a reward or punishment Example: BF skinner's boxes Skinner has these boxes (sometimes called Skinner boxes) where he watch the animal and put some food in when the animal did something. Whatever behavior that immediately preceded the food increased in frequency of occurring. For example, Skinner put a pigeon in a box and would put some food in whenever the pigeon turned left. It eventually was spinning in left-wise circles when it got hungry.
Do annelids have open or closed circulatory systems?
Closed
What type of circulatory system do cephalopods have?
Closed
Cephalopods have an ______ circulatory system while all other molluscs have an _____ circulatory system.
Closed; Open
What is the most common dispersion pattern?
Clumped
What are the three types of dispersion patterns?
Clumped, uniform, and random
Some cnidaria use special organelles called ________ to sting or catch by gluing food.
Cnidae
Body plan looks like a persistent gastrula
Cnidaria
Diploblastic metazoans
Cnidaria
Has alteration of generations: medusa and polyp
Cnidaria
Has planula larvae (i.e., larva ciliated larva that look like small mike-and-ikes)
Cnidaria
Has primitive radial symmetry
Cnidaria
Includes jellyfish
Cnidaria
Oldest phyla to have a nervous system/neurons
Cnidaria
Why phyla has radial symmetry?
Cnidaria Echinodermata have secondary pentaradial symmetry, but have bilateral symmetry during development
What phyla have gastrovascular cavities?
Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes
What taxa commonly exhibit budding?
Cnidaria and tunicates Annelids and Platyhelminthes - exhibit paratomy a type of budding
Cnidocytes
Cnidarian
Collar cells, or choanocytes, are characteristic of
Cnidarians
Radial symmetry is characteristic of
Cnidarians
What are some properties Class Actinistia?
Coelecanths are in Class Actinistia - a student found on of these in South Africa in1930s Only one existing genus - Latimeria - named after the student.
The central digestive compartment of a cnidarian is called a
Coelenteron/Gastrovascular cavity
Which of the following triploblastic organisms is correctly matched with the type of body cavity it possesses?
Coelomate - earthworm Acoelomate - planarian Pseudocoelomate - rotifer
What is the most abundant animal protein?
Collagen
What are the three types of fibers in connective tissue which are often interconnected?
Collagenous - composed of a protein named collagen, a nonelastic strong protinaceous cord Elastic - Springy coils held together via hydrogen bonds that can break and reform to allow them to be elastic.Long threads of elastic and fibrillin Reticular - thin and branched collagen proteins and is often continuous with collaneous fibers. Reticular fibers are abundant in basement membranes.
What cell types make up collenchyma?
Collenchyma cells
What is a theory?
Colloquial definition: "any explanatory definition even fanciful or speculative one" Scientific definition: "a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that incorporates facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses."
at or near zero population growth
Columnar pyramid
What human activities have huge effects on the nitrogen cycle?
Combustion of fossil fuels and synthetic fertilizer usage Also pollution
What sort of information is used to create phylogenies?
Comparative anatomy Comparative embryology Comparative biochemistry Comparative molecular biology
What are the four types of interactions between species in a community?
Competition Predation Herbivory Symbiosis
What are some density-dependent factors that limit population growth?
Competition for resources Crowding in certain plants Limited sites to lay eggs Etc.
Is phloem simple or complex?
Complex
Is xylem simple or complex?
Complex
Fixed action pattern
Complex behaviors that complete in response to 1st appearance of as stimulus
The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is
Connective tissue
What main tissue type is best characterized as a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix?
Connective tissue
What main type of tissue's function is best described as binding, supporting, and protecting tissues?
Connective tissue
Which of the 4 main types of tissue is adipose?
Connective tissue
Which of the 4 main types of tissue is blood?
Connective tissue
Which of the 4 main types of tissue is cartilage?
Connective tissue
Which of the 4main types of connective tissue is bone?
Connective tissue
Which of the four main types of tissue is blood?
Connective tissue
What are the three subtypes of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper loose connective tissue proper dense/fibrous connective tissue proper Connective tissue with special properties Blood Adipose tissue Supportive Connective tissue Cartilage Bone
As blood flows through a capillary, __________ tissue flow past ____________ tissue.
Connective; simple squamous epithelium
Paraphyletic groups
Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants
Polyphyletic groups
Consists of distantly related species, but not the most recent common ancestor
Monophyletic groups
Consists of the ancestral species and all of its descendants
Type 2 survivorship curve
Constant death rate over the lifespan
According to the theory of ______ the continents are part of great pieces of the earth's crust that float on hot mantle.
Continental drift
In evolutionary terms, an organism's fitness is measured by its _____.
Contributions to the gene pool of the next generation
Radial symmetry has evolved in several groups of animals, including Cnidaria and the Echinodermata. This character and example illustrates what types of evolutionary history?
Convergence
This evolution of similar features (due to their existence in similar environments) in independent evolutionary lineages is called:
Convergent evolution
What is the periderm?
Cork cambium and tissue it produces
What 2 types of nephrons help with water retention?
Cortical nephrons with a short loop of Henle Juxtamedullary nephrons with a long loop of Henle and vasa recta (vascularization)
What does the notochord get replaced by/evolve into in vertebrates?
Cranium (bones of the skull) and vertebral column. Craniates = vertebrates
Closest living relatives of the birds are
Crocodilians
The arrangement of capillaries in a bird lung allows for ____ exchange.
Cross-current
What did Walter Rothenbuhler's breeding experiments with bees in the 1960s show?
Crossing hygienic bees with unhygienic bees produced unhygienic bees. unhygienic bees = bees that do not uncap and remove diseased pupae. Subsequent crossings showed 4 different behavioral phenotypes when dealing with diseased pupae: 1) Don't uncap or remove from the hive 2) Uncap and remove hive 3) Don't uncap but they do remove the hive 4) Uncap but don't remove from the hive Rothenbuhler concluded that two different genes control the two behvaiors (1-uncapping or not, 2- removing or not)
What is the difference between cryptic and aposematic coloration?
Cryptic = camouflage Aposematic = bright, distinct warning coloration
What is the origin of the swim bladder of the bony fish?
Current opinion holds it as forming form an "out pouching" of the digestive tract
What taxa exhibit cyclomorphosis and what is that?
Cyclomorphosis refers to seasonal (aka cyclical) changes in body form. Often spring/summer are seasons with abundant resources that allow robust parthenogenesis Autumn often has less resources and more predation making sexual reproduction a better reproductive strategy. This is seen in Rotifera, Daphnia, and Aphids.
t\Together, the hagfishes and lampreys form a clade of living jawless vertebrates, the ___
Cyclostomes
What is evolution?
Darwin's Definition: "Descent with modification" Modern Definition: " change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation"
What two things decrease density?
Deaths and emigration
Does adding sugar to pure water increase or decrease water potential?
Decrease
How does spiteful behavior influence fitness?
Decrease fitness of both donor and recipient
Spiteful behavior
Decrease fitness of both donor and recipient
Altruistic behavior
Decrease fitness of donor but increase fitness of recipient
How does altruistic behavior influence fitness?
Decrease fitness of donor but increase fitness of recipient
An decrease in temperature and an increase in pH typically causes a _____ in O2 affinity and shifts the oxygen equilibrium curve to the ____.
Decrease; right
Which of the following is the most predictable outcome of increase sexual gene flow between tow populations?
Decreased genetic differences between tow populations
As N approach K, population growth ____________
Decreases
Transporting sugar, a solute, into a sieve tube element of phloem tissue ______ water potential.
Decreases
What are gastric glands in the stomach?
Deep, pseudostratified epithelium lined pits that secrete acidic (pH 1-3) liquid.
Why do demographic studies often ignore males?
Demographers are interested in things that affect population size over time. In sexually reproducing species, only females produce offspring so females have the biggest effect on population size over time.
What are extensions from the soma/cell body of a neuron called?
Dendrites and axons
In the serous and submucosa of alimentary canal walls is what tissue?
Dense connective tissue proper
What tissue system provide a covering for the plant body?
Dermal
What tissue is usually tightly packed single layer of cells called the epidermis?
Dermal tissue
Which has the greatest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons? Desert mammals, humans, wolves, aquativ mammals
Desert mammals
Blastopore develops into anus
Deuterostome
Enterocoelom
Deuterostome
Indeterminate cell fate in early in early development
Deuterostome
Mesoderm in folds of achenteron
Deuterostome
Radial cleavage pattern
Deuterostome
Identical twin only occur in ______________ because they have indeterminate development.
Deuterostomes
What are the three major clades of bilateral animals?
Deuterstomia, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa
What is the Age of the fishes?
Devonian Period (360-400 million years ago)
____ are a group of amniote tetrapods that developed two holes in each side of their skulls.
Diapsids
Which of following statements is true regarding the HOX genes of animals?
Differences in the expression patterns of HOX genes can partially explain different body plans
What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion - passive movement down concentration gradients. Osmosis - diffusion of water across
The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all the following except:
Diffusion of salt from the descending Loop of Henle
The radiata-bilateria split parallels the
Diploblastic-triploblastic split
Are sporophytes haploid or diploid?
Dipoloid
Careful measurements have shown that darker salmon are more likely than lighter salmon or intermediate colored salmon to be eaten. This is an example of ____________ selection.
Directional
What are three modes of selection?
Directional, disruptive, stabilizing
Indicate what type of selection is occurring in the example here: During a drought, it was discovered that finches with large beaks and those with small beaks were more successful due to the food sources available during the drought.
Disruptive selection
Asexual reproduction (Involves 1n gametes / does not involve 1 in gametes)
Does not involve 1 gamete
Asexual reproduction (Involves fertilization/ does not involve fertilization (aka a joining of a sperm & egg))
Does not involve fertilization
Which of the following is found in tunicates?
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Which of the following is characteristic of all angiosperm?
Double internal fertilization
What major selective drove the evolution of gymnosperms?
Drier climates
To compensate for fluid loss many marine bony fish
Drink sea water
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum - short (25cm) c-shaped section that connects with the pancreatic and bile ducts Jejunum - central 2/5ths of the intestine Ileum - remaining portion that connects to the large intestine
What two hypotheses address the question "why are there usually only 3 or 4 trophic levels at most in nearly every ecosystem?"
Dynamic stability hypothesis - long food chains are less stable, that fluctuations in population sizes at the lower levels are so greatly magnified at the upper most levels that it is essentially impossible for them to be sustained.
In the phylogenetic tree above which of the following form a monophyletic group?
E, F, and G
Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?
Each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits
In what period did the first mammals first appear?
Early Jurassic (~200 mya)
What are some simultaneous hermaphrodites?
Earthworms, flukes, tapeworms, barnacles, cleaner shrimp
___________ have molt exoskeletons
Ecdysozoans
Complex coelomic water-vascular system to move around with tube feet.
Echinodermata
Has bilateral symmetry during development, but then develops radial symmetry secondarily
Echinodermata
Members of this phylum exhibit secondary derived radial symmetry...
Echinodermata
Mutable connective tissue
Echinodermata
Mutable connective tissue & regenerative ability
Echinodermata
Sea cucumbers are in this phyla
Echinodermata
Sea urchins and star fish are in this phyla
Echinodermata
Secondary pentamerous radial symmetry
Echinodermata
Sister phylum to the chordates
Echinodermata
The name of this phyla means "spiny skin"
Echinodermata
Tube feet and water-vascular system
Echinodermata
Which phyla are chordates most closely related to?
Echinodermata
Which of the following pairings of phylum and description are correct?
Echinodermata - bilateral symmetry as a larva, coelomate Nematoda - roundworms, pseudocoelomate Platyhelminthes - flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, unsegmented
Which phyla that you need to know are deuterostomes?
Echinodermata; Chordata
Which of the following phyla have a water vascular system?
Echinoderms
A set of organisms exploiting a single niche
Ecological species concept
When differentiating between two species of fish, you notice that one species stay near the surface and feed on floating algae, while the other species are bottom feeders. This is using the
Ecological species concept
The germ layer that gives rise to the outer covering of the animal body and to the nervous system is the _____.
Ectoderm
The neural tube develops from
Ectoderm
Parthenogenesis
Egg development without fertilization
Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.
Elephant; mouse
Consider the resting metabolic rates for an elephant, a human, and a mouse. In an hour, the __________ would consume the least about oxygen per gram and the __________ would consume the greatest amount of oxygen per gram.
Elephant; mouse
Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it _____.
Emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations
What tissue/germ layer forms from the part of the blastula that undergoes gastrulation?
Endoderm
A ___________ has living tissue on the outside.
Endoskeleton
The large central cell of the female angiosperm gametophyte , contains two nuclei and becomes the triploid, ____ a tissue rich in starch and other food reserves that nourish the developing embryo.
Endosperm
Which respect to an angiosperm which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome counts if n=1?
Endosperm - 2n
What are capillaries made of?
Endothelium / simple squamous epithelium. It is only one cell thick, somethings can diffuse in and out. What type of tissue do arteries & veins have that capillaries do not? Smooth muscle and connective tissue (dense and loose)
What type of tissue is endothelium? Where is endothelium?
Endothelium is simple squamous epithelium inside of blood vessels
Are birds endothermic or ectothermic?
Endothermic - birds have a high metabolic rate for flight and need to keep themselves warm to allow their muscles to work. They have B-ketarin feathers, fat to insulate. Feathers are modified scales
_____ are animals warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism and may include non-shivering thermogenesis.
Endotherms
Which hypothesis is best supported by data?
Energetic hypothesis.
Which of the following is common to the development of BOTH birds and mammals?
Epiblast and hypoblast
What type of tissue is best described covering inner and outer surfaces of a body with one or more layers of tightly packed cells connected with tight junctions that prevent things from leaking between the cells?
Epithelial tissues
THIS ANOTHER ONE. UGH
Eudicot and monocot
How often is stomach lining replaced?
Every 3 days
Which phyla are bilateral?
Everything besides Cnidaria and Porifera
What phyla have complete digestive tracts/alimentary canals?
Everything besides sponges
What taxonomic groups exhibit a dominant sporophyte stage?
Everything besides the Bryophytes
Which phyla have bilateral symmetry?
Everything that isn't a sponge or mature cnidarian
Which phyla have alimentary canals?
Everything that isn't a sponge, cnidarian, or platyhelminth.
Punctuated equilibrium
Evolution exhibits long periods of stasis with rare, localized, rapid events of branching speciation
Phyletic gradualism
Evolution occurs uniformly by steady, measured transformation
Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____.
Evolved from the same ancestor
A ___________ has dead tissue on the outside.
Exoskeleton
Which of the following is characteristics of arthropods?
Exoskeleton, Paired, jointed appendages, chitin, and segmentation
Which of the following is characteristics of connective tissue but not epithelial tissue?
Extensive extracellular matrix
Do amphibians have external or internal fertilization?
External
What structural adaptation in chickens allows them to lay their eggs in arid environments rather than in water?
Extra-embryonic membranes
Most animals have (intracellular/extracellular) digestion
Extracellular
Sieve-tube elements have nuclei.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Cndinarians exhibit cephalization.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE: Nematodes have a circulatory system.
FALSE
TRUE OR FLASE: Echinoderms exhibit a centralized nervous system and cephalization.
FALSE
After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of
Fat
What does the heart use for fuel?
Fatty acids (not sugar, which is more commonly used by skeletal muscles).
In heterosporous plants, megasporangium produce megaspores and produce what sex of gametophytes?
Female
Megagametophyte
Female gametophyte
What do generation do megaspores develop into?
Female gametophytes that produces eggs
Megapsorophylls
Female leaves
Megasporongia
Female sporangium
Megaspores
Female spores
Diploidy is first reestablished following
Fertilization
Which are always present in the blood?
Fibrinogen, Prothrombin
Which of the following structures or substances is incorrectly paired with a tissue?
Fibroblasts -> skeletal muscle
What two cell types are most common in loose connective tissue proper?
Fibroblasts and macrophages
Most monocots
Fibrous Root systems
Adventitious roots branching from stem
Fibrous root system
Shallow roots
Fibrous root system
Which process in the nephron is the least selective?
Filtration
What are some properties of Class Actinopterygii?
Fins supported by long, flexible rays Enhanced maneuverability
The surface of the small intestine is increased by
Folds in the wall, villi, microvilli
What is turgor pressure?
Force by which protoplasts push against cell walls
Which of the following statements about vascular tissue is NOT true?
Four cell types: sieve tube elements, companion cells, tracheas and vessel elements
In comparing osmoregulation in marine and freshwater bony fish, which of the following statements would be true?
Freshwater fish gain water osmotically across the gills and other parts of the body surface
How do the Lophotrochozoans get their name?
From a Lophophore (aka a crown of feedings tentacles) is often seen somewhere in their development
What is a syncytium?
Fusion of two or more cells & therefore multinucleate
A multicellular, haploid _____ produces eggs and sperm by the process of _____.
Gametophyte; mitosis
What are some functions of vertebrate cardiovascular systems?
Gas transport Nutrient & waste transport Temperature regulation Hormone circulation Nutrient reservoir (lipids & amino acids) Hydrostatic skeleton
Simplest form of a gut?
Gastrovascular cavity like in cnidaria & platyhelminths
Which of the following is the process that involves a ball of cells folding inward and forming germ layers?
Gastrulation
What are some examples of fixed action patterns?
Geese retrieving things that look like eggs to their nest. Sign Stimulus = looks like an egg Fixed action pattern = bring it back to the nest Digger wasps inspecting their burrow to put their prey in. Sign stimulus = a stung insect 2.5 cm from their burrow Fixed action pattern = checking their burrow Song birds throwing strange things out of their nests Sign stimulus = something that doesn't below in the nest Fixed action pattern = Throwing things out.
In a hybrid zone where reinforcement is occurring we should see a decline in
Gene flow between the gene pools
What does xylem do?
Generally conveys water and minerals upward, except in spring where it can bring sugars up from the roots When people collect sap, they tap into the xylem to collect maple syrup.
Which of the following is not one of the factors that adaptive radiation can result from?
Genetic drift
Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in allopatric speciation?
Genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence
Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?
Genetic variation among individuals
Sexual Reproduction (Genome of parents & offspring are identical / genome of parents & offspring are different)
Genome of parents and offspring are different
Asexual reproduction (Genome of parents & offspring are identical / genome of parents & offspring are different)
Genome of parents and offspring are identical
What is the proper way to write the binomial nomenclature in Latin?
Genus Species
Father of Paleontology
Georges Cuvier
Who is credited documenting and popularizing the occurrence of extinctions via a "sudden, short-lived, violent events", and yet still opposed evolution?
Georges Cuvier
Who is the Frenchmen known as the "Father of paleontology"?
Georges Cuvier
Materials from the earth's interior are released by what process?
Geothermal
In comparing the components of alimentary canal among the animal phyla, mechanical digestion tends to be a function of the ___________ when present.
Gizzard
What cells provide neurons with support?
Glial cells
The afferent arteriole delivers blood to the
Glomerulus
What hormone increases blood glucose?
Glucagon
How does glucagon increase blood glucose?
Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, mostly in the liver.
Coeloms are advantageous because they permit
Great size and complexity Organ growth Cushioning of suspected organs
Concurrent flow is not as efficient in exchange as countercurrent flow because the latter provides
Greater surface area for diffusion
Sclereids and fibers are examples of which plant tissue?
Ground
What tissue has diverse functions like photosynthesis, storage, structural support?
Ground tissue
Plants that evolved vascular tissue are more advanced than plants without vascular tissue. One of the consequences is that vascular tissue enabled plants to
Grow taller
Based on the equation, DN/Dt = rN What is happening to the population if r>0?
Growing
The plasma membrane of plants use ATP-dependent pumps to pump ___ out of the cell. This establishes an electrochemical gradient that drives the transport os solutes.
H+
What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?
Habitat - specific environment in which an organism lives Niche - role of the organism in the environment, "N-dimensional hypervolume" where N represents all the known biotic and abiotic factors associated with the species of interest
Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than one million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by _____.
Habitat differentiation
The "Biogenic Law" is attributed to
Haeckel
Are gametophytes haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Spores grow into what?
Haploid gametophytes
In plants which of the following are produced by meiosis?
Haploid spores
A "complete digestive tract" differs from a gastrovascular cavity in that only the complete tract
Has specialized compartments
Which of the following is NOT true of amniotes?
Have hair and produce milk
Which of the following is NOT true of parenchyma?
Have secondary walls
Which of the following is true of parenchyma?
Have thin and flexible primary walls Are the least specialized of ground tissue Perform the most metabolic functions Retain the ability to divide and differentiate
A circular arrangement of osteocytes and layers of collagen and hydroxyapatite around a haversian canal is called?
Haversian system
What is James Hutton's legacy?
He is known for being the "Father of Modern Geology" because he proposed mechanisms explaining rock formations, and geological features that can be explained by gradual mechanisms.
Pulse is a direct measure of
Heart rate
What causes gastric ulcers?
Helicobacter pyloris, a bacterium
The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is
Hemolymph
Which of the following is NOT a Hardy Weinburg assumption?
Heritable mutations can occur
All seed plants species are _______
Heterosporous
Pine trees are heterosporous or homosporous?
Heterosporous. All seed plants are heterosporous. A few seedless plants are heteros
Which of the following is a characteristics of ALL animals?
Heterotrophic Eukaryotic Multicellular
Which partial set of characters would best describe a member of the kingdom Animalia?
Heterotrophic eukaryotes, nervous and muscle tissues, tissue development from embryonic germ layers, cell walls absent, dominance of sexually reproducing diploids
Type 3 survivorship curve
High juvenile mortality rate
____ is a maintenance of a steady state despite internal and external changes.
Homeostasis
How does homology provide evidence for evolution?
Homologies in morphology, such as in bones of forelimbs of mammals, suggest that all mammals descended form a common ancestor that had a similar morphology, such as a similarly structured forelimb. Homologies can be seen in genes and sequences of amino acids as well.
What is the difference between homology and convergent evolution?
Homology = similarity resulting from common ancestry Convergent evolution = Independent evolution of similar features in different lineages
Are most seedless vascular plants are homosporous or heterosporous?
Homosporous
What is the difference between homosporous and heterosporous spores?
Homosporous - single type of sporophyll & single type of sporangium. A bisexual spore produces a bisexual gametophyte with antheridia and archegonia Heterosporous - two types of sporangia on different sporophylls.
What are some modifications for flight seen in Aves?
Honeycombed bones Wings are like cambered airfoils Toothless Absences of organs - no penis, 1 ovary, shrunken until breeding season
Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement?
Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same effect
Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of ALL animals?
Hox genes
DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this is that:
Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent ancestor
How is artificial selection evidence for evolution?
Humans have created variations in species like dogs, cats, chickens, brassica vegetables as a result of selection for certain genes. Changes in genes in a population is evolution.
What 4 cycles are covered in lecture?
Hydrologic Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus
What is community structure?
Identity of species (species diversity), their numbers (abundance), and their interactions in a given environment.
Under which circumstances should reabsorption of water from kidney filtrate back into the bloodstream be most effective?
If both ADH and aldosterone are present in circulation
How does reproductive isolation lead to speciation?
If two populations can't interbreed, it blocks the gene flow, limits the formation of hybrids, and increases genetic diversity between the populations. This can lead to the formation of a new species.
How can you test is a community is under top down control?
If you remove a top-level animal and the number of the lower-level organisms increase, the community is under top-down control.
A song sparrow is raised in isolation and fails to sing as an adult. Which behavior has been affected?
Imprinting
At the end of a capillary bed, does fluid move in or out of the capillaries?
In
Water moves (in/out) of the gills of freshwater fish
In
How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?
In both groups flagellated sperm swim from the antheridia to the archegonia
Where do nucleotides (DNA, RNA) get broken down?
In stomach and intestines via pancreatic amylase
Where is most nitrogen?
In the atmosphere at N2
Where would you find Suberin?
In the cork of periderm (a part of the bark).
Where are the receptors for lipid-soluble hormones located?
In the cytoplasm of the target cell
Where does ultrafiltration occur in the kidneys?
In the glomerular capillary's and Bowman's capsule
Where are pluripotent stem cells that turn into blood cells?
In the red bone marrow
Starting from the wild mustard, breeders have created the strains known as Brussel sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Given that, which of the following is correct?
In the wild mustard there is enough heritable variation to permit different varieties
A cardiac cycle
Includes a systole and a diastole
An (increase/decrease) in turgor pressure in buckling of guard cells and opening of stomata.
Increase
Cooperative behavior
Increase fitness of both donor and recipient
Hoes does cooperative behavior influence fitness?
Increase fitness of both donor and recipient
How does selfish behavior influence fitness?
Increase fitness of donor but decrease fitness of recipient
Selfish Behavior
Increase fitness of donor, decrease fitness of recipient
Root hairs
Increase the absorptive capacity of roots
Which is the common functional significance of the cells making up such structures in humans as the lining of the air sacs in the lungs, the lining of the human intestine, and the walls of the proximal tubules of nephrons?
Increased exchange surface provided by their membranes
Transporting sugar, a solute, out of a sieve tube elements of phloem tissue _____ water potential.
Increases
In contract to asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction
Increases genetic variety among the population
The evolution of amniotic membranes can be viewed as specializations for terrestrial existence. Which of the following is not a function of the amniotic membranes?
Increasing the absorption of wastes from the yolk of the embryo
In which of the following types of cleavage patterns does each cell of the have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo?
Indeterminate cleavage
Only echinoderms are chordates are capable of producing identical twins due to the phenomenon of...
Indeterminate cleavage
Natural selection changes allele frequency because some _____ survive and reproduce better than others.
Individuals
_________ are selected for or against natural selection: ______ evolve.
Individuals; populations
What does atrial natriuretic peptide do? Where does it come from?
Inhibits Na+ and water reabsorption, decreasing blood pressure. The heart.
What is primary succession?
Initiating from rock
An (innate/learned) behavior is an instinctive, inborn and general stereotyped behavior.
Innate
Fixed action patterns are mostly (innate/learned)
Innate
Would the outer or inner layer of epithelial tissue most likely be absorptive?
Inner
Would you find a basement membrane / basal lamina on the inner or outer surface of epithelial tissue?
Inner
Malpighian tubules are associated with which group of organism?
Insects
In what taxon did flight first evolve?
Insects (not aves)
How do flowers enhance efficiency of pollination?
Insects and other animals coevolved with flowers to facilitate pollination Plants that evolved to live in dense populations can depend on each others flowers to pollinate one another
Chiton is to _____ as mutable connective tissue is to ______
Insects; Echinoderms
What hormone decreases blood glucose?
Insulin
What hormones regulate blood glucose?
Insulin and glucagon
An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is
Insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism
Increase glucose levels in blood, after a meal, trigger
Insulin release from the pancreas
What hormone is incorrectly paired with its action?
Insulin-stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver
What structures connect cardiac muscle cells?
Intercalated discs
An advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization is that
Internal fertilization prevents the drying out of gametes in a dry environment
Unicellular organisms have to rely on (intracellular/extracellular) digestion
Intracellular
Sexual Reproduction (Involves 1n gametes / does not involve 1 in gametes)
Involves 1n gametes
Sexual Reproduction (Involves fertilization/ does not involve fertilization (aka a joining of a sperm & egg)
Involves fertilization
In the human reproductive system, ovulation.....
Is triggered by the surge in LH release
What does the swim bladder do?
It is an air sac that helps them be buoyant & also helps with gas exchange in the blood. The swim bladder are derived from "simple lungs" out pocketed from the gut.
What are some properties of a gastrovascular cavity?
It is basically a highly developed archenteron It's a digestive sac with 1 opening The movement in and out is described as "Tidal flow" a the liquid goes in and out. A disadvantage is a lack of regional specialization.
Which statement is true concerning genetic variation?
It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population.
Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is correct?
It results when the body produces too much glucagon.
Which one of the following is not considered a function of the basement membrane?
It serves as a reservoir of carbohydrate energy stores in the form of glycosylated proteins
(semelparity/iteroparity) involves resources (e.g., time, energy, calories) being allocated for parental survival and/or future reproductive bouts
Iteroparity
(semelparity/iteroparity) is the life history pattern that usually has Type I & II survivorship.
Iteroparity
(semelparity/iteroparity) is the life history pattern that usually has larger yolks.
Iteroparity
(semelparity/iteroparity) is the life history pattern that usually has lower infant mortality.
Iteroparity
(semelparity/iteroparity) is the life history pattern that usually has more parental investment.
Iteroparity
(semelparity/iteroparity) is the life history pattern that usually has smaller brood sizes.
Iteroparity
Father of modern geology, ideas on rock formation
James Hutton
What does agnathous mean?
Jawless
What are some properties of Chondrichthyes?
Jaws and paired fins are well developed Cartilaginous (secondarily derived from bony skeleton) Lack a swim bladder (like a lung) that helps a lot of fish not sink. Condritchyes have a special skeleton, liver oil, and have urea in their blood to help then not sink. Placoid scaled (denticles): teeth-like Intestinal spiral valve - their food kind of spiral around in the intestines to get exposed to more enzymes to get broken down better. Internal fertilization: cloaca and claspers of the female Direct development - the egg hatches and it's a little baby shark (not a larval stage or anything like that) Sharks can be Oviparous - eggs are layed and embryo is nourished by the egg Ovoviviparous - the shelled-egg is retained in the body. The embryo is nourished by the egg not the mother. Viviparous - egg is fertilized inside and the embryo is nourished by the female Sharks have a lateral line system that picks up sounds in the water Sharks have blind ventral olfactory organs in the base of the nostrils Very sensitive- can detect one part amino acids per billion parts water Sharks will detect some blood in the water and then go upstream. They will swim in and out of the odor stream to help find the bleeding organism. Tapetum lucidem helps see in low-light. There is a reflecting layer behind the retina Ampullae lorenzini - fluid filled sacs on the snout that detect electronic fields. Shark teeth Specialized placoid scales - kind of similar in origin to the skin Polyphyodonty dentition - continuously replace teeth. Infinitely replaceable teeth
Which of the following is NOT a derived character of all vertebrates?
Jaws with teeth
inheritance of acquired traits
John Baptiste de Lamarck
What are some examples of density-independent factors that effects population size?
Killing frosts, floods, fires, storms.
What are the most common categories in the contemporary classification system from most broad to most concise?
Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species
The amphibians exhibited a significant degree of adaptive radiation/speciation. Why?
Lack of competition in different environments/niches Abundant food Minimal. Predation - the early amphibians got eaten by other amphibians
What is Lamarckian evolution?
Lamarckian evolution is one of the first ideas of evolution in which organisms could inherit acquired traits. Advocated by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck.
Which of the following chordate groups has all four key chordate characteristics as an adult?
Lancelets
Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?
Large intestine - bile production
Concentric around central axis of limbs
Lateral Meristems
Woody plants
Lateral Meristems
Secondary growth
Lateral meristems
Sides of plant/ thickens the plant
Lateral meristems
When oxygenated blood comes from the lungs, what chamber of the heart does it first enter into?
Left atrium
What hormones get secreted by adipose tissue?
Leptin and resistin
If a plant cell increase the amount of water inside it (and thus increase turgor pressure) would it become more or less flaccid?
Less flaccid
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has
Less surface are per unit volume
What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
Ligament - connect bone to bone Tendon - connect muscle to bone
in charophytes, a layer of durable polymer called ____ prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
Lignin
Chlyomicrons are associated with which of the following?
Lipids
What are the 4 geospheres?
Lithosphere = crust and upper mantle Atmosphere = layer of gases around earth Hydrosphere = water Biosphere = sum of all ecosystems
The ability to form a concentrate urine is mostly a function of which region of the mammalian nephron?
Loop of Henle
The most widespread connective tissue among vertebrate is
Loose connective tissue proper
What is the most widespread connective tissue among vertebrates?
Loose connective tissue proper
The protostomes split into what two phyla?
Lophotrochooa and Ecdysozoa (these splits around 550 million years ago)
_____ a clade identified by molecular data have the widest range of body forms.
Lophotrochozoans
Overall there is a net (gain/loss) of fluid in capillary beds?
Loss
What is the founder effect?
Loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small numbers of individuals.
Type 1 survivorship curve
Low infant through midlife mortality
What are the closest living relatives to the tetrapods (4-limbed animals)?
Lungfish
A number of scientists influenced Darwin's thinking about evolution. Which of the following scientists had proposed the geological processes of the past were still in operation?
Lyell
In heterosporous plants, microsporangium produce microspores and produce what sex of gametophytes?
Male
Microgametophyte
Male gametophyte
What generation do microspores develop into?
Male gametophyte aka pollen
Microsporophylls
Male leaves
Microsporongia
Male sporangium
Microspores
Male spores
In terms of the mechanisms of operation, which of the following is least similar to the mammalian nephron?
Malpighian tubule
What are the two types of tubes of epithelial tissue that animals use for secretion? Describe them.
Malpighian tubules - common in insects. Only secrete wastes into the alimentary canal, do not filter. Closed on one side. Help reduces water loss. Nephridia/nephrons - body fluid (e.g., blood, hemolymph) is ultrafiltered through these. Important solutes (salts, electrolytes) are reabsorbed back into the body fluid, large molecules can't pass through the ultrafiter.
Diaphragm
Mammalia
Echidna
Mammalia
Malleus and incus
Mammalia
Placenta
Mammalia
In the process of respiration, which one of the following groups generates negative pressure through the use of a diaphragm?
Mammals
What are some properties of mammals?
Mammary glands produce milk Internal fertilization and viviparity (with only 3 exceptions) Larger brains that equivalently sized vertebrates Different teeth than other vertebrates
All osmoconformers are (marine/terrestrial/freshwater).
Marine
During the Cretaceous many marine and terrestrial organisms, most notable the dinosaurs, died on suddenly probably due to the impact of a large meteor. This an example of:
Mass extinctions
According to your textbook authors, all but which one of the following is not one of the hypotheses proposed to explain the Cambrian explosion?
Mass extinctions of dominant forms freed "less-successful" forms from selective suppression
What is the Toba Catastrophe Theory?
Massive volcanic eruption ~75,000 killed so many humans that only 3,000 -10,000 survived. This was a bottleneck event and is thought to be correlated with sudden increase in modern human intelligence.
Angiosperms
Means covered seed or seed vessels. Phylum Anthophyta has ~90% of plant species.
Which of the following is a major activity of the stomach?
Mechanical digestion HCl secretion Enzyme secretion Mucus secretion
What are the units of water potential?
Megapascals
Which term is correctly matched with its definition?
Megaspores - develop into male gametophytes
Sexual Reproduction usually happens through (mitosis/meiosis)
Meiosis
For which of the following is the number the same in human males and females?
Meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete
Which hormone is correctly paired with its function?
Melatonin - promotes sleep
A coelom is a body cavity completely lined with _______.
Mesoderm
What is enterocoely?
Mesoderm is formed in a developing embryo, in which the coelom forms from pouches "pinched" off of the digestive tract (also known as the embryonic gut, or archenteron)
Which of the following is NOT a region, cavity, or opening that is found within the body of a sponge?
Mesophyll
Invertebrates possessing both body cavities and closed circulatory systems would be expected to possess which type of excretory tubule?
Metanephridium
What are Metazoa and Eumetazoa? Which has true tissues?
Metazoa = sponges/porifera/"pore-bearers" Eumetazoa = everything else Eumetazoa have true tissues, sponges do not.
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
Microevolution = change in allele frequencies in a population over generations Macroevolution = change that occurs at the level of the species or higher
If competitive exclusion leads to character displacement, then what could happen over time?
Migration of the excluded species, eventually speciation
Regarding Batesian and Mullerian mimicry, what's one rule the mimics MUST obey?
Mimics must be careful to never outnumber their models!
What is sporophyll?
Modified leaves that bear sporangia
Bivalves are in this phyla
Mollusca
Cephalopods are in this phyla
Mollusca
Octopi are in this phyla
Mollusca
Radula and muscular foot
Mollusca
Snails are in this phyla
Mollusca
Squids are in this phyla
Mollusca
chitons are in this phyla
Mollusca
What phyla exhibit metamerism?
Mollusca, annelids, arthropods
What are phyla of the seedless vascular plants?
Monilophyta, Lycophyta
________ are mammals that lay eggs and the young suck milk from the fur of the mother.
Monotremes
A group of organisms with a set of prescribed similarities in body shape and other structural features.
Morphological species concept
Which of the following is a land plant that has a flagellated sperm and a gametophyte-dominated life cycle?
Moss
According to the punctuated equilibrium
Most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly then have long periods of apparent stasis
How do lancelets breathe?
Mostly diffusion through skin
In humans, the first opportunity for ingested food to undergo enzymatic hydrolysis is in the
Mouth
How do pillbugs exhibit kinesis?
Move fast on dry land, moving slow in wet land.
What is active transport?
Movement of solutes against a concentration gradient by the expenditure of ATP.
The layer of tissue that lines the lumen of the digestive tract is the
Mucosa
What are the layers of tissue in the alimentary canal from inside to outside?
Mucosa - an epithelial layer with an inner mucus Submucosa -a layer of dense irregular connective tissue proper Muscularis - smooth muscle layer (inner circular and outer longitudinal) Serosa - dense irregular connective tissue proper
How do lancelets eat?
Mucus-net suspension feeders. Bring water in around mucus on pharyngeal gill slits and then move the mucus into digestive tract via cilia.
In the early chordates, the pharyngeal slits primarily were associated with ____________.
Mucus-net suspension feeding
What are alleles?
Multiple versions of the same gene
If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?
Muscle and liver glycogen
Which of the following evolutionary mechanisms increases the amount of genetic variation in a population?
Mutation
Which statement is not true regarding oxygen/hemoglobin dissociation curves?
Myoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen (i.e., binds oxygen less tightly) than does hemoglobin
Craniates with a persistent notochord, but lacking vertebrae would accurately describe which one of the following groups?
Myxini
Nitrogen
N2
What is formula for nitrogen fixation and what does it?
N2 -> NH4+ via rhizobacteria, cyanobacteria and other microbes
Ammonium
NH4+
What is the formula for nitrification?
NH4+ -> NO2- -> NO3-
Do lancelets have bones of calcium?
NO
Does pollination/fertilization depend on water in seed plants?
NO
Nitrite
NO2-
What is the formula for denitrification? Where does this often happen?
NO3 -> NO2- -> N2 Decomposition of previously living organisms.
Nitrate
NO3-
What is the formula for assimilation and what does it?
NO3- -> organic compounds Mostly plants do this
declining population
Narrow-based pyramid
_________ is a process of interaction between organisms and their environment that results in a differential rate of reproduction of different phenotypes in a population.
Natural Selection
Natural selection = success
Natural selection favors traits that increase survival and reproductive success. Sometimes this results in species that are short-lived but produce a massive amount of offspring (like salmon that live 2-7 years and can lay 15,000 eggs. Sometimes this results in long-lived organisms that don't produce many young (like whales that live 80 years and give birth to one calf every 2-3 years).
Most maggots exhibit (positive/negative) taxis toward light
Negative
Hormone pathways involved in maintaining homeostasis (such as the secretin pathway in the digestive tract) are often characterized by which of the following?
Negative feedback
Pseudocoelmate parasites
Nematoda
This phyla causes elephantiasis
Nematoda
This phyla causes trichinosis
Nematoda
Trichinosis
Nematoda
Worms that only have longitudinal muscles to move in a whop-like fashion like vinegar eels
Nematoda
pinworms are in this phyla
Nematoda
pseudocoelomate vermiform organisms that often cause disease
Nematoda
triploblastic, bilateral, vermiform, unsegmented, pseudocoelomate protostomes.
Nematoda
What phyla have nonliving cuticles/exoskeletons?
Nematoda and Arthropoda
What phyla molt?
Nematoda, Arthropoda
Which phyla that you need to know are Ecdysozoan?
Nematoda, Arthropoda
What phyla causes trichinosis and elephantiasis?
Nematodes
What phyla has the most biomass?
Nematodes
The functional unit of the kidney is the
Nephron
What tissue's function is best described a Senses stimuli and transmits signals?
Nervous
What are the two "excitable" tissues -i.e., tissues that conduct electrochemical signals?
Nervous and Muscle tissue
The mass of embryonic cells that give rise to such vertebrate features as the cranial bones, the adrenal medulla, and parasympathetic ganglia is known as the _____________.
Neural crest
____ are a collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo and are a derive character of vertebrates.
Neural crest cells
What types of nitrogenous compound is absorbed by most plants and enters the food chain via assimilation?
Nitrates (NO3-)
Do animals have cell walls?
No
Do any non-animals have nervous and muscle tissues?
No
Is diffusion really effective for distance > 1 mm?
No
Is the inside of the digestive tract a coelom?
No
Roughly speaking, if an organism is utilizing diffusion to transport materials around, is it spending energy to do so?
No
Indicate which of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions is being violated in this example: Due to global warming, a river has dried up, allowing two different rabbit populations to mate with one another, whereas they were isolated before.
No gene flow
What s G.F. Gause's competitive exclusion principle?
No two species can occupy the same niche at the same time.
Is green algae a plant?
No, but it is an ancestor to land plants.
Do platyhelminths have a circulatory system?
No, everything gets around by diffusing around the gastrovascular cavity and organism.
Are bryophytes vascular or nonvascular?
Nonvascular
What are some characteristics of byrophyta?
Nonvascular Small plants, only a few cells thick Live in moist habitats Rhizoids provide anchorage (not true roots) Gametophyte is the dominant stage. The sporophyte is transient and dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition.
What are three sampling techniques to approximate density of a population?
Number per grid or plot Mark-and-recapture Indirect census (looking at burrows, scat, road kills)
Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?
Nutrient absorption
What is the climax community in the southeastern US (like in Macon)!
Oak-hickory forest
What are Darwin's 2 observations and 2 inferences that built up the theory of natural selection?
Observations: 1. Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics 2. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Inferences: 1. Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. 2. Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the populations.
Which would an H2 molecule likely spend the least amount of time in as it goes through the hydrologic cycle?
Ocean, ground water, river or stream, atmosphere
Which of the following is not common to a monocot?
One cotyledon
Which of the following would contribute to sympatric speciation?
One population is shade loving and the other is sun seeking
What are some properties of Class Dipnoi?
Only 3 genera and 6 species total. They have to gulp air like beta fish. The swim bladder acts like a lung that they gulp air into. They cans survive droughts in mucus-lined cocoons.
Do insects have an open or closed circulatory system?
Open
What type of circulatory system do all mollusks except cephalopods have?
Open
What are the 3 orders of reptile to know?
Order Squamata - lizards and snakes (~7,900 species) Order Crocodilian - crocodiles and alligators (23 species) Order Chelonia (or Testudines) - turtles and tortoises (~300 species)
What are the three extant (aka sill alive) orders of amphibians?
Order Urodela (salamanders / "the tailed ones) - ound mostly in northern hemisphere, more temperate climates Order Anura (frogs and toads / "tail-less ones") Order Apoda (ceacilians / "the legless ones") nearly blind, all tropical
What do sieve tubes lack that companion cells have?
Organelles
Most marine invertebrates are
Osmoconformers
All freshwater animals are (osmoregulators/osmoconformers).
Osmoregulators
Almost all marine fish are (osmoregulators/osmoconformers)
Osmoregulators
Is blood pressure or osmotic pressure higher at the end of capillary beds?
Osmotic pressure
The largest group of vertebrates in terms of species diversity is the...
Osteichthyes
Swim bladder
Osteichythyes
What cells live in lacunae, secreting a matrix of collagen and Ca3(PO4)2 (aka calcium phosphate) which forms a structure called hydroxyapatite?
Osteoblasts which mature into osteocytes
Which of the following structures or substances is correctly paired with a tissue?
Osteon -> bone Platelets -> blood Chondroitin sulfate -> cartilage Basement membrane -> epithelium
Which mammal would be expected to have the lowest ratio of juxtamedulary nephrons to cortical nephrons?
Otter
At the start of a capillary bed, does fluid move in or out of the capillaries?
Out
Water moves (in/out) of the gills of saltwater fish
Out
Would cilia most likely be found in outer or inner surfaces?
Outer
Would the outer or inner surface most likely be secretory?
Outer
If water potential of a cell's intracellular fluid was -0.5 MPa and the water potential of the extracellular fluid was -0.9 MPa, would fluid move in or out of the cell?
Outside. The cell would plasmolyze
Which of the following statements is true regarding the reproductive cycle of the human female?
Ovaries are incompetent for luteinizing hormone during the initial (follicular) phase of the ovarian cycle.
_________ consists of megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments
Ovules
What hormone is correctly paired with its action?
Oxytocin-stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth Thyroxine-stimulate metabolic processes ACTH- stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex Melatonin-affects biological rhymes and seasonal reproduction
Which animals would be likely hermaphroditic?
Oyster, Earthworm, Tapeworm, Tunicate
What is an example of protandrous species?
Oysters and clown fish
Urine or other waste material contains inorganic phosphate that has what chemical structure?
PO4-
Data from a repeated measures design with 2 groups calls for a
Paired t-test
What organ secretes insulin and glucagon?
Pancreas
What are the major participants of digestion in the small intestine and what do they do?
Pancreas - multifunctional endocrine (secretes hormones like inulin and glucagon) and exocrine (secretes chemicals through a duct) gland. It secretes pancreatic juice full of enzyme into the duodenum aiding in digestion. Liver - very large multifunctional organs, secretes bile into the gall bladder and then into the duodenum. Bile salts emulsify fats, meaning they help break it down into smaller fats to provide more surface area for digestion. Gall bladder Intestine itself secretes enzyme
What are some components of pancreatic juice?
Pancreatic nucleases (break down nucleic acids) Pancreatic amylases (breaks down starches) Pancreatic lipases (breaks down lipids) Pancreatic proteases (breaks down proteins) secreted as zymogens Trypsinogen -> trypsin Chymotrypsinogen -> chymotrypsin Procarboxypeptidase -> carboxypeptidase membrane-bound enteropeptidase (located on the epithelium of the small intestine) activates trypsin by cleaving off a segment of trypsinogen. Trypsin can activate trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
Biologists think that most symbiotic relationships start out as (parasitism/mutualism/commensalism)
Parasitism
What are the three types of symbiosis?
Parasitism - the relationship benefits one and damages the other. Commensalism - the relation benefits one and does not effect the other. Mutualism - the relationship benefits both organisms.
What cell types make up parenchyma?
Parenchyma cells
Which of the following in a monocot root has the least differentiated cells?
Parenchyma cells in the pith
Which of the following secrete HCl acid in the gastric pits of the stomach?
Parietal Cells
Macrophages
Part of the immune system
The whiptail lizards of the American southwest are unique in that they are...
Parthenogenetic bemales with cyclic bouts of male and female mating behaviors
Is diffusion considered active or passive?
Passive
What is dispersion?
Pattern of spacing among individuals
The cell layer from which lateral roots originate is the
Pericycle
As a woody stem grows, the cells and function of the epidermis are taken over by the
Periderm
What does the cork cambium generate?
Periderm which is part of the bark
In adult urochordates, the only chordate synapomorphy that is retained is the
Pharyngeal slits
Urochordates have all the synapomorphies of chordates as larva but lose most of them when they become adults. What chordate synapomorphy persists as an adult?
Pharyngeal slits
There are two big schools of thought in phylogeny and how do they differ?
Phenetics - a school of thought in phylogeny which measures all morphological characters without consideration of convergence Cladistics - an approach in phylogeny that produces testable hypotheses of genealogical relationships only from synapomorphies (aka recent, shared derived characteristics).
Sugars formed in the leaves through photosynthesis get to the roots through the
Phloem
What cycle involves no gas phase and the deposition of the element back in the ecosystem, often through urine or decomposition?
Phosphorus cycle
What does phloem tissue transport around?
Photosynthates
How is inorganic carbon (CO2 and HCO3-) fixed into organic compounds?
Photosynthesis
What are the two schools of though on the time course of speciation?
Phyletic Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium
Smallest group of organisms that share a common ancestor
Phylogenetic species concept
"The evolutionary history of a species" defines which one of the following terms?
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Phylogeny
What extinct group were the earliest gnathostome vertebrates?
Placoderms
Which of the following broad taxonomic groups is not one of the three domains of life?
Plantae
How do plants use protons and potassium to open their stomata?
Plants will pump H+ protons out of the guard cells which makes the inside more negative + movies into the interior of the guard cell, drawn by the relatively negative charge. Water follows the K+ ions, increasing turgor pressure and opening the stomata.
Fluid is filtered from blood as it enters a capillary due to the _____, but fluid is reabsorbed as the blood exits a capillary due to the______.
Plasma but not extracellular fluid; osmotic pressure from reversed levels of sodium in extracellular fluid blood
If the mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells resulted from endosymbiosis, what features might we expect these organelles to contain?
Plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosome
Chinese liver flukes are in this phyla
Platyhelminthes
Flukes and tapeworms
Platyhelminthes
Oldest clade to be triploblastic
Platyhelminthes
Triploblastic acoelomates
Platyhelminthes
Triploblastic, unsegmented, bilateral pseudocoelomate protostomes with mastax & trophi (jawlike elements)
Platyhelminthes
Worms that rely on diffusion of nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide through an incomplete guy (aka gastrovascular cavity) that is often branched/has diverticulae
Platyhelminthes
planarians, flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms are in this phyla
Platyhelminthes
triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, acoelomate protostomes (all protostomes are bilateral and triploblastic)
Platyhelminthes
Which phyla that you need to know are lophotrochozoan?
Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Mollusca, Annelida
Which animal phyla that you need to know are protostomes?
Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Mollusca, Annelida, Nematoda, Arthropoda
What are lignin?
Polymers of complex alcohols in secondary cell walls that provide strength, rigidity, and H20- proofind properties
Most causes of speciation are relatively slow in that they may take many generations to see changes. Which of the following is an exception?
Polyploidy
Which of the following is not an observation or inference of natural selection?
Poorly adapted individuals never leave offspring
Which of the following represents ideas that Darwin learned from the writings of Malthus?
Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows
Asymmetrical body plan that looks like a persistent blastula
Porifera
Choanocytes
Porifera
Has spicules (skeletal fibers made of calcium carbonate or silica) or collagen fibers in mesophyll
Porifera
Lack true tissue level of organization
Porifera
Lack true tissues
Porifera
Which phyla has no symmetry?
Porifera
considered Parazoa - not Eumetazoa
Porifera
Which of the following pairings of phylum and description is incorrect?
Porifera - gastrovascular cavity, coelomate
Which Phyla are acoelomate?
Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes
What phyla do not have a respiratory system and uses diffusion to get respiratory gases around?
Porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminths, Rotifera, and Nematoda.
Planktonic larvae of sessile animals that burrow into the earth exhibit (positive/negative) geotaxis.
Positive
Salmon that swim upstream are exhibiting (positive/negative) rheotaxis.
Positive
An infant suckling on the breast of a woman who has recently given birth sends a nerve impulses to the pituitary gland. THe pituitary gland then secretes oxytocin, which stimulates the mammary glands in the breasts to release milk. What type of hormonal feedback is this?
Positive feedback
Mammals ventilate their lungs by ____ pressure, which pulls air into the lungs using the contraction of the diaphragm and ___ muscles.
Positive pressure; external intercostals
At sunrise the accumulation of the osmotically active ______ in the guard cells causes the inflow of water and the opening of the pore.
Potassium ions
The main function of the acrosome reaction is to
Prevent interspecies fertilization
What is the difference between a prezygotic or postzygotic barrier?
Prezygotic = block fertilization from occurring Postzygotic = Occur after fertilization when prezygotic barriers fail
What trophic level best describes a herbivore (producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer)?
Primary consumer
What is the difference between primary and secondary growth?
Primary growth - increase length of shoots or roots via apical meristems Secondary growth - increase in thickness/girth via lateral meristems primary and secondary growth occur simultaneously in woody plants
What evolved first: primitive bilateral symmetry or deuterostomy?
Primitive bilateral symmetry
Were the earliest forms of life prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotes
Which of the following is a product of the anterior pituitary gland?
Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Growth hormone
What does a survivorship curve show?
Proportion or numbers of a cohort alive at each age
What are some functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection from mechanical injury, from microbes, fluid loss.
Based on cladistics, which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic and, therefore, unacceptable?
Protista
Blastopore develops into mouth
Protostome
Determine cell fate in early development
Protostome
Mesoderm by blastopore
Protostome
Schizocoelom
Protostome
Spiral Cleavage pattern
Protostome
What part of the kidney does most of the reabsorption of important materials of the ultrafiltrate like glucose, amino acids, ions, vitamins and water?
Proximal ends of the Kidney tubules.
Most reabsorption takes place in which region of the nephron?
Proximal tubule
Where does secretion (of things like xenobiotics or things marked by the liver for secretion) primarily take place in the kidneys?
Proximal tubules via active transport that moves things from the blood into the proximal tubule.
Which of the following is NOT characteristics of arthropods?
Pseudocoelom
Which of the following triploblastic organisms is incorrectly matched with the type of body cavity it possesses?
Pseudocoelomate - flatworms
What is the difference between a pseudocoloem and eucoloem?
Pseudocoloems are lined by tissue from mesoderm and endoderm. Eucoloems are lined entirely by tissue from mesoderm
The intestine are lined with what type of tissue on the inside?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the difference between a pseudocoelomate and eucoelomate?
Psudocoelomates have a body cavity lined by mesoderm and endoderm - rotifers and nematodes Eucoelomates have a body cavity lined by medoserm
What liquid has a solute potential of 0?
Pure/distilled water
The first genetic material on Earth was probably
RNA
Cnidaria have _______ symmetry
Radial
What are two types of symmetry?
Radial and bilateral
What Dispersion pattern would be seen in species where the position of an individual is independent of other individuals?
Random
What is the least common dispersion pattern?
Random
What is the Cambrian Explosion?
Rapid evolution of diverse, complex, multicellular forms including basically all modern phyla. 1st hard bodied forms - mulluscs, arthropods, echinoderms.
Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron
Receives filtrate from blood instead of colemic fluid
What are synapomorphies?
Recent shared derived traits
Which of the following are most closely associated with oxygen transport?
Red blood cells
The production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses and male donkey is an example of
Reduced hybrid fertility
Tendons and ligaments are what type of tissue?
Regular dense connective proper
What type of tissue is best described as tight weave of parallel bundles of collagen that has great tensile fibers?
Regular dense connective tissue proper
What are the two types of dense / fibrous connective tissue proper?
Regular dense connective tissue proper Irregular dense connective tissue proper
The hypothalamus
Regulates both reproduction and body temperature
What are some properties of parenchyma cells?
Relatively unspecialized Thing, flexible, primary cells walls no secondary cells walls Perform major metabolic functions. Parenchyma cells can be full of chloroplasts. Parenchyma cells are stem cells - all newly formed cells in plants are parenchyma cells
Why are mortality rates higher in female red deer if they reproduced in the previous summer?
Reproduction decreases fat reserves in the winter.
What is parthenogenesis?
Reproduction without sex
Although this vertebrate group has a three chambered heart, mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood in the single ventricle is minimized by the presence of a partial septum.
Reptiles
Birds are technically
Reptiles
Which of the following groups soon outcompeted amphibians on land due to their watertight skin and watertight eggs?
Reptiles
The main source of genetic variation among human individuals is
Reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction
How is organic carbon turned into inorganic compound?
Respiration and combustion
What type of connective tissue fiber is made of fibrillin and elastin?
Reticular tissue
What is peristalsis?
Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles
After blood enters the right atrium, it enter the
Right ventricle
What are sphincters in the alimentary canal?
Ring-like valves of muscle that open and close allowing passage of food.
Where is the major reservoir of phosphorus?
Rocks/soil of lithosphere (including oceanic sediments)
Which of the following is a mechanism for water movement in xylem that is responsible for guttation?
Root pressure
Corona and mastax
Rotifera
Planktonic pseudocoelomates
Rotifera
Logistic growth an S or J shaped curve?
S
In the phylogenetic tree above which statement is NOT correct?
Salamanders are as closely related to goats as humans
What urochordate does not settle but stays floating around?
Salps
Is sapwood or heartwood functional xylem that conducts water and minerals?
Sapwood
What are some characteristics of reptiles?
Scales made with B-keratin to allow waterproof skin No cutanaeous respiration (like amphibians). Well developed lungs. They have shelled amniotic eggs with internal fertilizaiton Can be oviparous, ovoviparous, or viviparous Reptiles are ectotherms - most of their body heat depends on the environment, not their own metabolism. Called "cold-blooded," although they can get their body temperature very high by basking Energy requirements are much lower because they don't use metabolism to maintain their body heat. Thus, they only need to eat ~10% of the food an equivalent size "warm-blooded" homeotherm needs.
What reptile features do birds have?
Scales on legs Amniotic eggs B-keratin in skin and feathers.
What is the difference between shizocoely and enterocoely?
Schizocoely involves eucoelom formation happening by two pockets of mesoderm tissue coming together. Enterocoely involves eucoelom formation from mesodermal tissue growth at the back of the archenteron.
What cell types make up sclerenchyma?
Sclereid cells
Cyclomorphosis
Seasonal change in body form
Lateral meristems are responsible for primary growth or secondary growth.
Secondary growth
Which of the following cells is haploid?
Secondary oocyte
What is secondary succession?
Secondary succession starts when a region is denuded of vegetation and soil.
Which excretory process extracts substances like toxins and excess ions, from body fluids and adds them to contact of the excretory tubule?
Secretion
A _____ is an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat.
Seed
What evolved first: vascularity or seeds?
Seeds
Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except
Seeds, polle, ovules, ovaries
What are some example of behavior showing insight, mental manipulation of concepts to perform adaptive behaviors?
Seen in, Wolfgang Kohler's chimp studies in the 1920s - chimps stacked boxes to get bananas.
What is sexual selection?
Selection driven by the competition of mates
(semelparity/iteroparity) is the life history pattern that usually has Type III survivorship.
Semelparity
(semelparity/iteroparity) is the life history pattern that usually has higher infant mortality.
Semelparity
(semelparity/iteroparity) is the life history pattern that usually has larger brood sizes.
Semelparity
(semelparity/iteroparity) is the life history pattern that usually has less parental investment.
Semelparity
(semelparity/iteroparity) is the life history pattern that usually has smaller yolks.
Semelparity
What is the difference between semelparity and iteroparity?
Semelparity - 1 reproductive bout Iteroparity - multiple reproductive bouts
What type of animals would you most likely see hermaphroditism?
Sessile, burrowing, & parasitic animals or animals that are widely dispersed and don't often get the opportunity to sexually reproduce.
Comparing Asexual and sexual reproduction, which has more potential coevolution rates with competitors?
Sexual
Comparing Asexual and sexual reproduction, which has more potential for genetic variation?
Sexual
Comparing Asexual and sexual reproduction, which has more potential for intraspecific competition?
Sexual
Medusa are the ________ stage of the cnidarian life cycle.
Sexual
What is an advantage of sexual reproduction of asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction leads to more genetic variability, increasing the likelihood of more fit genotypes getting created.
Hair on mammals when compared to other vertebrates is an example of a
Shared derived character
Stabilizing selection
Shift in population traits by favoring the intermediate variants
Disruptive selection
Shift in population traits by favoring variants at both extremes.
Directional selection
Shift in population traits by favoring variants at one extreme
Based on the equation, DN/Dt = rN What is happening to the population if r<0?
Shrinking
What separates 2 sieve tube elements?
Sieve plates with a bunch of pores so things can move through them
What are the conductive cells in phloem called? Are they alive or dead?
Sieve-tube elements and they are alive
Is collenchyma simple or complex?
Simple
Is parenchyma simple or complex?
Simple
Is sclerenchyma simple or complex?
Simple
What is the difference between a simple or complex tissue?
Simple tissues are made of one type of cell Complex tissues are made of more than one type of tissue
What is the difference between simultaneous and sequential hermaphroditism?
Simultaneous hermaphrodites have male and female organs in them simultaneously Sequential hermaphrodites can switch gender.
Which muscle type is syncytial and voluntary?
Skeletal
Which types of muscle are considered voluntary?
Skeletal
Which two types of muscle are syncytial?
Skeletal and cardiac
What are common features of animals with no respirator systems?
Small Large SA:Vol ratios Low metabolic rates Diffusion distances <1 mm
Most enzymatic hydrolysis of the macromolecules of food occurs in the
Small intestine
What is the major site of enzymatic hydrolysis and absorption in the human alimentary canal?
Small intestine
Which muscle type is non-syncytial and involuntary?
Smooth
What are precapillary sphincters?
Smooth muscle in between an arteriole and capillary that can open or close to allow or block blood flow.
How did studying beak lengths in the soapberry bug provide a first observation of evolutionary change?
Soapberry bugs have a little beak they use to pierce plant matter to eat. As an invasive tree moved in, providing another food source for these soapberry bugs, they underwent changes in break length to better adapt to eating the new invasive tree. Scientists measured the average/mean beak length of soapberry bugs in a museum collection before the invasive food-source tree moved in. Scientists also measured the beaks of soapberry bugs after the invasive tree arrived. The two populations of soapberry bugs had different beak lengths, indicating they evolved to adapt to the new food source provided by the invasive tree.
How does biogeography provide evidence of evolution?
Sometimes islands will have unique species on them, such as the canaries Darwin saw in the Galapagos islands. These unique species are similar to other species on close by islands, suggesting they have a common ancestor but underwent changes while living on their separate islands.
Parts of the plant undergoing a lot of photosynthesis are probably sugar ______
Sources
What are some properties of sclerenchyma cells?
Specialized for support. Mature cells may be dead with no cytoplasm. Just big hollow cell walls. Surrounds vascular tissue to protect it from being crushed Have secondary cells walls Are hardened with lignin. All secondary growth involves sclerenchyma
The largest unit in which gene flow can occur is:
Species
Which of the following accurately describes the protostomes?
Spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth, schizocoelous development
All animals except ________ undergo gastrulation.
Sponges
Which group lacks Hox genes?
Sponges
What evolved first: sponges/porifera or cnidaria?
Sponges/porifera
Are stomata directly next to the palisade mesophyll layer of plants or spongy mesophyll layer of plants?
Spongy mesophyll
In seed plants, gametophytes are retained inside the _________. The sporophyte provides nutrition & protection to developing gametophytes.
Sporangia
What structure produces spores in sporophytes?
Sporangia
Is the integument made of gametophytes or sporophyte tissue?
Sporophyte
Which of these are spore producing structures?
Sporophyte capsule of a moss
Which animal would LEAST likely be hermaphroditic?
Squid
Pine trees have male cones called ________ and female cones called __________.
Staminate cones; ovulate cones
What are pluripotent stem cells?
Stem cells that can differentiate into nerly any cell type but not an entire organism.
What are the four stages of the idea of the origin of life on earth?
Step 1- Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules Step 2- Macromolecule assembly: monomers -> polymers Step 3- Packaging into protocells - proteins get stabilized by binding to fats and form little circular protocells. Step 4- Self-replicating molecules- RNA is the most likely candidate to be the first one (not DNA)
What does aldosterone do? Where does it come form?
Stimulates Na+ and water reabsorption in distal tubules. Adrenal cortex.
What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do? Where does it come form?
Stimulates thirst and reabsorption of water in the distal tubule of the kidney. Posterior pituitary
Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function?
Stomach - protein digestion Oral cavity - starch digestion Small intestine - nutrient absorption Pancreas - enzyme production
What does the pyloric sphincter separate?
Stomach and duodenum
___ are the major pathway for water loss
Stomata
There is a trade-off between photosynthesis and transpiration in leaves because
Stomata provide an opening for both gas exchange and water loss
Minute pores, known as _______, dot the under side of the leaf epidermis. Each pore is bordered by two _______.
Stomata; guard cells
Keystone species concept
Strong control is exerted on community structure via a species' ecological role rather than by numerical dominance
This groups of Osteichthyes was known only from the fossil record until its "discovery" by Majorie Courtenay-Latimer in 1938
Subclass Actinistia
What are some advantages of pollen?
Survive harsh conditions Not dependent on H2O Long-distance dispersal on the wind
What are three routes of transport in plants?
Symplastic route, apoplastic route, transmembrane route
The cotransporter that moves a proton and sugar across a membrane is a
Symporter
Study of diversity of life
Systematics
Plants are capable of indeterminate growth - growth through the life.
TRUE
Plants have continuous cytoplasm because of plasmodesmata.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: All protostomes are bilateral schizocoelomates.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Many rotifers can reproduce via parthenogenesis.
TRUE
Conifers do well in what biome which is the largest terrestrial biome?
Taiga
What taxa commonly exhibit fragmentation (aka architomy)?
Tapeworms, sponges, cnidaria, polychaetas, tunicates
Large vertical roots
Taproot system
Many lateral roots
Taproot system
Most eudicots and gymnosperms
Taproot system
The upstream orientation and directed movement of trout in a stream is an example of...
Taxis
Science of naming and classifying organisms
Taxonomy
What is apical dominance?
Tendency to grow at the apical shoots/buds due to the inhibition of axillary buds
Which of the following is true of amniotes?
Tetrapods Have a terrestrially adapted egg Egg has a shell and four extraembryonic membranes
What structure made of Suberin wax necessitates symplastic transport through the endodermis to the stele?
The Casparin Strip
Water can follow two pathways in plants, apoplastic and symplastic routes. How do these pathways differ?
The apoplastic route is entirely external to cell membranes, while the sympathetic route is inside of cells.
What is a biological community?
The assemblage of all interacting populations in a region or habitat
The rationale for the taxonomic division of the reptiles into the Squamata, Chelonia, and Crocodilia was originally based on...
The characteristics of the temporal fenestrea
What is acid chime?
The churned mixture of stomach contents
Which statement about human reproduction is FALSE?
The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement?
The endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but reabsorbed in estrous cycles.
What is a protoplast?
The entire cell, excluding the cell wall
After fertilization in seed plants, develops into the seed?
The entire ovule
Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the ocean and atmosphere?
The evolution of cellular respiration which uses oxygen to harvest energy from organic molecules
Why would fixed action patterns evolve?
The evolution of fixed action patterns saves time and energy in processing complex signals. All you need is one signal and that starts a complex behavior that tends to go to completion.
What is phylogeny?
The evolutionary history of a species or groups of species.
Which of the following gives the most supportive evidence to the endosymbiotic theory?
The existence of structural and molecular differences in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes and mitochondria and chloroplasts
What is guttation?
The exudation of water droplets all the way up in the leaves due to root pressure
The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in
The formation of the fertilization envelop
Catastrophism was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of _____.
The fossil record
How is digestive efficient maximized in flatworms?
The gastrovascular cavity is highly branched (branches are called diverticula), they increase the surface area, allowing for greater absorption.
What are some properties of bony fish?
The have bony scales (not denticles) and mucus on the outside of them. They have a lateral line system like sharks. They have 4-5 pairs of ventilated gills and an operculum that covers them. They have a swim bladder.
What is the endosymbiont theory?
The idea that some organelles (like mitochondria and chloroplasts) originated by one cell engulfing a smaller cell and then coevolving for >1 billion years.
What is gastrulation?
The infolding of a part of the blastula during embryonic development
When fluid leaves capillaries, what system helps fluid get returned to the circulatory system?
The lymphatic system
Which of the following statements is true regarding zymogens and enzymes of the human alimentary canal?
The molecular weight of carboxypeptidase is less than its corresponding zymogen
What is bulk flow?
The movement of a fluid driven by pressure.
One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is
The number of circuits of circulation
Why would gene duplication events, such as those seen in the Hox gene complex, set the stage for adaptive radiation?
The original gene complex could perform the original function while other copies are available (with mutation) to take on new functions
Where is the sinoatrial node known as?
The pacemaker because it generates a rhythmic electrical signal to make the heart beat.
What is blood plasma?
The part of the blood that is not red blood cells
Three of the following evidence that green algae are the closest algal relative of plants. Select the exception.
The presence of chloroplasts
If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except
The right atrium
What is schizocoely?
The splitting open of cavity within embryonic mesodermal masses (forms schizocoelom). e.g., flatworms, nemertines, mollusks, annelids
What is physiology?
The study of biological function, with emphasis on how chemicals are moving around.
What is demography?
The study of vital statistics that affect population size
What is performance momentum?
The tendency for a fixed action pattern to complete once it is initiated.
Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?
The tracheal system of an insect
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen to ovules
Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?
The trend toward sporophyte-dominated life cycle
What is genetic drift?
The unpredictable fluctuation of allele frequencies in a population from generation to generation
The results of the studies involving the songs of green lacewings, parental care in prairie voles, and mate choice in Drosphilia provide clear evidence that...
There is a genetic basis to many, if not most, behaviors
Podocytes
These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus.
What happens to chylomicrons once they are formed in the cells of the small intestine?
They are exocytosed from the cells of the small intestine and move into lymphatic capillaries called lacteals.
Why do they call osteichthyes the bony fish?
They have skeleton made of calcium phosphate
Why is the adhesion of water to the tracheids and vessel wall elements important in plants?
This adhesion resist the pull of gravity, allowing water and minerals in the water to move up from the roots to the rest of the plant.
"Essay on Principle of Population", competition for resources
Thomas Malthus
Who wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population", and what was the main idea?
Thomas Malthus wrote it. The main ideas was that human suffering is a consequence of its populations to increase faster than food supplies and other resources.
Turns fibrinogen into fibrin?
Thrombin
What turns prothrombin into thrombin?
Thromboplastin
Which one of the following statements is not true regarding the blood clotting process?
Thromboplastin is converted into thrombin
Apoplastic route is...
Through the cell walls, not going through cell membranes
Which of the following is not a product of the anterior pituitary gland?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
The amount of air moved in or out of the lungs with each resting breath is the
Tidal volume
The vasa recta is essential in the kidneys of mammals because it serves
To maintain the osmotic gradient within the kidney
What do basement membranes do?
To tie the epithelium to connective tissue
_____ is an adaptation that enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions and is a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases.
Torpor
When scientists first distinguished Chondrichthyes from Osteichthyes, it was not clear exactly when bony Skeltons first appeared in the vertebrates. Which of these suggests that a reduction of bone in Chondrichthyes is a derived condition that emerged after the origin of bony skeletons?
Traces of bones tissue are found in living and fossil Chondrichthyes
Once fatty acids and glycerols get into cells lining the small intestine what do they reassemble into?
Triacylglycerols
What is the world's largest intracellular parasite?
Trichinella, a Nematoda
What evolved first: true tissues of coeloms?
True tissue
The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is
True tissues
What evolved first: true tissues or bilateral symmetry?
True tissues
Modified stems designed to store food in the form of starches are called?
Tubers
Which of the following is a derived character of all vertebrates?
Two or more sets of Hox genes Vertebrae More complex nervous and skeletal system
What three patterns do you tend to see on survivorship curves?
Type I - Low infant through midlife mortality (aka organisms tend to ie in old age, like humans) Type II - Constant death rate over the lifespan Type III - High juvenile mortality rates
What three processes help with osmoregulation/excretion in mammals?
Ultrafiltration - fluid moving through a tissue that acts like a seive Reabsorption Secretion
What are some properties of collenchyma cells?
Unevenly thickened cell walls Primary cell walls only Provide support to parts of the plant that are still growing. New tissues is supported by collenchyma before bark and sclerenchyma develops. You find collenchyma in young stems, petioles, stamens. Collenchyma is the strings in celery stalks
Antagonistic social interactions (like penguins defending a territory) would likely result int what type of dispersion pattern?
Uniform
Where is the sinoatrial node in the heart?
Upper part of the wall of the hearts right atrium
Which of the following is a mechanism of phloem transport in which dissolved sugar is moved by means of a pressure gradient that exists between the source and the sink?
Uptake of water from xylem
What form of nitrogenous waste do amphibians secrete?
Urea
Which two solutes become more abundant in the kidney medulla's interstitial fluid as one progresses deeper into the medulla, and what is the significance of these two gradients?
Urea and NaCl; this promotes better retention of water
What form of nitrogenous waste do birds and reptiles secrete?
Uric Acid
What form of nitrogenous waste has the highest cost of biosynthesis (takes the most ATP to produce)?
Uric Acid
Which nitrogenous waste would best promote water conservation by allowing the formation of concentrated scanty urine?
Uric acid
Tunic
Urochordata
What are the 3 subphyla of chordates?
Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata
What phyla are tunicates, salps, and sea squirts in?
Urochordates
Which of the following is properly paired?
Vas deferens - oviduct Testosterone - estradiol Scrotum - labia majora
What tissue is continuous throughout the plant and transports materials between roots and shoots?
Vascular plants
(Capillaries/arteries/veins) have valves.
Veins
Which of the following have valve within them to prevent blood backflow?
Veins
In what type of blood vessel (i.e., capillaries, veins, blood vessels) the lowest?
Vena Cava
Put the following Chordate characters in their correct temporal sequence of appearance:
Vertebrae, jaws, lungs or lung derivatives, legs, amnion
Comparing vessel elements and tracheids, which is wider shorter and thinner walled?
Vessel Elements
Which of the following adaptations allows for transporting water in woody stems?
Vessel elements
What is in blood plasma?
Water Ions like sodium, potassium, calcium magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate Various proteins Albumin = binds to fatty acids which are fuel for the heart amongst other things Antibodies/immunoglobins Apolipoproteins - transport fat around Fibronogen - aprotein that helps clot blood Nutrients Waste products Respiratory gases (O2 & CO2) Hormones
Which of the following is a shared derived characteristic of echinoderms?
Water Vascular system Radial symmetry in adults Endoskeleton of calcium carbonate plates Tube feet
What is the Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension Mechanism?
Water evaporates out of stomata in leaves (transpiration). Water pulls on itself in a long chain throughout the xylem of the plant creating a pull upwards toward the leaves as water transpires (Cohesion-Tension).
Does water move from areas of high water potential to low water potential or from areas of low water potential and to high water potential?
Water moves from areas of high water potential to low water potential
What the equation for water potential?
Water potential = pressure potential + solute/osmotic potential
Does water tend to move out of or into the large intestine?
Water tends to get reabsorbed into the large intestine.
What is the oxygen revolution (aka the oxygen catastrophe)?
When a mass extinction happened due to photosynthetic organisms making too much oxygen. This promoted the emergence of eukaryotic organisms.
Arrhenotoky
When parthenogenesis creates male haploids
Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between and animal and its environment?
Wind blowing across the body
Where is an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium?
Within an ovule contained with an ovary
In animals that have XX/XO chromosomes which is the male and female?
XX = female XO = male (note that here, "O" means the lack of a chromosome.
In animals that have XX/XY chromosomes which is the male and female?
XX = female XY = male
What tissue has vessel elements and tracheids?
Xylem
What is the difference between xylem and phloem?
Xylem carries water and minerals from soil up to the leaves Phloem distributes the products of photosynthesis (photosynthates)
In the vascular cambium, there is a single layer of initials. If the initial cell undergoes mitosis and produces a cell towards the middle of the plant it produces xylem tissue or phloem tissue.
Xylem tissue
You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?
You subject the reptile to various temperature in the lab and find its body temperature and metabolic rate change with ambient temperature. You conclude it is an ectotherm.
In the ZZ/ZW (ZZ = ♂ and ZW = ♀), what is the only sex that be produced by parthenogenesis?
ZZ Males! WW eggs are inviable and they die.
In animals that have ZZ/ZW chromosomes which is the male and female?
ZZ= male ZW = female
Based on the equation, DN/Dt = rN What is happening to the population is r=0?
Zero population growth
Phloem sap travels via...
a mixture of apoplastic and symplastic routes
Food web
a representation of all the trophic relationships within an ecosystem
During ____ an animal's cell take up small molecules such as simple sugars.
absorption
Stomach acid
activates pepsinogen into pepsin
Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids; both digestive processes
add a water molecule to break bonds
Which of the following constitutes bark?
all cells external to the vascular cambium
A population of organisms will not evolve if
all individual variation is due only to environmental factors
and this is last ****ing one
angiosperms
Social Behavior is
any kind of interaction between two or more animals, usually of the same species
A fatty acid absorbed into an intestinal cell
becomes part of a chylomicron
Growth factors are local regulators that
bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.
Cryptic coloration
camouflage
Tissues are made of....
cells and extracellular matrix
Histology is the study .....
cells and tissues
Kinesis
change in speed of random movement n response to a stimulus
Sharks, rays and their relatives have a skeleton composed predominately of:
chitin
Body cavities are called
coeloms
A body cavity lined by epithelium derived only from mesoderm is a
coleom
What is the difference between interspecific and conspecific/intraspecific interactions?
conspecific/intraspecific = within species interspecific = between species
Herbivory
consuming parts of a plant or algae
Cnidocytes are
contain stinging organelles, the nematocysts
Bowman's capsule
cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.
Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades. Select the appropriate pair.
cyclostomes and gnathstomes
What are plasmodesmata?
cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect adjoining plant cells
The oral cavity is for
detention and mastication (chewing)
Echinoderms and chordates are
deuterostomes
The anus forms first in
deuterostomes
What clade does not include humans?
diapsids
Crops help with
digestion and storage of food
Taxis
directed movement toward or away from a stimulus
The bile salts function in fat digestion by
dispersing big droplets of fats to small droplets
The innermost layer of the root cortex is the
endodermis
Are mammals endothermic or ectothermic?
endothermic
And this
ferns
proximal convoluted tubule
first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
Osteichthyes originated in
freshwater
Among the characteristics unique to animals is
gastrulation
Plant meristems
generate new cells for growth and control the developmental phases of plants
The fundamental niche is always (greater/less) than or equal to the realized niche.
greater
Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials
have some embryonic development outside the uterus
The forelimbs of mammals are ____________ because forelimbs evolved in a share common ancestor.
homologous
The epidermis of root tips is
hydrophilic
Natural selection favors traits that...
increase survivorship and increase reproductive success
The embryo proper of the mammal develops from the
inner cell mass
Where are large fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerols?
inside the lumen of the small intestine.
Innate Behavior is
instinctive or inborn and generally stereotyped activity
One advantage of the insect respiratory system is that....
it minimizes water loss
The core of each intestinal villus a small vessel of the lymphatic system called a
lacteal
What is the most basal group of living chordates?
lancelets
Fibroblasts
make fibers in the extracellular matrix
A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share
mantle
What is the difference between Metamerism and Tagmosis?
metamerism is the phenomenon of having a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in structure, though not all such structures are entirely alike in any single life form because some of them perform special functions
Asexual reproduction usually happens through (mitosis/meiosis)
mitosis
Trochophore larvae are characteristic of
mollusks
Compared to urochordates, vertebrates have (more/less) cephalization.
more
Study this.
mosses
The basis of transpirational pull in the xylem is
negative pressure at the air-water interface in the leaf
Primary induction creates the
neural tube
Which of the following is NOT a shared derived characteristic of echinoderms?
notochord
Density is
number of individuals per unit area
If you are doing a t test and you have prior knowledge that leads you to expect that the average of one group will be higher than the average of one group, you can run a (two-tailed, one-tailed) test.
one-tailed
The mammalian trachea and esophaguses connect to the
pharynx
Character displacement
phenomenal where similar coexisting species tend to diverge in characteristics
and f****** this
pines
Learned Behavior is
pliable with responses that are modified as the result of experience
In angiosperms the ______ makes water unnecessary for fertilization
pollen grain
All animals have true tissues except ________
porifera/sponges
2nd trophic level
primary consumers (herbivores)
1st trophic level
producers (plants)
Lophotorochozoa & Ecdysozoa are
protostomes
Most animals are
protostomes
The mouth forms first in
protostomes
Fossilized stromatolites
resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some warm, shallow, salty bays
Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the
right atrium
When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?
rinsing CO2
The ___ of a cow is the site of bacteria and ciliated digestion of cellulose
rumen
3rd trophic level
secondary consumers (carnivores)
Heartwood and sapwood consist of
secondary xylem
loop of Henle
section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine
Which of the following is NOT properly paired?
seminiferous tubule--cervix
Each community is called a
sere
What is Haplodiploidy?
sex-determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.
Protostomes are characterized by
spiral cleavage
The column/cavity of water in a column of sponge is called a
spongocoel
Secondary succesion
starts from intact soil
Primary succession
starts from soil-less conditions
Glucagon, the pancreatic hormone, functions to
stimulate the liver to release glucose
Malpighian tubule
structure in most terrestrial arthropods that concentrates the uric acid and adds it to digestive wastes
Ethology is
study of comparative animal behavior under natural conditions
Demography is
study of the vital statistics that affect population size - this includes birth rate, death rate, generation rate, sec ratio
Predation
the capturing and consuming if prey as a mean of maintaining life
Trophic level
the feeding rank relative to the initial source of energy
If an egg cell were treated with EDTA a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions
the fertilization envelop would not form
Tissue that contrast, is started, contains intercalated disks and is involuntary if found in
the heart
The archenteron develops into
the lumen of the digestive tract
Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during
the period before ovulation
ecological succession
the predictable changes in community structure over time - initial community compromise of pioneer species
Where is the atrioventricular node in the heart?
the right side of the partition that divides the atria, near the bottom of the right atrium.
Food chains
the series of organisms through which mass and energy flow
In male mammals, excretory and reproductive systems share
the urethra
Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common
their requirement to travel through the bloodstream
Essential amino acids are
those that cannot be made in the body
The sinoatrial node
transmits action potentials directly to the atrial muscle fibers
Secretin modulates digestion by
triggering buffer release from the pancreas
Most animal phyla are
triploblastic
Paratomy
type of budding defined as linear or transverse budding common in marine annelids
Aposematic coloration
warning coloration
Logistic growth model
when N is close to zero, the value of r is ~rmax as N increases, population growth slows as it approaches carrying capacity
Population growth can be described by the equation....
where B= births and D= deaths during the time interval
