BIO 32

Which of the answer choices is an example of a mutualistic association involving a fungus? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. A fungus invades the xylem of a tree and eventually kills it. A fungus causes athlete's foot in a human. A fungus produces rings that allow it to capture and feed upon nematode worms. Fungal spores infect, and then eventually kill, an insect. Fungal hyphae penetrate a plant root, then provide the plant with nutrients and receive organic molecules in return.

Fungal hyphae penetrate a plant root, then provide the plant with nutrients and receive organic molecules in return.

How do endophytes differ from endomycorrhizal fungi? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Endophytes live within leaves, whereas endomycorrhizal fungi live within roots. Endophytes help plants absorb nutrients, whereas endomycorrhizal fungi help plants defend against predators and pathogens. Endophytes penetrate into plant cells, whereas endomycorrhizal fungi live within and between plant cell walls. Endomycorrhizal fungi are beneficial to the plant, whereas endophytes are harmful. Endophytes are unicellular, whereas endomycorrhizal fungi are multicellular.

a

To which of these groups do aquatic fungi with flagellated spores belong? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. chytrids basidiomycetes zygomycetes glomeromycetes ascomycetes

a

To which of these groups does the fungus that produces penicillin belong? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ascomycetes basidiomycetes chytrids zygomycetes glomeromycetes

a

When a fungus encounters a particularly rich food source, what is the expected result? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Hyphae branch and extend rapidly from their tips to form a mycelium. The mycelium breaks down into widely separated hyphae. Individual hyphae begin to produce spores. Hyphae stop growing and a fruiting body forms to exploit the food source. Hyphae stop growing in length, but increase in diameter.

a

Which comparisons of fungal and animal nutrition is correct? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Fungi digest and then absorb food, whereas animals ingest and then digest food. Fungi are autotrophs, whereas animals are heterotrophs. Fungi are unable to break down complex molecules, whereas animals can break down complex molecules. Fungi and animals both ingest their food prior to digestion.

a

Which of the answer choices is not a benefit of spore production in fungi? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Because spores have a high rate of survival, fungi typically produce a small number of spores, thereby saving energy and resources. Protected by their outer coats, spores can travel through inhospitable environments. Spores can travel over long distances and encounter new food sources that cannot be accessed by the mycelium of the parent fungi. Spores are often viable for long periods after their production and can be activated when environmental conditions are favorable.

a

Which of the answer choices represents the correct order of events in fungal sexual reproduction, starting from when hyphae of two different mating types grow together? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. plasmogamy → heterokaryotic stage → karyogamy → zygote → meiosis → spore production and dispersal → haploid mycelium spore production and dispersal → karyogamy → heterokaryotic stage → plasmogamy → zygote → meiosis → haploid mycelium heterokaryotic stage → plasmogamy → karyogamy → zygote → meiosis → haploid mycelium → spore production and dispersal spore production and dispersal → plasmogamy → heterokaryotic stage → karyogamy → zygote → meiosis → haploid mycelium karyogamy → heterokaryotic stage → plasmogamy → zygote → meiosis → spore production and dispersal → haploid mycelium

a

Which of the statements about basidiomycetes and ascomycetes is false? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Basidiomycetes have a short heterokaryotic stage, whereas ascomycetes have a long heterokaryotic stage. Basidiomycetes produce four spores from each basidium, whereas ascomycetes produce eight spores from each ascus. Basidiomycetes produce spores in club-shaped cells, whereas ascomycetes produce spores in elongated, saclike cells. Basidiomycete fruiting bodies are composed entirely of dikaryotic hyphae, whereas ascomycete fruiting bodies are composed of a combination of haploid and dikaryotic hyphae. Following damage, basidiomycetes plug their septal pores in a different way than ascomycetes.

a

Which of the statements about lichens is false? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Lichens are symbiotic relationships between a fungus and a plant. The partnership in a lichen is not species-specific. Lichens are very sensitive to air pollution. Lichens can reproduce asexually. Lichens can extract nutrients from rocks or rainfall.

a

_____ and _____ are structures formed in the fruiting bodies of dikaryotic (n + n) fungi that produce spores. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Basidia; asci Chitins; asci Basidia; septa Basidia; chitins Septa; asci

a

All of the traits are shared between animals and at least some fungi, except: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. eukaryotic cells. None of the other answer options is correct. glycogen for energy storage. chitin synthesis. flagellated motile cells.

b

If a special fungicide killed all of the glomeromycetes in an environment but did not affect other types of fungi, which of these would most likely occur? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Aquatic habitats would completely lack fungi. Plant nutrient uptake from the soil would be reduced. Overall decomposition rates would be dramatically reduced. Mushrooms would be absent from the environment. Lichens would be absent from the environment.

b

The black spots seen on a moldy piece of bread are: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. hyphae. sporangia. rhizoids. mycelium. zygotes.

b

How are the spores of zygomycetes such as Rhizopus dispersed? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. by swimming with flagella by the rain by insects by the wind by animals

d

What is the primary reason that fungi are important in the carbon cycle? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. They store carbon while they are alive and contribute carbon back to the atmosphere when they die and decompose. Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. Their high ratio of surface area to volume allows them to decompose large amounts of dead and decaying material, thereby returning carbon to the atmosphere. Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. They have a high ratio of surface area to volume and are able to fix more carbon through photosynthesis than other plants of comparable size. Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. Their high ratio of surface area to volume allows them to obtain more carbon through mycorrhizal associations, and store it in the form of sugar, than their symbiotic hosts.

b

What methods do fungi employ to disperse their spores? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. They instruct plants to form "fake flowers," which attract pollinators that then disperse spores. All of these choices are correct. They produce pheromones similar to those of boars, which attract sows that disperse the spores. They form fruiting bodies, which expel spores above "stagnant" air. They hijack ants, creating "zombie ants" that die and are attached to leaves above the forest floor, enhancing the dispersal of spores released into the air.

b

When you eat a mushroom, what structure of the fungus are you consuming? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a support structure a reproductive structure a defensive structure a food-gathering structure a photosynthetic structure

b

Which of the statements about chytrids and basidiomycetes is false? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Chytrids lack a heterokaryotic phase, whereas basidiomycetes have a heterokaryotic phase. Chytrids have a well-developed mycelium, whereas basidiomycetes have a well-developed fruiting body. Chytrids are aquatic, whereas basidiomycetes are terrestrial. Unlike basidiomycetes, chytrids have flagellated spores. Chytrids lack well-defined hyphae, whereas basidiomycetes have well-defined hyphae.

b

Which of these fungal groups is the cause of widespread mortality in amphibians? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. basidiomycetes chytrids zygomycetes glomeromycetes ascomycetes

b

Fungi are most closely related to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. haploid protists, which are organisms that also have haploid nuclei. arthropods, which are organisms that also produce chitin. plants, which are organisms that also grow in the ground.

c

In what ways are mycelia and fruiting bodies similar? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Both grow below ground. All of these choices are correct. Both are composed of hyphae. Both produce spores. Both are involved in gathering food.

c

What is the primary advantage of having multiple mating type alleles? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. More diversity can be achieved through self-fertilization. More spores can be produced during sexual reproduction. There is an increased probability that two fungi encountering each other will have compatible mating types. There is no need to produce chemical signals to attract a mate. Fungi can more easily switch between sexual and asexual reproduction.

c

Which of the following best describes the role of fungi in an ecosystem? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. autotrophs producers decomposers herbivores carnivores

c

According to the phylogeny shown, which of these is a synapomorphy (shared, derived character) of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes? Click to view full size. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. hyphae complex, multicellular fruiting bodies chitin in cell walls regular septa All of these choices are correct.

d septa

A scientist collects a spore from a new species of fungus and observes that this spore has a flagellum. What does the presence of a flagellum suggest about the lifestyle of this species? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. The species relies on insects for spore dispersal. The species' spores are produced asexually. The species is unicellular. The species is an endomycorrhizal fungus. The species is aquatic.

e

Fungi can cause various diseases, but they can also be beneficial to humans. Which of the following result from fungi? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. smut or rust crop infections leavened bread soy sauce certain skin infections All of these choices are correct.

e

In many groups of fungi, karyogamy and plasmogamy are separated in time and space. One potential advantage of this arrangement is that: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the fungus can easily switch between sexual and asexual reproduction. a diploid nucleus can form immediately. spores can be produced by meiosis instead of mitosis. the mycelium can grow more rapidly. mating and spore production can occur in different environments.

e

The stage of the fungal life cycle during which two or more genetically distinct nuclei are found in the same cell is referred to as the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. diploid stage. plasmogamy. karyogamy. zygote stage. heterokaryotic stage.

e

What is the advantage of a fungal body being composed of numerous thin hyphae instead of one or two very thick hyphae? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Less energy is required to produce the hyphae. More exposure to the sun allows for increased photosynthesis. Better support is provided by numerous hyphae. A greater surface area is available for absorption of nutrients. All of these choices are correct.

e

Which of the following materials can serve as food sources for fungi? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. leaf matter in a New England forest a bear carcass in Siberia elephant dung in the Serengeti a fallen redwood tree in California All of these choices are correct.

e

Which of the statements about spores is false? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Fungal species vary in their reliance on asexual versus sexual spore production. Spore production is triggered in part by a shortage of resources. Asexual spores are genetically identical to the parent, whereas sexual spores are not identical. Both sexual and asexual spores allow for dispersal to new areas. Both sexual and asexual spores are produced by meiosis.

e

Within the fungal body, nutrients are transported from the _____ to the _____ by the process of _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. mycelium; fruiting body; diffusion fruiting body; mycelium; vesicular transport mycelium; fruiting body; active transport fruiting body; mycelium; diffusion mycelium; fruiting body; bulk flow

e

Which of the answer choices represents the correct sequence of events in parasexual fungi that results in an increase in genetic diversity? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. plasmogamy, chromosome loss, mitotic crossing over, karyogamy karyogamy, plasmogamy, mitotic crossing over, chromosome loss chromosome loss, plasmogamy, karyogamy, mitotic crossing over karyogamy, chromosome loss, mitotic crossing over, plasmogamy plasmogamy, karyogamy, mitotic crossing over, chromosome loss

plasmogamy, karyogamy, mitotic crossing over, chromosome loss