bio 5

Sphagnum

(aka peat moss - no definition required),

red algae

(carrageenan, agar; dulse and nori are edible),

parasitic molds

(cause of the Irish potato blight and famine),

rhizoids

(hairlike threads in a moss which grow into the ground to absorb water),

brown algae

(kelp, gulfweed, rockweed),

diatoms

(most numerous yellow algae, silica in their cell walls),

fungi

(mushrooms, molds, yeasts),

club fungi

(mushrooms, toad stools, and shelf fungi),

moss

(nonvascular plant, ie no xylem or phloem; aka bryophytes),

rust

(parasitic club fungi which do millions of dollars of damage to crops),

diatomaceous earth

(toothpaste, scouring powder, filters, bricks, tiles, ceramics, spider reduction),

sac fungi

(yeasts, mildews)

mycologist, hyphae,

A hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall.

What is a yeast?

A yeast is a single-celled organism which feeds on sugar and undergoes fermentation, which is a chemical reaction that releases carbon dioxide.

What are the three modern Domains? What are the six modern Kingdoms

According to the six-kingdom classification, organisms can be classified into three domains - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Who was the bacteriologist who discovered penicillin in 1928?

Alexander Fleming

The second edition defined algae as the smallest of the green, chlorophyll-containing plants, since algae were traditionally studied with plants. The fourth edition defines algae in a modern way, as the smallest of the green, chlorophyll-containing organisms, distinguished from plants by their lack of stemlike, rootlike, or leaflike structures.

All plants, algae, and cyanobacteria which photosynthesize contain chlorophyll "a". A second kind of chlorophyll is chlorophyll "b", which occurs only in "green algae" and in the plants.

Q: Which Domain has historically been known to live in extreme environments (although has recently been found in many environments)?

Archaea.

To which Domain do the cyanobacteria belong? Why?

Bacteria. They are prokaryotic, and have peptidoglycan cell walls.

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga and/or a cyanobacteria.

Because the cyanobacteria blue-green algae have chlorophyll 'a' similar to green plants thus they are known as photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria.

Define Carolus Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus, is often called the Father of Taxonomy.

Name at least one more interesting fact about cyanobacteria.

Choose from: 1. Because they are prokaryotes, cyanobacteria do not have chloroplasts. Their chlorophyll is stored in thylakoids in the cytoplasm.

While most bacteria are heterotrophic, the cyanobacteria are autotrophic.

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic, Gram negative prokaryotes. They have chlorophyll a and are probably major primary producers in the world's oceans. Hence, they are autotrophs.

The second edition classified blue-green algae, aka cyanobacteria, as "algae classified as bacteria." The fourth edition defines blue- green algae in a modern way, stating that they are classified with bacteria in the Kingdom Eubacteria, because they are prokaryotes.

Cyanobacteria, formerly known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic microscopic organisms that are technically bacteria.

Explain alternation of generations

Ferns are said to undergo the alternation of generations because their life cycle includes both a sexual and an asexual phase. In the asexual phase, brown dots (sori) appear on the underside of a fern. The sori are clusters of sporangia, which will burst open & release spores. Spores are tiny, one-celled reproductive structures, capable of growing into new organisms. In the sexual phase, a spore that hits the ground might grow into a prothallus, which will produce reproductive organs (the antheridium and archegonium) & gametes. Fertilized eggs grow into fern plants. You do not need to memorize this in essay form, but be familiar with the bolded terms, and know which are from the asexual phase and which are from the sexual phase.

Define ferns

Has vascular tissues, xylem, and phloem. Tied to moist environments and rely on swimming sperm.

List the categories of the Linnean classification system in order

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

lichen

Lichens are a complex life form that is a symbiotic partnership of two separate organisms, a fungus and an alga.

Define staminate vs. ovulate cones, cycad

Male cones (staminate cones) are typically much smaller than female cones (ovulate cones).

saprophyte, basidia

Mushrooms are advanced members of a fungi group which belong to class Basidiomycetes. They grow on the dead and decaying matter like dung, old rotten logs which are rich in the organic matter. Therefore, they are saprophytic fungi.

Of the six modern kingdoms, which mostly contain organisms which are multicellular

Plantae, Fungi (although yeasts are unicellular), Animalia; Protists can be unicellular or multicellular.

Of the six modern kingdoms, which have cells with membrane-bound nuclei (i.e which are eukayotic)?

Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista

Of the six modern kingdoms, which mostly contains organisms which perform photosynthesis?

Plantae. There are organisms in other kingdoms which perform photosynthesis.

Define prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus.

Define binomial nomenclature

Scientific term for naming species

45. Which group of algae contains the alga that causes red tides

The Florida red tide is caused by blooms of a type of microalgae known as a dinoflagellate. This is a single-celled alga called Karenia brevis

mycelium, parasite,

The mycelium acts as the defense mechanism that enables the mushroom to thrive, and the mycelium subsequently supports our immune system functionality

2. They are responsible for algal bloom, which is a water quality risk.

They are caused by diverse organisms, including toxic and noxious phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, benthic algae, and macroalgae.

Cyanobacteria produces much of the earth's oxygen, and can fix atmospheric nitrogen.

They are one of very few groups of organisms that can convert inert atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form, such as nitrate or ammonia.

Seton students: remember that angiosperms are plants which reproduce by seeds formed in flowers.

Unlike gymnosperms such as conifers and cycads, angiosperm's seeds are found in a flower.

Define vascular plants vs. nonvascular plants

Vascular plants are also known as tracheophytes; Vascular plants have vascular tissue fpr cpnduction water and minerals upward and sugar from the leaves to the plant. Vascular plants include seed plants and nonseed plants. They include seed plants (angiosperms & gymnosperms), and nonseed plants (ferns, horsetails, and club mosses). pteridophytes Nonvascular plants include mosses and liverworts. fungi, and algae

Define ginkgo

a deciduous Chinese tree related to the conifers, with fan-shaped leaves and yellow flowers. It has a number of primitive features and is similar to some Jurassic fossils.

Define club moss

a low-growing green plant that resembles a large moss, having branching stems with undivided leaves. Relatives of the club mosses were the first plants to colonize the land during the Silurian period.

Define lycopodium

a plant of a genus that includes the common club mosses.

Horsetail

a seedless vascular plant characterized by a jointed stem

How are algae classified?

by their color and method of reproduction

Which algae have rigid cell walls composed of silica?

diatoms

What is the largest group of algae?

green algae

flagella/flagellum

he main flagella function is to assist the cell in movement.

One evolutionary theory states that cyanobacteria were the earth's first photosynthesizers.

making food using water and the Sun's energy, and releasing oxygen as a result.

Cyanobacteria is always multicellular.

o they are not always multicellular.

Define taxonomy

the science of naming and classifying organisms

Define gymnosperm

woody, vascular seed plant without fruit