BIO 322 Exam 2 Chapters 6-11

If the demographic matrix for a population of biennial plants (composed of seeds, 1-year-old plants, and 2-year-old plants) is, what percentage of seeds dies each year? **Figure in chapter 8 Quiz Q 10** A. 10% B. 20% C. 60% D. 70%

A. 10% **70% of seeds remain as viable ungerminated seeds and 20% germinate and grow into 1-year-old plants. The remaining 10% perish.**

Keeping in mind that the Middle Columbia River is the control site and the Snake and Upper Columbia Rivers are the impact sites, which of these statements is NOT consistent with the patterns shown in the figure below? **Figure in chapter 9 Quiz Q9** A. Before dam construction, the Middle Columbia River had more spawners than the Snake River. B. After dam construction, the Middle Columbia River had more spawners than the Upper Columbia River. C. After dam construction, the Middle Columbia River had more spawners than the Snake River. D. Before dam construction, the Middle Columbia River had fewer spawners than the Upper Columbia River.

A. Before dam construction, the Middle Columbia River had more spawners than the Snake River. ** This statement is NOT consistent with the bar at left in graph B, which shows that before dam construction, the Snake River had more spawners than the Middle Columbia River **

You suspect that mortality of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) is related to the presence of a fungal pathogen that causes a disease known as white nose syndrome. Based on a single year of fieldwork, you have estimates of mortality rate for six populations where the fungal pathogen is present and five populations where it is absent. Which kind of observational study would probably be best suited to this scenario? A. Control-impact study B. BACI (before-after control-impact) study C. Regression study D. Any of the above

A. Control-impact study ** In this case the predictor variable (presence or absence of the fungal pathogen) is a categorical variable, which rules out a regression approach. Also, you have data from only one year, so a BACI is not possible **

All of the following statements are consistent with the simple metapopulation model shown in the figure below, except the rate of **Figure in chapter 10 Quiz Q8** A. colonization is greater than the rate of extinction when the fraction of patches occupied is above f*. B. colonization is highest when half of the habitat patches are occupied. C. extinction increases linearly with patch occupancy. D. extinction is equal to the rate of colonization at two points: f* and when the metapopulation is extinct ( f = 0).

A. colonization is greater than the rate of extinction when the fraction of patches occupied is above f*.

Which of the following risks is the result of random variation in the survival and production of offspring and is especially of concern for a small population? A. demographic stochasticity B. environmental stochasticity C. inbreeding depression D. genetic drift

A. demographic stochasticity ** Demographic stochasticity is random variation among individuals in birth rate, death rate, and sex of offspring. The importance of demographic stochasticity as a potential cause of extinction declines quickly with population size.**

Which of the following risks is due to random variation in the survival and production of offspring due to fluctuating weather conditions or species interactions? A. environmental stochasticity B. inbreeding depression C. genetic drift D. Allee effect

A. environmental stochasticity **Environmental stochasticity is variation in the expected rates of survival and birth due to changing environmental conditions.**

Hatcheries can be harmful to wild populations for all of the following reasons, except A. hatcheries can quickly generate large numbers of individuals. B. hatchery-raised individuals may be larger than wild individuals at the time of release. C. hatcheries select for traits well suited to domestication. D. hatcheries can reduce the genetic diversity of a population.

A. hatcheries can quickly generate large numbers of individuals.

The 30-year-long effort in India to census the nation's tiger population could have been improved by any of the following, EXCEPT A. hiring more people to conduct a more thorough search for pugmarks. B. tracking the amount of time spent searching for pugmarks. C. tracking the location of pugmarks as they were found. D. None of the above

A. hiring more people to conduct a more thorough search for pugmarks. **Hiring yet more people to conduct searches in the same way would not have improved the effort.**

Conservation plans that prioritize the continued delivery of ecosystem services to people A. may or may not protect large amounts of biodiversity, but opportunities for win-win outcomes exist. B. are impossible to design. C. also tend, by default, to protect large amounts of biodiversity. D. are described by none of the phrases above.

A. may or may not protect large amounts of biodiversity, but opportunities for win-win outcomes exist. **There is no evidence of any correlation between biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. However, it is possible to prioritize protection of sites that happen to have high biodiversity and provide highly valuable ecosystem services. **

According to the figure below, restored sites **Figure in chapter 11 Quiz Q10** A. provide greater levels of regulating ecosystem services than degraded sites but lower levels than reference sites. B. support higher levels of ecosystem function than both degraded and reference sites. C. harbor greater biodiversity than reference sites but less than degraded sites. D. are all of the above.

A. provide greater levels of regulating ecosystem services than degraded sites but lower levels than reference sites. **This figure shows that levels of biodiversity, ecosystem function, and regulating ecosystem services are higher in restored sites than in degraded sites but lower in restored sites than in reference sites.**

Active intervention is likely needed to restore areas of high productivity and low stress because A. such conditions could favor the rapid growth of invasive species. B. there may be few seeds of native plant species present in such areas. C. these conditions foster a higher rate of erosion. D. None of the above

A. such conditions could favor the rapid growth of invasive species.

According to the figure below, the rate of extinction increases as **Figure in chapter 10 Quiz Q3** A. the number of species present on the island grows. B. island size grows. C. distance from the mainland grows. D. distance from the mainland decreases.

A. the number of species present on the island grows. ** The rate of extinction is greater when there are more species present on an island. You can see this by noting that the steepness of the extinction curve increases as the number of species increases. **

Imagine two populations have allele frequencies p1 = 0.3, q1 = 0.7, and p2 = 0.8, q2 = 0.2. What is the value of FST for this scenario? A.0.253 B. 0.338 C. 0.370 D. 0.495

A.0.253 ** Fst = (0.495 - 0.370)/0.495 = 0.253. **

Which of the following is an assumption of an ideal population? A.Equal numbers of breeding males and females B. Highly uneven production of offspring C. Fluctuating population size D. None of the above

A.Equal numbers of breeding males and females ** An ideal population assumes an even sex ratio among breeding individuals.**

Allele Effect

Allee effect is a positive relationship between individual fitness and population size. It is a risk to population persistence because low population size causes rates of survival and birth to fall even lower, potentially due to the disruption of group behaviors.

A population of biennial plants (plants that reproduce only in their second year of life and then die) consists of 150 seeds, 25 one-year-old (vegetative) plants, and 10 two-year-old (flowering) plants. If the demographic matrix for the population is **Figure in chapter 8 Quiz Q 9** then in the next year the population will consist of A. 110 seeds, 6 one-year-old plants, and 1,500 two-year-old plants. B. 205 seeds, 30 one-year-old plants, and 15 two-year-old plants. C. 100 seeds, 30 one-year-old plants, and 15 two-year-old plants. D. It is impossible to say given the information provided here.

B. 205 seeds, 30 one-year-old plants, and 15 two-year-old plants.

Which of the following would be not be expected near the edge of a forest patch compared to the patch interior? A. Warmer temperatures B. Lower abundance and diversity of nonnative species C. Greater mortality of animals due to interaction with humans D. Greater abundance and diversity of habitat generalist species

B. Lower abundance and diversity of nonnative species ** In fact, a greater abundance and diversity of nonnative species is expected near the forest edge. **

Which of the following is a key lesson learned from metapopulation models? A. Sites that are currently unoccupied are not essential for the long-term persistence of the metapopulation. B. Reduced dispersal success can cause a metapopulation to become extinct. C. A metapopulation will not become extinct until all of the habitat patches are destroyed. D. The arrangement and connectivity of patches is never as important as the absolute amount of habitat.

B. Reduced dispersal success can cause a metapopulation to become extinct. ** A key lesson learned from metapopulation models is that a reduction in dispersal success can cause the metapopulation to become extinct. This means, among other things, that the land between habitat patches must be sufficiently hospitable to dispersing individuals. Also, the arrangement and connectivity of patches can be just as important as the absolute amount of habitat. **

Efforts to breed and reintroduce the California condor have cost tens of millions of taxpayer dollars. Why might these efforts end up being unsuccessful? A. Condors did not respond well to captive breeding efforts. B. The continued use of lead ammunition, only recently banned, has caused lead poisoning of many condors. C. Poaching of condors continues unabated. D. All of the above

B. The continued use of lead ammunition, only recently banned, has caused lead poisoning of many condors.

A large value of FST (the inbreeding coefficient) relative to FST values calculated for similar types of species indicates that A. the populations under examination are well connected by migration. B. a dispersal corridor may be a good investment because migration between sub-populations is currently limited. C. out breeding depression is likely occurring. D. this species is unlikely to use a dispersal corridor, so there is no point in creating one.

B. a dispersal corridor may be a good investment because migration between sub populations is currently limited.

Conservation planners typically use computer algorithms to select a suite of priority sites for protection. These algorithms tend to select sites on the basis of A. conservation value, regardless of land area or cost. B. efficiency or, in other words, coming as close as possible to the stated conservation goals within a fixed budget of land area or money. C. obtaining the largest possible area, given a fixed budget of money. D. none of the above.

B. efficiency or, in other words, coming as close as possible to the stated conservation goals within a fixed budget of land area or money. **The computer algorithms seek the set of sites that maximize the conservation goals while remaining within a fixed budget of land area or money.**

Habitat fragmentation can lead directly to all of the following except A. edge effects. B. environmental stochasticity C. metapopulation dynamics. D. faunal relaxation within patches.

B. environmental stochasticity ** Environmental stochasticity is a phenomenon that occurs regardless of habitat fragmentation **

Which of the following risks is due to the reduction in survival and birth rates that sometimes results when an individual's mother and father are closely related? A. demographic stochasticity B. inbreeding depression C. genetic drift D. Allee effect

B. inbreeding depression

According to the figure below, restoration is most likely to occur spontaneously and without extensive human intervention in areas with **Figure in chapter 11 Quiz Q2** A. low productivity and high stress. B. moderate productivity and moderate stress. C. high productivity and low stress. D. none of the above conditions.

B. moderate productivity and moderate stress. ** Areas of moderate productivity and stress are most likely to experience spontaneous succession.**

If you used a Lincoln-Petersen mark-recapture approach to estimate the size of an animal population, but the tags were defective and fell off some percentage of the originally sampled individuals, the method would tend to A. underestimate the true population size. B. overestimate the true population size. C. either underestimate or overestimate the true population size, depending on how many individuals lost their tags. D. None of the above

B. overestimate the true population size. **If some marked individuals lose their tags, you could underestimate the number of recaptured individuals, r, because some animals might be recaptured but you won't know this due to the lack of a tag. The effect of this error is to inflate N, the estimated number of individuals in the population. **

If you used a Lincoln-Petersen mark-recapture approach to estimate the size of an animal population, but the tags were attractive to predators, the method would tend to A. underestimate the true population size. B. overestimate the true population size. C. either underestimate or overestimate the true population size, depending on how much higher the predation rate is for tagged individuals. D. None of the above

B. overestimate the true population size. **If tagged individuals are disproportionately lost from the population, the proportion of individuals recaptured (r/s) will be reduced, which will cause you to overestimate the true population size.**

The main goal of gap analysis is to identify A. the best location for dispersal corridors. B. priority areas for protection that harbor large concentrations of relatively unprotected conservation targets. C. protected areas of low conservation value that could be traded up. D. species that are well represented in current protected areas.

B. priority areas for protection that harbor large concentrations of relatively unprotected conservation targets.

The active removal of pollutants from the environment is called A. restoration. B. remediation. C. rehabilitation. D. reintroduction.

B. remediation.

A population of biennial plants (composed of seeds, one-year-old plants, and two-year-old plants) is affected by a fungal disease that causes mortality of some one-year-old plants. If the demographic matrix for this population is, **Figure in chapter 9 Quiz Q4** what value would you change to assess how much conservation benefit could be gained by applying a fungicide to the plants? A. 0.7 B. 0.2 C. 0.6 D. 10

C. 0.6 ** This is the probability that a one-year-old plant survives to become a two-year-old plant. And since the fungal disease causes mortality of one-year-old plants, this is the value you would want to change to assess the potential conservation benefits of spraying a fungicide to control the pathogen.**

If population growth rates over three periods are λ = 0.9, 1.2, and 0.8, the realized rate of change would be A. 0.967. B. 0.939. C. 0.952. D. None of the above

C. 0.952

Which of these statements is consistent with the patterns shown in the figure below? **Figure in chapter 7 Quiz Q 11** A. Heterozygosity is lost more quickly in populations with relatively smaller effective population size. B. The more generations that a population remains at a small effective population size, the more genetic diversity it will lose. C. Both statements A and B D. Neither statement A nor B

C. Both statements A and B **Both statements A and B are consistent with the patterns shown in this figure.**

Which of these statements about marine conservation planning is NOT accurate? A. Marine ecoregions are distinguished more on the basis of seafloor features, rather than species occurrences. B. Incorporating threats emanating from the terrestrial and freshwater environments can cause a major shift in conservation plans. C. Conservation planning was initially focused on marine environments and only recently shifted to pay attention to terrestrial environments. D. None of the above

C. Conservation planning was initially focused on marine environments and only recently shifted to pay attention to terrestrial environments. **This statement is not accurate. In fact, conservation planning for marine habitats has lagged far behind terrestrial efforts. **

The figure below shows the relationship between the effective population size and the variance in offspring production for a population consisting of N = 100 individuals. Which of these statements is consistent with the patterns shown in this graph? **Figure in chapter 7 Quiz Q 12** A. Effective population size can never be greater than the raw count of individuals (N). B. Effective population size is positively related to the variance among individuals in the number of offspring produced. C. Effective population size can equal the raw count of individuals (N). D. Effective population size can never be less than the raw count of individuals (N).

C. Effective population size can equal the raw count of individuals (N). **The effective population size (Ne) can equal the raw count of individuals (N). Specifically, Ne = N when the variance in the number of offspring per individual equals 2.**

You suspect that mortality of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) is related to the mean daytime temperature in February. Based on your fieldwork, you have estimates of the mortality rate for little brown bats in 15 locations widely dispersed across North America. Which kind of observational study would probably be best suited to this scenario? A. Control-impact study B. BACI (before-after control-impact) study C. Regression study D. Any of the above

C. Regression study ** In this case, the predictor variable (mean daytime temperature in February) will likely vary across a continuous numerical range, and you could use a regression approach to see if there is a relationship between bat mortality and temperature across the 15 locations **

Which of these factors will make a population LESS prone to lose genetic diversity due to genetic drift? A. Small population size B. Uneven sex ratio C. Stable population size D. Highly variable production of offspring across individuals

C. Stable population size **Compared to a fluctuating population, a stable population is less prone to lose genetic diversity due to drift.**

Which of these statements regarding the survival of Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon from their spawning grounds to the Lower Granite Dam is supported by the data shown in the figure below? **Figure in chapter 9 Quiz Q7** A. The presence of brook trout reduces salmon survival regardless of habitat quality. B. Salmon survival improves with habitat quality, regardless of whether brook trout are present. C. The presence of brook trout reduces salmon survival, but this effect is evident only in high-quality habitat. D. Salmon survival improves with habitat quality, but only if brook trout are present.

C. The presence of brook trout reduces salmon survival, but this effect is evident only in high-quality habitat. ** In low-quality habitat, salmon survival is low regardless of whether brook trout are present. The negative effects of brook trout on salmon survival are apparent only in high-quality habitat. **

A well-designed manipulative experiment has all of the following features, except A. multiple independent replications of each experimental condition. B. random assignment of individual replicates to the various experimental conditions. C. background variability that masks any clear signal that might be attributed to the experimental conditions. D. efforts to control, or hold constant, any potentially confounding variables.

C. background variability that masks any clear signal that might be attributed to the experimental conditions. **Background variability unrelated to the experimental treatments is a problem for any study, but a well-designed manipulative experiment tries to overcome this problem via replication, randomization, and efforts to control, or hold constant, potentially confounding variables**

This simple model of exponential population change, Nt + 1 = λNt, assumes all of the following, except A. constant environmental conditions. B. an unlimited supply of resources (food, space, etc.). C. completely random mating. D. identical probabilities of survival and reproduction across all individuals.

C. completely random mating. **This model makes no assumption about random or nonrandom mating.**

The figure below shows a positive relationship between the amount of parrotfish grazing and the recruitment of young corals. The explanation for this relationship is that parrotfish **Figure in chapter 9 Quiz Q8** A. prune back the corals, which stimulates coral growth. B. fertilize the corals with their waste products, thereby stimulating coral growth. C. eat algae off the surface of the corals that might otherwise interfere with coral growth. D. scare away other fish that would eat corals if they were present.

C. eat algae off the surface of the corals that might otherwise interfere with coral growth. ** Parrotfish graze the algae that might otherwise overgrow and kill the corals. **

The answer to the single large or several small (SLOSS) debate concerning optimal reserve design is A. a single large reserve is the best choice because a large reserve will harbor more distinct species. B. a collection of several small reserves is the best choice because more distinct species will be protected when reserves are more widely dispersed across the landscape. C. either a single large or several small reserves could harbor a greater number of species, depending on the degree of species nestedness across areas of different sizes. D. None of the above

C. either a single large or several small reserves could harbor a greater number of species, depending on the degree of species nestedness across areas of different sizes. ** If there is a high degree of species nestedness, a greater number of species could be protected with a single large reserve. However, if there is a low degree of species nestedness, a greater number of species could be protected in a collection of several small reserves. **

If you used a Lincoln-Petersen mark-recapture approach to estimate the size of an animal population, but tagging individuals affected their probability of recapture, the method would tend to A. underestimate the true population size. B. overestimate the true population size. C. either underestimate or overestimate the true population size, depending on whether tagging increases or decreases the probability of recapture. D. None of the above

C. either underestimate or overestimate the true population size, depending on whether tagging increases or decreases the probability of recapture. **The answer is that it depends. If tagging increases the probability of recapture, then the method will tend to underestimate the true population size. However, if tagging reduces the probability of recapture, then the method will tend to overestimate the true population size.**

Conservation International (CI) identified 25 biodiversity hotspots as areas harboring especially large numbers of A threatened and endangered plant and animal species. B. endemic animal species combined with low rates of habitat conversion. C. plant and animal species. D. endemic plant species combined with high rates of habitat conversion.

C. endemic plant species combined with high rates of habitat conversion. **CI's hotspots harbor at least 2,500 endemic plant species and have lost at least 70% of their original vegetation due to land conversion.**

An ecoregion is a large area of land or water that A. corresponds to geopolitical boundaries. B. is delineated by features such as mountains, canyons, or rivers. C. is characterized by a relatively distinct set of environmental conditions and species. D. is none of the above.

C. is characterized by a relatively distinct set of environmental conditions and species. **is characterized by a relatively distinct set of environmental conditions and species.**

The figure below shows that red hot poker plants planted in small groups (with few other red hot poker individuals) did not produce as many seeds per plant compared to individuals planted in large patches. **Figure in chapter 7 Quiz Q 10** This happened A. regardless of whether birds were able to access the plants. B. only when birds were excluded from the plants. C. only when birds were able to access the plants. D. None of the above is correct.

C. only when birds were able to access the plants. **The fitness of individual plants was positively related to patch size, but only when birds were able to access the plants. This evidence of the Allee effect occurs because birds are less likely to visit and pollinate flowers that exist in small patches**

To perform even the most basic population viability analysis requires all of the following, except an estimate of the A. population growth rate. B. starting population size. C. rate of movement among subpopulations. D. variability in the population growth rate.

C. rate of movement among subpopulations.

Capturing sick or injured individuals from the wild, treating them, and releasing them back into the wild is called A. captive breeding. B. reintroduction. C. rehabilitation. D. translocation.

C. rehabilitation.

Imagine you want to build a demographic matrix model for a population of a long-lived shrub species that flowers year after year. You would likely want to use a model that is A. age-based. B. stage-based. C. size-based. D. any of the above.

C. size-based.

Conservation planners commonly assume that efforts focused on a subset of well-chosen conservation targets will protect all, or least most, of the biodiversity in the ecoregion. Studies assessing the effectiveness of targeting a small number of species in a conservation plan have shown that A. this approach is almost always successful. B. targeting flagship species is a consistently better approach than targeting any other kind of indicator species. C. targeting specific kinds of species is generally no better than targeting a random selection of species. D. targeting butterfly species is sufficient to capture the diversity of plants, birds, and mammals

C. targeting specific kinds of species is generally no better than targeting a random selection of species. **Plans built around particular kinds of species thought to be good indicators of overall biodiversity performed no better than plans built around species selected at random.**

Using a species' current level of genetic diversity to estimate its historic population size requires data, or at least a range of assumptions, about all of the following, except A. the rate of mutation. B. the species' current effective population size. C. the strength of natural selection. D. the species' generation time.

C. the strength of natural selection. **Approaches that try to use information about modern genetic diversity to estimate historic population size focus exclusively on selectively neutral loci (stretches of DNA that do not code proteins or RNAs). Therefore, the strength of natural selection would not be a necessary piece of data for this calculation.**

Captive Breeding

Captive breeding involves the removal of some or even all remaining individuals of a species to a facility to create individuals for release back into the wild.

Conservation planners can incorporate the anticipated effects of climate change by identifying areas that A. encompass both the current and the projected future distribution of conservation targets. B. capture the entire spectrum of soil types, topographic features, and climatic conditions. C. provide for the continuation of key ecosystem processes such as sediment retention along a river. D. may achieve any of the above.

D .may achieve any of the above. **Conservation planners are adapting their plans to account for the anticipated effects of climate change in all three of the above ways.**

A population of biennial plants (composed of seeds, one-year-old plants, and two-year-old plants) is affected by deer that graze off some of the flowering stems and thereby reduce the average number of seeds produced per plant. If the demographic matrix for this population is, **Figure in chapter 9 Quiz Q 3** what value would you change to assess how much conservation benefit could be gained by fencing out the deer? A. 0.7 B. 0.2 C. 0.6 D. 10

D. 10 **10 is the average number of seeds produced per two-year-old plant, and this is the value that you would change to assess the potential conservation benefits of fencing out deer.**

Dispersal corridors can benefit a species by A. facilitating recolonization of an area following local extirpation. B. facilitating gene flow that can alleviate inbreeding depression. C. facilitating the movement of disease among habitat patches. D. A and B

D. A and B **Dispersal corridors can benefit a species by facilitating recolonization following local extirpation and by facilitating gene flow that can alleviate inbreeding depression. **

Why is an individual whose parents are closely related likely to suffer reduced fitness? A. Because inbreeding increases homozygosity, and homozygous individuals can sometimes produce only one version of a protein, the offspring of closely related parents can be at a disadvantage relative to heterozygotes. B. Because inbreeding increases the chance that an individual will carry two copies of a rare harmful recessive allele. C. Because inbreeding increases heterozygosity, and heterozygous individuals can sometimes produce two versions of a protein, the offspring of closely related parents can be at a disadvantage relative to homozygotes. D. A and B

D. A and B **Inbreeding can reduce individual fitness both by disrupting the advantage that heterozygotes sometimes enjoy and by bringing together two copies of rare and harmful recessive alleles.**

Critics of dispersal corridors worry that corridors may A. function as an ecological trap. B. cause outbreeding depression or disrupt the evolutionary divergence of isolated populations. C. facilitate the movement of nonnative among habitat patches. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Population viability analysis (PVA) can be used to estimate A. the probability of extinction within some specified time period. B. the expected (average) population size at some specified future time. C. the range of population sizes that is likely (say with 95% confidence) at some specified future time. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

If a species is very rare, a manipulative experiment may not be feasible because A. the manipulation may be illegal if it could jeopardize the future of the species. B. there may be so few individuals or populations remaining that it isn't possible to achieve a sufficient level of replication. C. the experiment might require ethically questionable manipulations, such as intentionally introducing a nonnative species to see what impact it has on the rare species. D. All of the above reasons could make a manipulative experiment unfeasible.

D. All of the above reasons could make a manipulative experiment unfeasible.

Which of the following risks might be the result of a disruption to group behaviors such as hunting or communal rearing of young? A. demographic stochasticity B. environmental stochasticity C. genetic drift D. Allee effect

D. Allee effect

Why does allelic diversity (the number of different forms of genes) tend to decline in small, isolated populations? A. Because the probability of inbreeding increases as population size declines. B. Because there are few individuals, possibly carrying new alleles, moving into an isolated population. C. Because the loss of alleles due to genetic drift will likely outpace the rate of mutation. D. B and C

D. B and C **Allelic diversity tends to decline in a small, isolated population due to the combination of strong genetic drift and limited gene flow into the population.**

According to the figure below, **Figure in chapter 10 Quiz Q4** A. only Olympic and Grand Teton-Yellowstone National Parks continue to harbor an intact mammalian fauna. B. Yosemite and Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks are the same size, but Sequoia-Kings Canyon has lost more mammal species than Yosemite. C. Mount Rainier is larger than Yosemite and has lost a greater number of mammal species than Yosemite. D. Bryce Canyon is smaller than Olympic National Park and has lost a greater number of mammal species than Olympic.

D. Bryce Canyon is smaller than Olympic National Park and has lost a greater number of mammal species than Olympic.

Which of these statements would not provide evidence of the shifting baselines phenomenon? A. Younger fishermen recall best-ever catches that are smaller than those recalled by older fishermen. B. Compared to their children, parents estimate the normal abundance of a species to be much lower. C. Ecologists failed to recognize that a species was once abundant in an area they had tried to restore. D. Molecular studies revealed that a high amount of genetic diversity persists among the few remaining Toromiro trees.

D. Molecular studies revealed that a high amount of genetic diversity persists among the few remaining Toromiro trees.

Which of these statements about population bottlenecks is NOT true? A. A population will generally have lower genetic diversity after rather than before a population bottleneck. B. A population bottleneck is a pronounced drop in population size followed by a population recovery. C. A population bottleneck will lower the effective population size. D. None of the above

D. None of the above

A restoration project may seek to A. recreate historical conditions. B. create habitat for particular species of conservation concern. C. promote particular ecosystem functions. D. achieve any of the above objectives.

D. achieve any of the above objectives.

According to the figure below, the rate of colonization increases as **Figure in chapter 10 Quiz Q2** A. the number of species present on the island grows. B. island size grows. C. distance from the mainland grows. D. distance from the mainland decreases.

D. distance from the mainland decreases. ** The rate of colonization is higher on islands that are nearer to the mainland. You can see this by comparing the colonization curves for the near and far islands **

Zoos have become important players in conservation by A. educating the urban public and eliciting broad support for conservation. B. providing a last-ditch opportunity for captive breeding and possible reintroduction of highly threatened species. C. paying detailed attention to the pedigree of individuals and managing worldwide collections as single populations for breeding purposes. D. engaging in all of the above activities.

D. engaging in all of the above activities.

According to the figure below, the island Isabela **Figure in chapter 10 Quiz Q6** A. harbors more native land-bird species than all the other Galápagos Islands combined. B. is smaller than the cumulative area of all the other Galápagos Islands combined. C. harbors fewer native land-bird species than all the other Galápagos Islands combined, but this can be explained by the larger cumulative area of the other islands. D. harbors fewer native land-bird species than all the other Galápagos Islands combined, despite the fact that Isabela is larger than the cumulative area of the other islands.

D. harbors fewer native land-bird species than all the other Galápagos Islands combined, despite the fact that Isabela is larger than the cumulative area of the other islands.

Some conservationists have questioned the value of identifying biodiversity hotspots because A. using different metrics of biological value leads to a different set of priority locations. B. feasibility of successful conservation (for example, due to land costs, rule of law, or government corruption) was not considered. C. this approach fails to consider the many services ecosystems (sometimes species-poor ecosystems) deliver to humanity. D. of all of the above.

D. of all of the above. ** Biodiversity hotspots have been criticized for being overly sensitive to the particular metrics of biological value, not factoring in feasibility, and failing to consider ecosystem services. **

Demographic stochasticity

Demographic stochasticity is random variation among individuals in birth rate, death rate, and sex of offspring.

Environmental stochasticity

Environmental stochasticity is variation in the expected rates of survival and birth due to changing environmental conditions.

Genetic Drift

Genetic drift describes random fluctuations in allele frequencies.

Inbreeding Depression

Inbreeding depression is the reduction of individual fitness due to mating among more closely related individuals.

Rehabilitation

involves treating sick or injured individuals and then releasing them back into the wild.

Remediation

is the active removal of pollutants from soil or water.

Translocation

is the introduction of a species to sites it has never before occupied.

Reintroduction

is the reestablishment of a locally extinct plant or animal population.

Restoration

is the science and practice of assisting the recovery of degraded or damaged ecosystems. A restoration project may or may not include the active removal of pollutants from the environment.