Bio 230 Ch 8
During elongation,how is the RNA synthesized? 5' to 3' Left to right 3' to 5' Right to left
5' to 3'
Ribosomes move along the mRNA in which direction? 5' to 3' 3' to 5' Either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5'
5' to 3'
Ribosomes move along the mRNA in which direction? 5' to 3' 3' to 5' either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' None of the above
5' to 3'
What kind of bond is formed when two amino acids join together? A peptide bond An ionic bond A polar bond A hydrogen bond
A peptide bond
What results from the process of translation? tRNA A polypeptide mRNA Ribosomes
A polypeptide
What is the order of ribosomal sites that a charged tRNA molecule passes through? P site, A site, E site A site, P site, E site E site, P site, A site A site, E site, P site E site, A site, P site
A site, P site, E site
Which of the following nucleotide sequences is most likely affected by ultraviolet light? GATCGG TATATA GACACC AGTTTC
AGTTTC
What is the key difference between donor cells and recipient cells? Cell membranes A chromosome An F plasmid Size
An F plasmid
Why is DNA replication essential for a cell? It allows the organism to repair any mistakes. An organism must copy its DNA to pass genetic information to its offspring. All organisms require two copies of DNA. Because DNA is double-stranded.
An organism must copy its DNA to pass genetic information to its offspring
How is bacterial translation different from eukaryotic translation? Bacterial translation does not involve ribosomes Bacteria can begin translation before transcription has terminated mRNA is read 3' to 5'
Bacteria can begin translation before transcription has terminated
Which of the following might result in a frameshift mutation? 5-bromouracil Nitrous acid Benzopyrene
Benzopyrene
Which one of the following is a method of vertical gene transfer Transformation Transduction Conjugation Cell division
Cell division
Which enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds during replication? DNA helicase Replication fork ATP Stabilizing proteins
DNA helicase
What characteristic of DNA allows two connected DNA polymerases to synthesize both the leading and lagging strands? DNA is antiparallel. DNA is double-stranded. DNA has a helical shape. DNA is flexible.
DNA is flexible
The molecule that seals the gaps between the pieces of DNA in the lagging strand is the replication fork. the leading strand. DNA ligase. DNA polymerase. RNA
DNA ligase
Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE? DNA polymerase builds a new strand by adding DNA nucleotides one at a time. The two strands of parental DNA are separated during DNA replication. Because the two strands of parental DNA run in opposite directions, the new strands must be made in different ways. The lagging strand is made of a series of pieces that must be joined together to make a continuous strand. DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.
DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.
Of the choices below, which is the LAST to happen during DNA replication? Primase synthesizes primers for each strand The two template stands of DNA are unwound Primers are removed and replaced with DNA DNA ligase joins all the new pieces together
DNA ligase joins all the new pieces together
Which of the following build(s) new strands of DNA? The leading strand DNA polymerases Parental DNA The origins of replication The lagging strand
DNA polymerases
What is required by an F- cell to become an F+ cell? An F- cell to be a recipient Conjugation pilus F plasmid F+ chromosome
F plasmid
At which point does a recipient cell become an F+ cell? Fusion of the cell membranes Attachment of the sex pilus Transfer of the single stranded F factor Pulling of donor and recipient cells together Formation of the complementary strand of the F factor
Formation of the complementary strand of the F factor
Which of the following is a DNA strand complementary to CGA ATC AGC? CGA ATC AGC TAG GCT GAT GCT TAG TCG GCU UAG UCG
GCT TAG TCG
Where would one find an uncharged tRNA molecule in a ribosome? In the P site In the P and E sites In the A and P sites In the A, P, and E sites In the A site In the E site
In the P and E sites
How would one increase the concentration of a particular polypeptide in a cell? Increase the concentration of promoters Increase the level of transcription Increase the amount of DNA
Increase the level of transcription
Which of the following describes how 5-bromouracil might create a mutation? It can form thymine dimers. It creates bulges in the DNA that must be repaired. It can replace the base thymine, and can base pair with guanine rather than adenine. It causes double-stranded breaks of the DNA.
It can replace the base thymine, and can base pair with guanine rather than adenine
In which direction does the replication fork move? It moves from the double-stranded DNA to the single-stranded DNA. It moves ahead of the unzipped DNA It moves towards the stabilizing proteins. It moves ahead of the newly synthesized DNA.
It moves ahead of the newly synthesized DNA
What is the function of the conjugation pilus? It carries the chromosome of F- cells It pulls the F+ and F- cells together It contains an F plasmid It converts F- cells into F+ cells
It pulls the F+ and F- cells together
What is the function of parental DNA in replication? It allows for the DNA to be circular. It gives the cell two complete copies of the DNA. It serves as the template for DNA replication. It is passed into the offspring of the parent.
It serves as the template for DNA replication
Which of the following are terms associated with Okazaki fragments? Lagging strand, DNA ligase, and discontinuous DNA ligase Lagging strand Discontinuous
Lagging strand, DNA ligase, and discontinuous
Which DNA strand is synthesized continuously? The leading and lagging strands are both synthesized continuously. Lagging strand Leading strand Neither the leading nor the lagging strand is synthesized continuously.
Leading strand
What cellular macromolecule is the fertility factor comprised of Protein Lipid Nucleic acid Carbohydrate
Nucleic acid
What is considered to be the average natural mutation rate that occurs during DNA replication? One in every million nucleotides replicated. One in every trillion nucleotides replicated. One in every ten thousand nucleotides replicated. One in every billion nucleotides replicated.
One in every billion nucleotides replicated
How frequently do silent mutations occur? One out of every billion mutations One out of every three mutations Half of all mutations One out of every million mutations
One out of every three mutations
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is FALSE? Primase synthesizes the primers Only one strand of the parent DNA serves as a template for a newly synthesized complementary strand DNA polymerase is required to add new nucleotides to the growing ends of the DNA strands DNA ligase joins the small DNA fragments of the lagging strand
Only one strand of the parent DNA serves as a template for a newly synthesized complementary strand
During the initiation step of translation, the fMet charged tRNA assembles in which site of the ribosome? P site A site E site
P site
Which of the following makes mRNA from the information stored in a DNA template? tRNA RNA polymerase Ribosomes DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Which of the following enzymes and their function are MISMATCHED? DNA ligase-joins pieces of DNA together DNA polymerase-synthesizes DNA and proofreads DNA helicase-unwinds two strands of DNA RNA polymerase-makes DNA
RNA polymerase-makes DNA
What ensures that the single strands of DNA do not come back together? ATP DNA helicase The replication fork Stabilizing proteins
Stabilizing proteins
During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the parental DNA? U A C G T
T
How does the ribosome know if the entering charged tRNA is correct? The preceding amino acid will not permit it to enter the A site The incorrect tRNA does not fit into the A site The anticodon on the tRNA base pairs to the codon on the mRNA
The anticodon on the tRNA base pairs to the codon on the mRNA
Which statement about DNA replication is CORRECT? The leading strand is one of the strands of parental DNA. The lagging strand is one of the strands of parental DNA. DNA ligase helps assemble the leading strand. The lagging strand is built continuously. The leading strand is build continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.
The leading strand is build continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces
What is the initial target of RNA polymerase? The template DNA The terminator region The promoter
The promoter
Why is the DNA synthesis of the lagging strand considered discontinuous? The synthesis is moving in the opposite direction from the replication fork. DNA synthesis on the lagging strand occurs 3' to 5'. The lagging strand only requires one primer instead of multiple primers. The lagging strand only produces single-stranded DNA molecules.
The synthesis is moving in the opposite direction from the replication fork
How do stabilizing proteins work on the DNA? They use ATP to break the hydrogen bonds. They form the replication fork. They bind to the double-stranded DNA. They bind to the single-stranded DNA.
They bind to the single-stranded DNA
What is the function of the connector proteins? They link the leading strand DNA polymerase and the lagging strand DNA polymerase together. They enable one parental DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand to be held together. They allow DNA synthesis to occur in the 3' to 5' direction. They produce the Okazaki fragments.
They link the leading strand DNA polymerase and the lagging strand DNA polymerase together
What are the products of semiconservative replication for a double-stranded DNA molecule? One double-stranded DNA molecule, consisting of two daughter strands. Two double-stranded DNA molecules, one consisting of two parental strands and the other consisting of two daughter strands. Two double-stranded DNA molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one daughter strand. One double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of one parental strand and one daughter strand.
Two double-stranded DNA molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one daughter strand
How is translation terminated? When the A, P, and E sites are all filled When a protein called a release factor enters and binds to the A site When the ribosome runs out of the mRNA When there are no more charged tRNA molecules
When a protein called a release factor enters and binds to the A site
Which of the following is NOT a product of transcription? mRNA a new strand of DNA tRNA rRNA None of the answers are correct; all of these are products of transcription.
a new strand of DNA
A gene is best defined as the RNA product of a transcribed section of DNA. three nucleotides that code for an amino acid. a sequence of nucleotides in RNA that codes for a functional product. a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product. any random segment of DNA.
a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product
What DNA molecule is transferred between cells during conjugation between an F+ and an F- cell? a single-strand of the chromosome a double-stranded F plasmid a double-stranded chromosome a single-stranded F plasmid
a single-stranded F plasmid
Which of the following statements is NOT true of plasmids? are small, circular molecules of DNA that can carry genes for heavy metal resistance can be transferred between bacteria during conjugation may contain antibiotic resistance genes may encode genes that enhance the pathogenicity of an organism are essential for survival of the organism in most situations
are essential for survival of the organism in most situations
A nucleotide-altering chemical can be incorporated into the DNA, to cause a mispairing of bases. can cause double-stranded breaks in the DNA. can alter nitrogenous bases of DNA, resulting in incorrect base pairing. can slip in between stacked bases, causing bulges in the DNA structure.
can alter nitrogenous bases of DNA, resulting in incorrect base pairing
Which of the following requires cell-to-cell contact? transduction mutation conjugation transformation
conjugation
The damage caused by ultraviolet radiation is never repaired. cut out and replaced. repaired during transcription. repaired during translation. repaired by DNA replication
cut out and replaced
You are analyzing a segment of DNA and observe an area of sequence that appears to act as a promoter element. Based on this what can you conclude? You have _________ found an anticodon found the end of a gene found the beginning of a gene found DNA replication start site
found the beginning of a gene
A base insertion or deletion in the translated region of the gene may lead to frameshift mutation missense mutation silent mutation nonsense mutation
frameshift mutation
Deleting or inserting one nucleotide pair in the middle of a gene is an example of which of the following? base substitution missense mutation frameshift mutation nonsense mutation
frameshift mutation
Which of the following enzymes unwinds the two strands of DNA so that they can be copied during replication? DNA gyrase helicase DNA polymerase transposase
helicase
Which of the following enzymes unwinds the two strands of DNA so that they can be copied during replication? DNA gyrase transposase helicase DNA polymerase
helicase
Mutagens come in two basic forms: ionizing and nonionizing radiation increase the likelihood of mutations in DNA are the sole cause of mutations in DNA decrease the likelihood of mutations in DNA
increase the likelihood of mutations in DNA
Which of the following can be translated into protein? tRNA mRNA mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all translated into protein rRNA
mRNA
Transcription produces which of the following? mRNA rRNA tRNA mRNA and tRNA mRNA and rRNA mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all produced by transcription
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all produced by transcription
Thymine dimers result from nonionizing radiation mistakes by DNA polymerase ionizing radiation nucleoside analogs
nonionizing radiation
A base substitution that changes a codon coding for an amino acid to a stop codon is called a nonsense mutation framshift mutation silent mutation missense mutation
nonsense mutation
The antibiotic kasugamycin blocks binding of bacterial tRNA that carries formylmethionine to a ribosome. From this information, you can conclude that kasugamycin prevents _________ gene transcription protein synthesis DNA replication Conjugation
protein synthesis
Ribosomes contain which of the following? rRNA mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all found as part of the ribosome. mRNA tRNA
rRNA
A mutation that affects the genotype of the organism but not the phenotype is called a missense mutation. nonsense mutation. frameshift mutation. silent mutation.
silent mutation
RNA that has hydrogen bonded to itself forms a stem loop terminator sequence promoter sequence termination protein
stem loop
In which direction is DNA synthesized? synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction synthesized in the 3' to 5' direction All of the above are correct None of the above
synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction
Which of the following is involved in bringing amino acids to the ribosomes? mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosomes. tRNA rRNA mRNA
tRNA
Which of the following statements concerning translation is correct? Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by the mRNA Each set of three nucleotides in the mRNA is called an anticodon tRNAs enter the ribsome at the E site and leave from the A site The ribosome stops protein synthesis when it reaches a nonsense codon in the mRNA
tRNAs enter the ribsome at the E site and leave from the A site
RNA polymerase is guided by the template strand of DNA coding strand of DNA RNA strand
template strand of DNA
What is the purpose of DNA replication? to generate mutations to make an RNA molecule to make an identical copy of DNA to synthesize a protein
to make an identical copy of DNA
What is the purpose of bacterial conjugation? to bring two cells in contact with each other to allow cells to take up DNA from their environment to transfer DNA between two living cells
to transfer DNA between two living cells
DNA is constructed of a single strand of nucleotides with internal hydrogen bonding. two strands of nucleotides running in an antiparallel configuration. two complementary strands of nucleotides bonded AC and GT. two strands of identical nucleotides in a parallel configuration with hydrogen bonds between them. None of the answers is correct.
two strands of nucleotides running in an antiparallel configuration
DNA is constructed of two strands of identical nucleotides in a parallel configuration with hydrogen bonds between them. two strands of nucleotides running in an antiparallel configuration. two complementary strands of nucleotides bonded AC and GT. a single strand of nucleotides with internal hydrogen bonding. None of the answers is correct.
two strands of nucleotides running in an antiparallel configuration
