BIO 322 Final Exam
Which of the following statements describing how global climate change is predicted to affect the supply of fresh water is false? A. The volume of precipitation will decline uniformly across landmasses. B. Rising sea level will increase the extent of saltwater intrusion in coastal rivers and aquifers. C. Melting of mountain glaciers will cause increased flooding in the short term and water shortages in the long term. D. Precipitation will increasingly come in the form of rain rather than snow, which will exacerbate flooding during the rainy season and water shortages during the dry season.
A. The volume of precipitation will decline uniformly across landmasses.
Annual average atmospheric CO2 concentration on Earth are currently in the range of: A. 350-450 ppm B. 350-450 ppb C. 150-250 ppm D. 850-1050 ppm E. 850-1050 ppb F. 550-650 ppm
A. 350-450 ppm
Assuming the objective is to maximize the chance of success while minimizing the economic costs, which woodland caribou herd might get top priority for protection and restoration? A. A La Peche (ALP) B. East Athabasca River (ESAR) C. West Athabasca River (WSAR) D. Slave Lake (SL)
A. A La Peche (ALP)
Which of these nations or regions experienced a net gain of forest cover between 2000 and 2012? A. China B. Indonesia C. eastern Russia D. central South America
A. China
Which of the following statements accurately describes how a freshwater PES (payments for ecosystem services) program might work? A. End users pay upstream landowners to avoid logging and grazing practices that might otherwise reduce water quality. B. End users pay a municipal water agency to filter and purify water for their use. C. End users who pay for wells that tap deep into underground aquifers are exempt from municipal water use fees. D. End users who reduce their water use earn tax breaks and other financial incentives.
A. End users pay upstream landowners to avoid logging and grazing practices that might otherwise reduce water quality.
An introduced species... A. Is the same as an exotic species. B. Can also be a native species. C. Is the same as a naturalized species. D. A and C. E. All of the above.
A. Is the same as an exotic species.
Which of the following strategies is not designed to help mitigate climate change? A. Protect dispersal corridors so animals and plants can shift their ranges poleward in response to the warming climate. B. Enact regulations such as a mandatory increase in the average fuel efficiency of vehicles produced in a nation. C. Establish a cap-and-trade market for carbon dioxide emissions. D. Provide economic incentives such as tax breaks for the development and/or adoption of renewable energy technologies.
A. Protect dispersal corridors so animals and plants can shift their ranges poleward in response to the warming climate.
Which of the following definitions is incorrect? A. Species moved by people beyond their native range are invasive. B. Species that are introduced and threaten habitats, ecosystem services, or species are invasive. C. Species moved by people beyond their native range are introduced. D. Introduced species that establish self-sustaining populations are naturalized.
A. Species moved by people beyond their native range are invasive.
The data shown in the figure below lend support to which of the following statements? A. The decline in the mean trophic level of harvested fishes could be due to sequential depletion in the North Atlantic but is likely due to sequential addition of lower trophic level species in the other regions shown in this figure. B. The decline in the mean trophic level of harvested fishes could be due to sequential addition of lower trophic level species in the North Atlantic but is likely due to sequential depletion in the other regions shown in this figure. C. The decline in the mean trophic level of harvested fishes is likely due to sequential depletion in all regions shown in this figure. D. None of the above
A. The decline in the mean trophic level of harvested fishes could be due to sequential depletion in the North Atlantic but is likely due to sequential addition of lower trophic level species in the other regions shown in this figure.
Stock assessment models were used to estimate the biomass of fish stocks at current levels of harvest (blue) and in the absence of harvest (red). Black bars indicate the biomass that would provide the maximum sustainable yield. The graphs lend support to which of the following statements? A. The eight stocks shown in this figure are NOT overharvested. B. The eight stocks shown in this figure are overharvested. C. The eight stocks shown in this figure are all being managed below the level that would provide the maximum sustainable yield. D. None of the above
A. The eight stocks shown in this figure are NOT overharvested.
When conservation managers design and manage their projects to learn from their actions, monitor to measure the outcome, and then plan future actions based on the findings, they are engaged in: A. adaptive management. B. reactive management. C. passive management. D. None of the above
A. adaptive management.
Potential environmental risks associated with aquaculture include all of the following except: A. farming of fish can cause thermal stress to the surrounding environment because aquaculture pens are typically heated to encourage rapid growth of fish B. farmed fish may be sources of disease and parasites for wild fish populations. C. farmed fish may have higher concentrations of contaminants in their flesh in comparison to wild-caught fish. D. farming of carnivorous fish may rely on the capture of wild fish to serve as feed.
A. farming of fish can cause thermal stress to the surrounding environment because aquaculture pens are typically heated to encourage rapid growth of fish
Hatcheries can be harmful to wild populations for all of the following reasons, except: A. hatcheries can quickly generate large numbers of individuals. B. hatchery-raised individuals may be larger than wild individuals at the time of release. C. hatcheries select for traits well suited to domestication. D. hatcheries can reduce the genetic diversity of a population.
A. hatcheries can quickly generate large numbers of individuals.
The likelihood that an introduced species will establish a self-sustaining population is increased by higher A. propagule pressure. B. biotic homogenization. C. biological control. D. None of the above
A. propagule pressure.
According to the figure below, restored sites: A. provide greater levels of regulating ecosystem services than degraded sites but lower levels than reference sites. B. support higher levels of ecosystem function than both degraded and reference sites. C. harbor greater biodiversity than reference sites but less than degraded sites. D. are all of the above.
A. provide greater levels of regulating ecosystem services than degraded sites but lower levels than reference sites.
Deforestation is associated with changes to ecosystem services including: A. reduced carbon sequestration. B. a more constant supply of fresh water. C. reduced erosion of soil and siltation of streams. D. all of the above.
A. reduced carbon sequestration.
Active intervention is likely needed to restore areas of high productivity and low stress because: A. such conditions could favor the rapid growth of invasive species. B. there may be few seeds of native plant species present in such areas. C. these conditions foster a higher rate of erosion. D. None of the above
A. such conditions could favor the rapid growth of invasive species
Water use potentially could be reduced by adopting any of the following strategies except one. Which strategy would be unlikely to reduce water use? A. Calculation of water footprints (the amount of water used throughout an item's production chain) B. Agricultural water pricing based on the number of hectares of farmed land rather than the actual amount of water used C. Household water pricing that penalizes waste D. Agricultural water pricing based on the amount of water used rather than the number of hectares farmed
B. Agricultural water pricing based on the number of hectares of farmed land rather than the actual amount of water used
Which of the following statements is not consistent with climate observations made over the last 150 years? A. Average global temperature has increased. B. Average temperature has increased in all locations. C. Average global sea level has increased. D. Snow cover has decreased in the northern hemisphere.
B. Average temperature has increased in all locations.
Which of these hypotheses concerning the invasibility of ecological communities predicts that species should be less able to establish a self-sustaining population if another species of the same genus is native to the area? A. Natural enemy release hypothesis B. Darwin's naturalization hypothesis C. Biotic resistance hypothesis D. Biotic acceptance hypothesis
B. Darwin's naturalization hypothesis
Which of these practices is not characteristic of sustainable forestry operations? A. Logging is prohibited on steep slopes and near streams. B. Forests are managed as single-aged stands on a short harvest rotation. C. Harvest plans account for the needs of species, such as nesting sites and key habitats. D. Road building is kept to a minimum.
B. Forests are managed as single-aged stands on a short harvest rotation.
Past estimates of forest cover have not been very reliable. Which of these is not a factor that undermined the reliability of those estimates? A. Surveyors sometimes intentionally misreported data. B. It is impossible to use satellite imagery to distinguish different biomes such as grassland, desert, and forest. C. Estimates of forest cover were rarely verified by ground surveys. D. Remote sensing images were not consistently of sufficiently high resolution.
B. It is impossible to use satellite imagery to distinguish different biomes such as grassland, desert, and forest.
Which of the following statements is not consistent with the tens rule? A. Roughly 10% of imported species escape cultivation or captivity. B. Roughly 10% of escaped species become invasive. C. Roughly 10% of naturalized species become invasive. D. Roughly 1 % of escaped species become invasive.
B. Roughly 10% of escaped species become invasive.
Which of the following statements about tamarisk shrubs is false? A. Tamarisk is the target of extensive and expensive eradication efforts. B. Tamarisk is the target of extensive and expensive eradication efforts. Tamarisk was accidentally introduced to the United States. C. Tamarisk provides habitat for pollinators and birds, including the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher. D. Where tamarisk occurs, the water table is usually lower.
B. Tamarisk is the target of extensive and expensive eradication efforts. Tamarisk was accidentally introduced to the United States.
Efforts to breed and reintroduce the California condor have cost tens of millions of taxpayer dollars. Why might these efforts end up being unsuccessful? A. Condors did not respond well to captive breeding efforts. B. The continued use of lead ammunition, only recently banned, has caused lead poisoning of many condors. C. Poaching of condors continues unabated. D. All of the above
B. The continued use of lead ammunition, only recently banned, has caused lead poisoning of many condors.
Which of the following statements about eradication efforts is false? A. Eradication is generally more likely to succeed on islands compared to mainland locations. B. There have been successful eradications of vertebrate species, but as yet there are no examples of successful eradication of invertebrate animal species. C. The more time an invasive species has to become established, the higher the cost of its control or eradication. D. None of the above
B. There have been successful eradications of vertebrate species, but as yet there are no examples of successful eradication of invertebrate animal species.
Embracing evidence-based conservation would mean that: A. all future conservation interventions would be implemented as a controlled, replicated, and randomized experiment. B. conservation decisions would be based on the accumulated evidence from similar efforts in the past. C. conservation decisions would be based on the accumulated evidence from similar efforts in the past. D. None of the above
B. conservation decisions would be based on the accumulated evidence from similar efforts in the past.
According to the natural enemy release hypothesis, species become more abundant in their introduced range than in their native range because they A. have more resources to exploit in the introduced range. B. have fewer predators and pathogens in the introduced range. C. fill empty niches within the introduced range. D. None of the above
B. have fewer predators and pathogens in the introduced range.
According to the figure below, restoration is most likely to occur spontaneously and without extensive human intervention in areas with: A. low productivity and high stress. B. moderate productivity and moderate stress. C. high productivity and low stress. D. none of the above conditions.
B. moderate productivity and moderate stress.
When conservation managers embark upon a single course of action but change that course of action as events arise or new information becomes available, they are engaged in: A. adaptive management. B. reactive management. C. passive management. D. None of the above
B. reactive management.
The active removal of pollutants from the environment is called: A. restoration. B. remediation. C. rehabilitation. D. reintroduction.
B. remediation.
The data shown in the figure below show that salvage logging (logging after a fire): A. enhanced regeneration of conifers and increased the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires. B. suppressed regeneration of conifers and increased the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires. C. enhanced regeneration of conifers and reduced the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires. D. suppressed regeneration of conifers and reduced the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires.
B. suppressed regeneration of conifers and increased the amount of fine and coarse woody debris that could fuel future fires.
What is biological control?
Biological control is the intentional introduction of a species with the goal of controlling the abundance of some other species.
What is biotic homogenization?
Biotic homogenization refers to the diminishing distinctiveness of floras and faunas because of the large numbers of species introductions around the globe.
Which of the following statements best describes the point illustrated by the figure below? A. Increasing fish harvest causes a reduction in bycatch of marine mammals. B. Decreasing bycatch of marine mammals causes an increase in fish harvest. C. By closing fishing areas during times when marine mammal encounters were especially likely and employing techniques to scare away marine mammals, bycatch of marine mammals was successfully reduced despite a simultaneous increase in fish harvest. D. All of the above
C. By closing fishing areas during times when marine mammal encounters were especially likely and employing techniques to scare away marine mammals, bycatch of marine mammals was successfully reduced despite a simultaneous increase in fish harvest.
In this example, describe the relationship between the abundance of birds and horseshoe crab eggs: A. A decline in crab eggs causes a decline in the number of birds. B. A decline in the number of birds causes a decline in the number of crab eggs. C. Causation between birds and crab eggs cannot be determined from these data. D. Either A or B is correct.
C. Causation between birds and crab eggs cannot be determined from these data.
Which of the following would be considered a point source of water pollution? A. Urban storm sewers B. Runoff from agricultural fields C. Effluent from a factory D. Sedimentation due to logging
C. Effluent from a factory
Which of the following statements regarding freshwater ecosystems is false? A. Species that rely on freshwater habitats are overrepresented on lists of at-risk species compared to terrestrial species. B. The extinction rate of freshwater species is estimated to be three times higher than that of marine species and five times higher than that of terrestrial species. C. Freshwater ecosystems account for about 6% of Earth's surface, and about 1% of all described species rely on freshwater ecosystems for part or all of their life cycle. D. Freshwater ecosystems provide valuable ecosystem services ranging from provision, regulation, and purification of fresh water to flood control and sediment transport.
C. Freshwater ecosystems account for about 6% of Earth's surface, and about 1% of all described species rely on freshwater ecosystems for part or all of their life cycle.
The following figure explores the relationship between introductions and endangerment for freshwater fishes. Which of the following statements correctly describes the main point of the figure? A. A greater percentage of fish species are listed by the IUCN in the vulnerable category compared to the endangered and critically endangered categories. B. High levels of fish introductions cause a high-level threat among native fish species. C. Locations in which a high percentage of fish species are introduced also have a higher percentage of native fish species listed as vulnerable, endangered, and critically endangered. D. None of the above
C. Locations in which a high percentage of fish species are introduced also have a higher percentage of native fish species listed as vulnerable, endangered, and critically endangered.
Which of these statements about monitoring is not true? A. Reviews have found that most conservation and restoration projects do not include follow-up monitoring to assess project effectiveness. B. Funders of conservation are pushing for greater accountability that could require additional investments in monitoring. C. Monitoring the outcomes of conservation and restoration projects is a top priority for most conservation funders. D. Although expensive, monitoring of conservation outcomes could be cost-effective if, for example, it leads conservationists to abandon ineffective actions.
C. Monitoring the outcomes of conservation and restoration projects is a top priority for most conservation funders.
Which of the following strategies is not designed to help nature adapt to climate change? A. Protect dispersal corridors so animals and plants can shift their ranges poleward in response to the warming climate. B. Protect areas just inland of important coastal ecosystems so animals and plants can shift their ranges inland as sea level rises. C. Provide incentives for carbon dioxide capture at power plants. D. Translocate threatened plant and animal species to areas that are expected to develop, as a result of climate change, the appropriate mix of environmental conditions for them.
C. Provide incentives for carbon dioxide capture at power plants.
Which of these statements correctly describes the biological effects associated with recent climate change? A. Recent climate change has been unambiguously linked to the extinction of many species. B. Recent climate change is associated with a shift in the timing of key biological events, such as flowering and nesting, to slightly later in the calendar year. C. Recent climate change is associated with a poleward shift of the geographic range for many species. D. None of the above statements correctly describes the biological effects associated with recent climate change.
C. Recent climate change is associated with a poleward shift of the geographic range for many species.
Biological control is the intentional introduction of a species with the goal of controlling the abundance of some other species. Which of the following is an example of biological control gone awry? A. The introduction of the European honeybee to the United States B. The introduction of the European rabbit to Australia C. The introduction of the cane toad to Australia D. The introduction of the Burmese python to Florida
C. The introduction of the cane toad to Australia
According to the model illustrated in the figure below, the greatest long-term harvest of fish is achieved when the stock size is managed to be: A. near its equilibrium size. B. below its equilibrium, but still relatively high (point B on the figure). C. below its equilibrium and where net biomass production is maximized. D. far below its equilibrium (point A on the figure).
C. below its equilibrium and where net biomass production is maximized.
The figure below shows the percentage of species retained following logging. The data suggest that species richness is: A. is strongly reduced by logging operations. B. of mammals was reduced by logging more than was the species richness of birds. C. is reasonably well maintained on logged lands, where reductions in the number of species average less than 10% for most groups and less than 20% for birds. D. None of the above
C. is reasonably well maintained on logged lands, where reductions in the number of species average less than 10% for most groups and less than 20% for birds.
When conservation managers embark upon a single course of action but do not perform monitoring to measure the outcome and do not provide opportunity for new information to influence future actions, they are engaged in: A. adaptive management. B. reactive management. C. passive management. D. None of the above
C. passive management.
Forest conservation could be enhanced by: A. government subsidies in the form of road building. B. consumer willingness to pay higher prices for tropical woods such as mahogany regardless of how the trees are harvested. C. planning efforts that steer deforestation for economic development away from areas of high conservation value. D. All of the above
C. planning efforts that steer deforestation for economic development away from areas of high conservation value.
Capturing sick or injured individuals from the wild, treating them, and releasing them back into the wild is called: A. captive breeding. B. reintroduction. C. rehabilitation. D. translocation.
C. rehabilitation.
According to the data shown in the figure, the worldwide capture of fish for consumption increased steadily from the 1950s through the mid-1980s but has since leveled off. This leveling off has occurred primarily because A. global demand for fish has leveled off. B. fishing effort has leveled off. C. the abundance of fish in the ocean has been reduced by overfishing. D. All of the above
C. the abundance of fish in the ocean has been reduced by overfishing.
The controversial suggestion to practice triage in conservation could mean "giving up" if: A. the level of threat is high and the probability of long-term persistence or recovery is high. B. the level of threat is low and the probability of long-term persistence or recovery is high. C. the level of threat is high and the probability of long-term persistence or recovery is low. D. None of the above
C. the level of threat is high and the probability of long-term persistence or recovery is low.
The figure below summarizes data from 168 published studies that recorded the number of plant species at the same sites but at two different times. The main point of the graph is that A. introduced species have not contributed to the extinction of native species. B. the distinctiveness of the floras and faunas found in different locations has, on average, been reduced. C. the number of species in local communities has, on average, remained rather constant over time. D. the number of species in local communities has, on average, declined over time.
C. the number of species in local communities has, on average, remained rather constant over time.
Eutrophication of freshwater in the United States costs _______ per year in lost recreational income and property value, and costs of endangered species and drinking water recovery. A. $20,000 B. $200,000 C. $2,000,000 D. $2 billion E. $2 trillion
D. $2 billion
Based on this graph, which of the below are potential solutions to increase food supply? A. Increase land area devoted to agriculture. B. Increase the average yield (tons of food per hectare). C. Increase aquaculture farming in the oceans. D. A and B
D. A and B
What correct conclusion(s) can you draw from the graph on the left? A. It is possible to build dams with only modest sacrifices of biodiversity. B. It is NOT possible to build dams with only modest sacrifices of biodiversity. C. Dams decrease survival of migratory fish. D. A and C. E. B and C.
D. A and C.
Besides blocking the movement of fish and invertebrates, dams harm ecosystems by: A. converting fast-flowing water into large lake-like habitats. B. reducing the seasonal variability of stream flow. C. flooding and thereby destroying riparian habitats. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Catch does not necessarily reflect abundance of fish in the oceans because the total catch fluctuates as a result of A. changes in fishing effort. Ideally, catch data would be standardized by the amount of effort (catch per unit effort, or CPUE). B. changing regulations and restrictions. C. changes in demand and economic markets. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Projections of how future climate change could affect the geographic ranges of species typically use A. a variety of assumptions about the species' ability to disperse to newly suitable locations. B. a variety of models (GCMs) depicting global climatic processes. C. a detailed description of the environmental conditions within the species' current geographic range (known as the climate envelope). D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Roads can be a major liability for forest conservation because they: A. facilitate expansion of mining, agriculture, and human settlements. B. cause mortality of animals due to collisions with vehicles. C. fragment habitat, causing edge effects and reducing the probability of dispersal among habitat patches. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Strategies for restoring the natural flow patterns that many freshwater species rely on include: A. removing selected dams that produce minimal societal benefits at great ecological cost. B. releasing water from dams to more closely resemble the natural timing and variability of stream flow. C. removing levees to reconnect rivers to floodplains in select areas. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Systematic review: A. means conducting a thorough search for all relevant data and quantitatively synthesizing those data using meta-analysis. B. can reveal that some previously underused intervention is in fact highly effective. C. is rigorously performed in a repeatable manner. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The "tragedy of the commons" problem can be avoided or at least reduced in marine fisheries by: A. enforcing regulations such as catch limits, a prescribed fishing season, or restrictions on the sex or minimum size of harvestable fish. B. establishing no-take zones or other forms of marine protected areas. C. issuing a fixed number of shares that provide ownership of a certain proportion of the total catch in a designated area. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The IUCN lists approximately one-third of all evaluated amphibian species as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered. Which of the following threats are thought to be responsible for the widespread amphibian decline? A. Overharvest B. Habitat destruction C. Fungal disease D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The mean trophic level of captured fishes has been declining, and this has been interpreted to mean that top predators have been depleted and harvest is now focusing on organisms at lower trophic levels. However, the declining trophic level of captured fishes might also result from A. a shift in people's dietary preferences for different marine species. B. changes in regulations limiting the amount of capture in various fisheries. C. changing economic value of different marine species. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is an important route by which nonnative species are introduced into freshwater ecosystems? A. Inadvertent introduction of species that may stick to boat bottoms or be expelled with ballast water B. Intentional releases of prized game fish C. Releases from home aquaria or escapes from aquaculture D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of these statements about eastern North Pacific gray whales is supported by the simulation results shown in the figure below? A. With only 5 years of monitoring data, there is a high degree of uncertainty about whether to downlist the whale population from endangered to threatened. B. With only 5 years of monitoring data, there is a high degree of uncertainty about whether to delist the whale population. C. With as few as 11 years of monitoring data, there is a high degree of certainty about whether to delist the whale population. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of these statements about the climate-fire-land management nexus is correct? A. Forest fires release climate-warming carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. B. More frequent droughts can cause tree mortality that can lead to catastrophic, high-intensity fires. C. Poor land management, including prolonged periods of fire suppression, can lead to intense fires that cause greater tree mortality. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following statements about anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases is false? A. Global climate models accurately predict the observed global rise in temperature if, and only if, they include anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. B. Agriculture and decomposition of waste in landfills are the primary anthropogenic sources of methane gas. C. The burning of fossil fuels is the primary anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide. D. Anthropogenic emissions of methane are greater, by volume, than those of carbon dioxide.
D. Anthropogenic emissions of methane are greater, by volume, than those of carbon dioxide.
Which of these hypotheses concerning the invasibility of ecological communities predicts that the number of introduced species in an area will be positively correlated with the number of native species present in that same area? A. Natural enemy release hypothesis B. Darwin's naturalization hypothesis C. Biotic resistance hypothesis D. Biotic acceptance hypothesis
D. Biotic acceptance hypothesis
The rising level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is a threat to corals because A. carbon dioxide is a key limiting nutrient for marine algae, such that higher amounts of CO2 in the water can stimulate algal blooms that overgrow and smother corals. B. carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, thereby reducing the amount of calcium carbonate available for coral growth. C. carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas contributing to warming of the world's oceans, and corals are more likely to expel their algal symbionts when the water heats up. D. Both B and C are correct.
D. Both B and C are correct.
Which of the following statements about species introductions is false? A. Some introduced species have been of enormous economic value to people. B. Some introduced species have disrupted natural disturbance regimes. C. Some introduced species are beneficial to native species of conservation concern. D. Few of the nonnative plant species classified as weeds in the United States were introduced intentionally.
D. Few of the nonnative plant species classified as weeds in the United States were introduced intentionally.
Which of these factors is not thought to have contributed to Brazil's recent success in reducing the rate of deforestation? A. Mapping land ownership B. Using satellite imagery to spot violations C. Increasing production of soy on already converted lands D. Increasing the amount of land dedicated to beef production
D. Increasing the amount of land dedicated to beef production
Which of these statements would not provide evidence of the shifting baselines phenomenon? A. Younger fishermen recall best-ever catches that are smaller than those recalled by older fishermen B. Compared to their children, parents estimate the normal abundance of a species to be much lower. C. Ecologists failed to recognize that a species was once abundant in an area they had tried to restore. D. Molecular studies revealed that a high amount of genetic diversity persists among the few remaining Toromiro trees.
D. Molecular studies revealed that a high amount of genetic diversity persists among the few remaining Toromiro trees.
Which of these statements accurately describes the anticipated effects of climate change for the delivery of ecosystem services? A. In the long run, glacial melt is predicted to increase the availability of fresh water to people living along the Ganges and Yangtze rivers. B. The rising sea level is predicted to cause marshes and mangroves to expand, thereby improving protection of coastal communities from storm surge. C. Rising temperatures are expected to uniformly increase agricultural yields. D. None of the above
D. None of the above
Which of the following statements is not consistent with the reconstructed record of carbon dioxide and temperature over the last 420,000 years as shown in the figure below? A. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is closely correlated with global temperature. B. The amount of carbon dioxide currently in the atmosphere is unprecedented over the last 420,000 years. C. Until recently, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has fluctuated between roughly 190 and 290 ppm. D. The current average global temperature is unprecedented over the last 420,000 years.
D. The current average global temperature is unprecedented over the last 420,000 years.
Below is a list of natural (non-anthropogenic) forces that can affect the average global temperature. Of these, which one is least capable of causing an increase in average global temperature? A. Fluctuations in solar activity B. Changes in Earth's orbit C. Changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere D. Volcanic activity
D. Volcanic activity
A restoration project may seek to: A. recreate historical conditions. B. create habitat for particular species of conservation concern. C. promote particular ecosystem functions. D. achieve any of the above objectives.
D. achieve any of the above objectives.
Zoos have become important players in conservation by: A. educating the urban public and eliciting broad support for conservation. B. providing a last-ditch opportunity for captive breeding and possible reintroduction of highly threatened species. C. paying detailed attention to the pedigree of individuals and managing worldwide collections as single populations for breeding purposes. D. engaging in all of the above activities.
D. engaging in all of the above activities.
Only 2.5% of all water on Earth is fresh water, as opposed to brackish or salt water. Most of this fresh water can be found in: A. lakes and rivers. B. shallow aquifers, accessible for human use. C. deep aquifers, inaccessible for human use. D. glaciers or polar ice caps
D. glaciers or polar ice caps
The figure below shows that a large fire in Borneo damaged nearly 60% of forest areas that had been previously logged but less than 6% of intact forest areas. Logged areas may experience greater fire damage if logging: A. leaves behind large amounts of highly flammable plant material on the forest floor. B. increases the amount of sunlight entering the forest, thereby causing remaining trees and downed branches to become drier and more flammable. C. involves construction of roads that fragment forests and create edge effects. D. is characterized by any of the above statements.
D. is characterized by any of the above statements.
The meta-analysis results in this figure show that forest management: A. significantly increased the number of lichen species but significantly reduced the number of plant species. B. significantly reduced the number of species for both birds and fungi. C. significantly increased the number of carabid and lichen species. D. significantly increased the number of plant species but significantly reduced the number of bryophyte species.
D. significantly increased the number of plant species but significantly reduced the number of bryophyte species.
What is Darwin's naturalization hypothesis?
Darwin's naturalization hypothesis predicts that a species will have a lower probability of establishment in communities with native congeners due to greater competition and shared natural enemies.
Which of the following is true about organically vs. conventionally grown food? A. Organic products are often more expensive. B. Organic food likely has a lower carbon footprint. C. Organic food likely has a lower nitrogen footprint. D. Organic certification allows limited genetic modification (transgenic technology). E. A and B. F. All of the above.
E. A and B.
How many of Earth's known species call the ocean home? A. 1% B. 4% C. 15% D. 25% E. 37% F. 50%
F. 50%
What percent of the world's population lives within 125 miles of the ocean? A. 1% B. 4% C. 15% D. 25% E. 37% F. 50%
F. 50%
In streams and lakes, algae: A. Is a food source for organisms. B. Consumes O2, causing water to become anoxic. C. Produces O2. D. Grows in response to nitrogen and phosphorus. E. A, B, and D. F. A, C, and D. G. All of the above.
F. A, C, and D.
Green Revolution technologies are responsible for: A. Increasing Earth's carrying capacity for humans B. Synthetic pesticide production. C. Synthetic fertilizer production. D. Development of high-yielding crop varieties. E. B, C, and D. F. All of the above.
F. All of the above.
All of the following are misconceptions about climate change, except: A. Changes in solar output from the sun is the primary cause of rising global temperatures. B. Air temperatures are uniformly rising in all parts of the world. C. The increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is good for plants and farmers. D. Small changes in global temperatures are fine, because weather varies every day too. E. Climate change creates more tropical climates and regions, which most people like. F. All of the above statements are TRUE about climate change. G. All of the above statements are MISCONCEPTIONS about climate change.
G. All of the above statements are MISCONCEPTIONS about climate change.
What is propagule pressure?
Propagule pressure comprises the quantity of introduced individuals and the frequency of introductions. The higher the propagule pressure, the greater the probability that a species will establish a self-sustaining population.
What is rehabilitation?
Rehabilitation involves treating sick or injured individuals and then releasing them back into the wild.
What is reintroduction?
Reintroduction is the reestablishment of a locally extinct plant or animal population.
What is remediation?
Remediation is the active removal of pollutants from soil or water.
What is restoration?
Restoration is the science and practice of assisting the recovery of degraded or damaged ecosystems. A restoration project may or may not include the active removal of pollutants from the environment.
What is reactive management?
Under reactive management, conservation managers embark upon a single course of action but change that course of action as events arise or new information becomes available.
What is biotic acceptance hypothesis?
The biotic acceptance hypothesis makes no specific prediction about the probability of establishment of species into communities with native congeners.
What is biotic resistance hypothesis?
The biotic resistance hypothesis makes no specific prediction about the probability of establishment of species into communities with native congeners.
What is the natural enemy release hypothesis?
The natural enemy release hypothesis makes no specific prediction about the probability of establishment of species into communities with native congeners.
What is adaptive management?
Under adaptive management, conservation managers design and manage their projects to learn from their actions, monitor to measure the outcome, and then plan future actions based on the findings.
What is passive management?
Under passive management, conservation managers embark upon a single course of action but do not perform monitoring to measure the outcome and do not provide opportunity for new information to influence future actions.