Bio 251 - Exam 2
what type of glial cell is necessary for the normal development of the blood-brain barrier? A. astrocytes B. oligodendrocytes C. ependymal cells D. Microglia E. Schwann cells
C.
Compared to norepinephrine, epinephrine has a greater affinity for what type of receptor? A. nicotinic B. muscarine C. Alpha 1 D. Beta 1 E. Beta 2
A.
Hunger and thirst centers are located in which area of the brain? A. hypothalamus B. thalamus C. basal nuclei D. corpus callosum E. cerebellum
A.
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter__________; sympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter_______________. A. epinephrine; norepinephrine B. acetylcholine; norepinephrine C. norepinephrine; acetylcholine D. Acetylcholine; acetylcholine E. norepinephrine; norepinephrine
A.
The autonomic nervous system regulates the activity of most internal organs by controlling all the following except__________. A. skeletal muscle B. cardiac muscle C. smooth muscle D. adipose tissue (fat cells) E. glands
A.
The pitch frequency of sound is coded for by the _________ A. number of hair cells stimulated B. direction that the stereocilia are stimulated C. amplitude of the action potentials D. frequency of action potentials E. information coming from hair cells on the portion of the basilar membrane that is vibrating most in response to a certain sound frequency.
A.
When the doctor shines a penlight into the patient's eye, which of the following occurs? A. the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction B. the sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction C. the sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radical muscle and pupillary dilation D. the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction. E. the parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation.
A.
Which brand in the nervous system controls the smooth muscle in the eye that is responsible for changing the shape of the lens to focus light from near objects into the retina? A. somatic nervous system B. both somatic and sympathetic nervous systems C. Sympathetic nervous system only D. parasympathetic nervous system only E. sensory nervous system
A.
at the neuromuscular junction, binding of acetylcholine to ______ type cholinergic receptors causes ________ of muscle cell membrane by opening channels that primarily permit sodium to enter the cell. A. muscarine; a depolarization B. muscarine; a hyperpolarization C. nicotinic; a depolarization D. nicotinic; a hyperpolarization E. nicotinic; no change
A.
which of the following characteristics is NOT a specialization of the left cerebral hemisphere in most individuals? A. expression of language B. comprehension of language C. analytical reasoning D. creativity E. logical reasoning
A.
which of the following defects in vision is incorrectly matched with its cause? A. presbyopia; hardening of the lens B. astigmatism; discoloration of the lens C. glaucoma: increase volume and therefore, increased pressure of the fluid of the eye D. cataract: discolaration of lens E. loss of accommodation: hardening of the lens
B
in the eye, which receptor type is used to detect photons of light? A. hair cells B. photoreceptors C. mechanical receptors D. warm receptors E. chemoreceptors
C.
During skeletal muscle contraction, as the sarcomeres shortens, the thick and thin myofilaments____________. A. shorten B. Slide past one another C. do not interact D. condense E. lengthen
B.
dual innervation of organs by the autonomic nervous system refers to the observation that _________. A. two postganglionic sympathetic neurons innervate each target organ B. both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions innervate most organs, and they usually have opposite effects C. autonomic innervation involves both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons D. both autonomic and somatic neurons innervate all organs E. autonomic neurons that innervate each target organ originate from exactly two ganglia
B.
parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter __________; sympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ________________. A. epinephrine; norepinephrine B. acetylcholine; norepinephrine C. norepinephrine; acetylcholine D. acetylcholine; acetylcholine E. norepinephrine; norepinephrine
B.
the outer radial muscles of the iris are innervated by the _______ nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary_________. A. sympathetic; constriction B. sympathetic; dilation C. parasympathetic; constriction D. parasympathetic; dilation E. somatic; constriction
B.
the sound sensitive neurons in the cochlear duct sit atop what membrane? A. vestibular membrane B. tympanic membrane C. tectorial membrane D. basilar membrane E. plasma membrane of hair cells
B.
what is the regulatory protein component of the thin myofilament that binds calcium, thereby initiating skeletal muscle contraction? A. myosin B. tropomyosin C. troponin D. actin E. titin
B.
which cell type in the inner ear is responsible for transducing sound waves into electrical signals? A. Rods B. cones C. bipolar cells D. ganglion cells E. hair cells
B.
which of the following areas of the brain assists in the cerebral cortex by helping to coordinate movement? A. cortex B. cerebellum C. brainstem D. thalamus E. pineal gland
B.
which of the following best describes the interaction between transverse (T) tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in skeletal muscle contraction? A. action potentials in T tubules trigger the release of acetylcholine, which binds to receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and trigger calcium release. B. action potentials in T tubules trigger the release of norepinephrine, which binds to receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum and trigger calcium release. C. Action potentials in T tubules are detected by DHP receptors, which are couples to ryanodine receptors in the SR and open channels for sodium release. D. action potentials in T tubules are detected by ryanodine receptors , which are coupled by DHP receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and open channels for sodium release. E. action potentials in T tubules cause depolarization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, thereby opening voltage-gated calcium channels to trigger calcium release.
B.
release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by input from _______ A. preganglionic parasympathetic neurons B. preganglionic sympathetic neurons C. postganglionic parasympathetic neurons D. postganglionic sympathetic neurons E. somatic motor neurons
C.
Students who suffer from test anxiety often have some of the following symptoms: the need for frequent urination, dilated pupils, and a dry mouth. What branch of the autonomic nervous system would cause these symptoms? A. sympathetic B. Parasympathetic C. Somatic D. Voluntary E. none of the above
C.
The somatic nervous system regulate the activity of __________ A. endocrine organs B. most internal organs C. skeletal muscle D. the kidney E. The cardiovascular system
C.
Where are muscarinic- type acetylcholine receptors Located? A. on the target cells of the parasympathetic nervous system B. on the postganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system C. on the postganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system D. on the skeletal muscle membrane at the motor end plate E. on epinephrine secreting cells in the adrenal medulla
C.
in skeletal muscle, the binding of calcium to troponin will directly allow which of the following? A. the binding of ATP to myosin B. the further release of calcium into the cytoplasm C. the movement of tropomyosin, thereby exposing the myosin-binding site on the thin myofilaments so cross-bridges can occur D. the movement of tropomyosin on the thick myofilaments, thereby exposing the actin-binding site on the myosin molecule so cross-bridges can occur E. the hydrolysis of ATP
C.
which of the following is not a specialization observed at the neuromuscular junction? A. there is a high density of acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate B. every action potential that reaches the axon terminal of the somatic motor neuron will generate an action potential in a healthy skeletal muscle cell C. the axon terminal at the motor end plate spreads out over a large area compared with other synapses D. the axon terminal at the motor end plate spreads out in a disk shape E. each skeletal muscle cell is innervated (controlled) by multiple motor neurons
C.
which of the following is the correct order of communication of visual information in the retina? A. photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell B. photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell C. bipolar cell, ganglion cell, photoreceptor D. bipolar cell, photoreceptor, ganglion cell E. ganglion cell, bipolar cell, photoreceptor
C.
which of the following occurs to the lens of the eye in order for it to focus light onto the retina for near vision? A. the lens becomes thinner and flatter, thus bending light waves to a greater extent to focus them onto the retina B. the lens becomes flattened thus bending light less C. the lens becomes rounder, thus bending light waves to a greater extent to focus them onto the retina D. the lens becomes rounder, thus reducing the bending of light onto the retina E. the lens does not change shape during accommodation
C.
What is the primary mode of action of cobra venom neurotoxin? A. it breakdowns the neurotransmitter acetylcholine B. it decreases the amount of acetylcholine released from the axon terminals of somatic motor neurons C. it blocks the sodium channels in the axon of the somatic motor neurons D. it decreases the number of functional receptors on the muscle cell, which impairs the ability of skeletal muscle cells to respond to acetylcholine E. it blocks communication at the neuromuscular junction by preventing acetylcholine from binding to its receptors on the skeletal muscle cell membrane
D.
Where in the central nervous system do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system originate? A. thoracic region of the spinal cord only B. brainstem only C. lumbar region of the spinal cord only D. both thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord E. both brainstem and the sacral region of the spinal cord
D.
With respect to their innervation, individual skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are innervated by ________. a. a single motor neuron b. multiple motor neurons C. a single motor neuron and a single autonomic neuron D. multiple motor neurons and multiple autonomic neurons E. a single motor neuron and multiple autonomic neurons
D.
in the eye, which of the following is associated with high visual acuity, i.e the ability to form fine detailed visual images? A. cones B. Ganglion cells C. rods D. Bipolar cells E. both rods and cones
D.
postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system release neurotransmitters from __________, allowing the neurotransmitter to be disturbed over a large area of the target tissue. A. their cell bodies B. the axon hillock C. the neurotransmitter junction D. dendrites E. varicosities
D.
with regard to the autonomic nervous system, which of the following most accurately describes alpha and beta receptors? A. nicotinic, acetylcholine receptors B. muscarine, acetylcholine receptors C. adrenergic receptors D. both A and B E. None of the above
D.
In order to focus light coming from a near-source onto the retina, the lens adjusts its refractive power through what process? A. accommodation B. Acclimation C. acclimation D. Telescoping E. refractory
E.
sound waves traveling through the air first initiate a vibration of the _____. the sound waves are then transmitted through the middle of the ear by the ________. A. saccule; ear canal B. oval window; ossicles C. oval window; ear canal D. tympanic membrane; ossicles E. round window; saccule
E.
the amount of light entering the eye is primarily regulated by what structure? A. cornea B. pupil of the iris C. optic disk D. fovea E. ciliary body
E.
what is the function of the middle ear ossicles? A. Transduce sound waves to neural impulses B. maintain the sensitivity of hair cells for hearing C. amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear D. provide structurally support of the eardrum E. provide structural support of the cochlea
E.