bio ch. 1-3
A popular post on the Internet states that hugs "transfer energy" between participants, giving them an "emotional lift." Which of the following is a scientific approach to evaluating the claim of "energy transfer" during hugs? The hypothesis for the experiment would be as follows: if one person hugs another, the person receiving the hug will have more measurable energy after the hug.
First, develop a method of physically measuring the amount of energy available in a human being. Divide hundreds of subjects randomly into two groups, huggers and non-huggers. The available energy in the individuals of each group would be measured, the individuals would then hug (or not), and then the energy levels are measured again. The experimenter should not know which group is the hugging or non-hugging group to avoid expectation bias. The experiment should be repeated numerous times before analyzing the data.
The chemical reaction that represents photosynthesis is 6 H2O + 6 CO2 → C6H12O6+ 6 O2. What are the reactants?
H2O and CO2
Rick has high blood pressure and decides to try an herbal supplement recommended by his friend. Which of the following questions should Rick ask first to scientifically evaluate his friend's recommendation before he begins taking the herbal supplement?
Has this herbal supplement been studied in a clinical trial by trained medical professionals?
Which of the following is likely to participate in ionic bonding?
Li+
In the fall of 2012, a veterinarian from Texas issued a press release stating that her team of scientists had completed a five-year DNA study confirming the existence of "Sasquatch" or "Bigfoot." Which of the following statements, if true, would lend support to her claims?
She consulted experts in the field of human genomics and made her DNA samples available to them for analysis.
Which of the following questions could NOT be used to develop a testable hypothesis?
Should everyone drink bottled water only?
Which of the following is a scientific theory?
Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.
Which of the following observations would naturally lead to a hypothesis that increased studying improves student performance on assessments?
Students who appear to spend more time engaging with course materials have the highest exam scores.
Based on the scientific evidence presented in more than 100 peer-reviewed, published research articles that evaluated millions of children, which of the following is NOT the reason for the observed increase of autism in the United States and other countries since the 1970s?
The MMR vaccine is being more broadly administered, so more children are getting autism.
A patient is coughing and producing a wheezing sound as she breathes; she also has a fever. She goes to her doctor, who listens to her chest, takes X-rays of her chest, and determines that she probably has something called croup. Which of the following are the facts in this scenario?
The patient is coughing, wheezing, and has a fever.
Which of the following would be a positive consideration when evaluating a researcher's expertise regarding a particular scientific claim?
The researcher has a PhD, MD, or at least an MS and years of experience in the field in which he or she is making a scientific claim.
A researcher noticed that as the prevalence of cell phone usage increased between the years of 1998 and 2010, so did the number of individuals diagnosed with autism. He decided that cell phone usage by expectant mothers was causing autism. Which of the following would be the first step in evaluating his assumption?
The researcher should develop a clearly testable and falsifiable hypothesis.
A research team publishes a study that demonstrates a longer life span for rats fed a low-caloric diet compared to rats with a normal diet. An independent research team repeats the experiment using the same experimental conditions and finds no significant effect of caloric intake on life span. Select the appropriate conclusion for these findings.
The results of the follow-up study reject the hypothesis.
Astronauts returning from outer space studied samples taken from their lunar landing. They found that one of their samples was coated with organic compounds. Which of the following statements must be correct?
The samples must contain carbon atoms.
The graph below shows which of the following?
There is a strong correlation between the sale/consumption of organic food and the number of individuals diagnosed with autism between 1998 and 2007.
The opioids shown here have what common chemical feature?
They are all compounds.
Is it important for scientists to communicate their results to fellow scientists?
Yes. The quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and even repetition by other scientists working in the same field.
A tissue is defined as
a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body.
In making her morning tea, Dorothy drops a sugar cube into the hot water. She stirs the mixture but no longer sees the sugar cube at the bottom of her mug. In this scenario, the sugar is
a solute
Antibodies are an important class of human proteins that function in immune defense. If scientists fragmented antibodies under laboratory conditions, what chemical building blocks would they recover?
amino acids
building blocks of life
amino acids
scientific literacy:
an understanding of basic science and scientific process
A research team funded by a pharmaceutical company is studying the adaptation of grasshopper mice to the neurotoxic venom of scorpions in an attempt to determine how the mice's adaptation could be used as a possible solution to pain management in humans. This is an example of __________ research.
applied
A pharmaceutical company conducts trials on animals and cell lines to determine the safety of a new vaccine before performing clinical trials on adult human volunteers. This is an example of
applied research.
The federally funded Centers for Disease Control routinely collect and evaluate data regarding communicable diseases. This information helps researchers make recommendations regarding vaccination schedules for children and adults. This is an example of
applied research.
Nucleotides
are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
When sodium chloride (Na+Cl-) is dissolved in water, the sodium ion is
attracted to the oxygen atoms of water molecules.
Scientists at a major university are attempting to isolate a gene that slows the degeneration of collagen in skin. This is an example of
basic research
define science:
body of knowledge(data) based on natural world
macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
The central element found in organic molecules is
carbon
Scientific studies that compare patients with a disease to those without the disease are referred to as
case-control studies.
Select the component of the biological hierarchy that forms the basic unit of life.
cell
Which sequence correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular organism?
cells ?4→ tissues ?4→ organs ?4→ individual
isotope
change in # of neutrons
Observational studies that follow a particular group of individuals over a certain time period are __________ studies.
cohort
Bats consume billions of insects each year. A researcher interested in the interactions between bats and insects, such as their predation on mosquitoes, is studying life at which biological level?
community level
The group of 18 bats that were "sham injected" represents a __________ group that experienced __________.
control; no change in the independent variable
Carbon atoms are bound to each other by __________ bonds.
covalent
In the chemical reaction that forms hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrogen and oxygen share electrons, creating __________ bonds between the atoms.
covalent
Atoms in a single molecule of methane, CH4, share electrons. Methane is formed by __________ bonds joining __________ atoms.
covalent; five
basic research:
curiosity to expand scientific knowledge
The graph below shows that after the childhood vaccination program was initiated in the United Kingdom in 1999, the annual number of meningitis cases in children
decreased to nearly zero by 2004, as did the meningitis rate for adults.
You are given an unknown substance and asked to determine whether it is polar or nonpolar. The easiest way to do this would be to
determine whether the compound dissolves in water.
The caves in upstate New York, where Alan Hicks's team first noticed the deaths of thousands of bats, represent the __________ where the bats lived.
ecosystem
Dehydration is thought to play a role in bat susceptibility to white-nose syndrome, which is caused by a fungal infection. By considering the influence of humidity inside caves where bats hibernate, a researcher is studying life at which level of the biological hierarchy?
ecosystem level
The subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge, surround the nucleus, and are lost or gained by atoms called ions are the
electrons
Carbon is an example of a(n)
element
If the Centers for Disease Control's recommended vaccination schedule is delayed, the children who do not receive their vaccines on schedule
experience an increased risk of disease.
The human heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels in the body. This is a scientific
fact
The information presented in this figure represents a scientific
fact
applied research:
finding out data for a specific problem
primary literature:
first publication of science research that contains actual data with controls
ionic bonds
give and take of electrons
Bats use echolocation to orient themselves and locate objects. Doing this requires special adaptations in their inner ear, midbrain, and auditory cortex of their cerebrum. The echolocation system of bats is an example of a(n)
organ system.
Scientists are human beings and, like all human beings, are susceptible to personal and group biases that may influence how they interpret evidence. Before original research work is accepted and added to a growing body of scientific understanding it must be scrutinized by experts in the field who have no direct connection to the research under review. The main mechanism for doing this is
peer-reviewed publications
Hydrogen and oxygen atoms are held together within an individual water molecule by __________ bonds.
polar covalent
The bonds connecting the atoms in the following molecule are __________ bonds.
polar, covalent
oil
polymer of fatty acid chains
Macromolecules are typically formed by repetitively adding small monomers together. Which macromolecule is properly matched with the appropriate monomer?
polypeptide—amino acid
A researcher studying a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in a shared environment is said to be working at the level of a
population
atomic mass
protons + nuetrons
How many different amino acids are used to build proteins?
20
A sample of pure water is analyzed for the atoms present. Which of the following would be the correct percentages of atoms present in the sample?
33.3 percent oxygen, 66.6 percent hydrogen
when are neutral atoms neutral?
when protons=electrons
If iodide ions (I-) were dissolved in water (as pictured here), they would be attracted to
A and C
Select the correct statement regarding experimental design.
An experiment can have multiple dependent variables but only one independent variable.
Sue has twin baby boys and is trying to decide whether to have them vaccinated against chicken pox or to take them to a "chicken pox party" where they can be naturally exposed to other children who currently have chicken pox. Which of the following would be the first relevant question for Sue to research before making her decision?
Are there any peer-reviewed, scientific studies of observable and quantifiable claims regarding the chicken pox vaccine or chicken pox parties?
Which of the labeled areas of the water molecule in the following image possesses a partial negative charge?
B only
Which of the following would be a scientific fact?
Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild.
You discover that a holistic treatment called "ear candling" involves putting the end of a wax-coated cloth cone (a "candle") into your ear and lighting it on fire, letting it burn to within about four inches of your face, and then repeating with a new candle. This process is supposed to remove tension, anxiety, and stress from your body. Which of the following statements or questions would be most helpful in scientifically evaluating these claims?
Have there been any reproducible, peer-reviewed studies that compared ear candling in individuals who have ear infections with those who do not have ear infections?
Therapeutic touch (TT) is a type of "energy" medicine that involves the practitioner moving his or her hands over the energy field of the patient, without actually touching the patient, but redirecting the energy field to heal the patient. If a researcher were to design a survey of TT practitioners and their patients to determine the validity of TT, which of the following questions would NOT be helpful in determining the validity of the survey?
How old is the researcher?
Which scenario demonstrates a cause-and-effect relationship?
In a laboratory, 100 healthy bats exposed to a fungus develop white-nose syndrome and die.
Which of the following would NOT be a situation where your own scientific literacy would be helpful in decision-making?
Is the space travel in Star Wars really possible?
An individual claims to be able to detect the presence of graves in an old cemetery by using a "dowsing" or "divining" rod. The rod is a forked twig held in front of the individual as he walks across the cemetery. The "dowser" (person who is using the dowsing rod) claims that depending on which way the twig moves (up and down or side to side) he can determine if a grave is there and the gender and age of the individual buried at that spot. Which of the following would NOT help to evaluate if the dowser is a fraud?
It would help to know the dowser's age and affiliation with other dowsers.
CDC's HPV Vaccine Impact Monitoring Project evaluated data from over 10,000 biopsy specimens collected between 2008 and 2014. The proportion of cervical precancers due to HPV types 16 and 18 decreased from 55 percent to 33 percent in women ages 18-39 who had been vaccinated with the HPV vaccine. Additionally, precancers among unvaccinated women declined due to HPV-16/18. This decline is likely due to __________ immunity, which occurs when a significant proportion of a population has developed immunity to a disease.
herd
Individual water molecules orient toward each other because of the __________ bonds that form between them.
hydrogen
In making her morning tea, Dorothy drops a sugar cube into some hot water. She stirs the mixture but no longer sees the sugar cube at the bottom of her mug. Based on her observation of sugar dissolving in hot water, she can properly conclude that the sugar is
hydrophilic
A patient often experiences numbness and pain in the thumb and first two fingers on his right hand. He goes to his doctor, who suspects that carpal tunnel syndrome is the reason for the numbness and pain. The doctor then orders a simple test to see how fast nerve impulses move up and down the patient's arm. The doctor's preliminary diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome is a(n)
hypothesis
New medications undergo extensive human testing before receiving FDA approval. These tests represent an experiment, and variations in the dosage given to participants represent the
independent variable.
When calcium (Ca2+) and chloride (Cl-) interact with one another, they bond using __________ bonds.
ionic
Sodium chloride (table salt) is formed when positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions are chemically attracted to each other. This attraction is best described as a(n)
ionic bond
A scientific paper that combines results from several cohort studies and a case-control study would be considered a(n) __________-analysis.
meta
Which of the following is an organic compound?
methane (CH4)
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are held together by chemical bonds to form __________ of sugar.
molecules
what is the order of the scientific method?
observation, hypothesis, prediction, test, further observations/tests, supported/not supported
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), by the end of September 2014, roughly 8,000 cases of whooping cough had been reported in California for that year; more than 250 patients (mostly infants and young children) were hospitalized, with 58 of them requiring intensive care. Several other childhood diseases that were once common but then eradicated through high vaccination rates have returned since the antivaccination movement grew in the 1990s. The epidemiological data collected by the CDC indicates this resurgence of childhood diseases is most likely the result of
reduced herd/community immunity
In science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experimental evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a
scientific theory.
You are reading an article in National Geographic regarding the evolution of humans. This would be an example of __________ literature.
secondary
O2, also referred to as atmospheric oxygen, is formed by a covalent bond between two oxygen atoms. This type of bond involves oxygen atoms
sharing electrons.
covalent bonds
sharing of electrons
secondary literature:
sources that give basic overview of topic
Which of the following are composed of the same monomers?
starch and cellulose
Once it has been supported by a predictable experimental outcome, a scientific hypothesis
still cannot be considered to have been proven true.
A disaccharide consists of two
sugars
A scientific hypothesis must be __________; if not, science cannot evaluate it.
testable
Land biomes are most commonly defined by
their climate and physical characteristics that influence the dominant plant life and, subsequently, animal life in them.
nonpolar
water hating
Oil and water do not mix well because
water is polar and oil is nonpolar.
polar
water loving