Bio - Ch. 32

An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization. An animal is said to show cephalization when it _____. has an aggregation of sensory neurons at the anterior end has tissue specialization has bilateral symmetry is large has a hard, outer covering

has an aggregation of sensory neurons at the anterior end

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? flagellated gametes heterotrophy nervous conduction and muscular movement cells that have mitochondria the structural carbohydrate, chitin

nervous conduction and muscular movement

An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization. An animal is said to show cephalization when it _____. has bilateral symmetry is large has an aggregation of sensory neurons at the anterior end has tissue specialization has a hard, outer covering

has an aggregation of sensory neurons at the anterior end

Your great grandfather was bitten by a black widow spider in 1927. Which of the following animals played a key role in the antivenin he was given? cow pig horse goat

horse

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is euphyletic. polyphyletic. multiphyletic. paraphyletic. monophyletic.

monophyletic.

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a multicellular fungus. unicellular chytrid. multicellular algae. unicellular yeast. flagellated protist.

flagellated protist.

Which of the following animals does NOT have a body cavity? clam flatworm earthworm mouse nematode

flatworm

Which of the following animals does NOT have a body cavity? earthworm clam nematode flatworm mouse

flatworm

The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos 2. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos 3. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians 4. anterior-posterior orientation in vertebrate embryos 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 4 → 2 → 3 → 1 4 → 1 → 3 → 2 4 → 2 → 1 → 3 3 → 4 → 1 → 2

3 → 2 → 1 → 4

With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. ecdysozoan 2. protostome 3. eumetazoan 4. triploblastic 3, 4, 2, 1 4, 2, 3, 1 4, 3, 1, 2 4, 3, 2, 1 3, 4, 1, 2

3, 4, 2, 1

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterians 5 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 3 → 5 → 4 → 2 → 1 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 4 5 → 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4

5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4

Among the characteristics unique to animals is multicellularity. flagellated sperm. sexual reproduction. gastrulation. heterotrophic nutrition.

gastrulation.

Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion? binary fission gene duplication chromosomal condensation random segregation mitosis

gene duplication

All animals can trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived in the _____. Neoproterozoic era Pliocene Jurassic Devonian Cenozoic

Neoproterozoic era

What is the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom? A coelom is a true body cavity, whereas a pseudocoelom is a false coelom that is not fully functional. Pseudocoeloms arose early in animal evolution and evolved into coeloms. Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue.

Only a coelom is fully lined with mesoderm tissue.

Which of the following is true? A bite from a female black widow spider is more likely to cause harm in an adult human than a bite from a male. A bite from a female or a male black widow spider is equally likely to cause harm in an adult human. A bite from a male black widow spider is more likely to cause harm in an adult human than a bite from a female. The toxicity of a black widow bite depends on the region of the U.S. you reside in.

A bite from a female black widow spider is more likely to cause harm in an adult human than a bite from a male.

Animal tissues develop from embryonic germ layers. Triploblastic animals have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and three basic body plans related to body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate). Select the three statements that are true. A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom. An acoelomate triploblast has no endoderm. In a pseudocoelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the muscles. The digestive tract of a coelomate functions as a coelom. In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the lining of the digestive tract. In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity. A diploblast has no mesoderm.

A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom. In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity. A diploblast has no mesoderm.

The earliest ancestors of about half of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the _____ explosion. Carboniferous Cambrian Devonian Pleistocene Jurassic

Cambrian

Identify the features that distinguish animals from organisms in other multicellular kingdoms. Select all that apply. Animals are ingestive heterotrophs. Animals are motile. Animals have sensory organs at their anterior end.

Animals are ingestive heterotrophs.

You are curious to find out if black widow spiders are found near your home. Where should you look for their webs? In conifer trees. At ground level. In birds' nests. In deciduous trees.

At ground level.

Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins? Deuterostomes have indeterminate development. In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus. Deuterostomes have radial cleavage.

Deuterostomes have indeterminate development.

Select the correct statement(s) about animal body plans. Select all that apply. In both protostomes and deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth. All triploblastic animals possess a coelom. Development in all animals is determined by the unique family of Hox genes (or other similar homeobox genes).

Development in all animals is determined by the unique family of Hox genes (or other similar homeobox genes).

You find a spider in your kitchen. Which of the following would lead you to believe it is a black widow? It is black. It has an hourglass marking. It has red legs. It has only six legs.

It has an hourglass marking.

A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus? Look for cell walls under a microscope. Determine whether it is unicellular or multicellular. Figure out whether it is autotrophic or heterotrophic. See if it reproduces sexually. See if it is a eukaryote or prokaryote.

Look for cell walls under a microscope.

Select the correct statement about the evolution of animals. The oldest generally accepted fossils of large animals range in age from 565 to 550 million years old. Approximately half the phyla of living organisms are found in Cambrian sediments. No animal fossils are found in strata formed before the Cambrian explosion.

The oldest generally accepted fossils of large animals range in age from 565 to 550 million years old.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals? They are heterotrophic. They are all multicellular. They are eukaryotes. They ingest their food. They have tissues, organs, and organ systems.

They have tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals? They ingest their food. They are eukaryotes. They are all multicellular. They are heterotrophic. They have tissues, organs, and organ systems.

They have tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Which of the following is radially symmetrical? a doughnut an automobile a dog a submarine sandwich a spoon

a doughnut

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of adaptive radiation. mass extinction. a large meteor impact. evolutionary stasis.

adaptive radiation.

Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that vertebrates evolved from arthropods. arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates. ancestral arthropods must have been poorly adapted to aquatic life, and thus experienced a selective pressure to invade land. arthropods evolved before vertebrates did. extant terrestrial arthropods are better adapted to terrestrial life than are extant terrestrial vertebrates.

arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates.

Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development? determinate cleavage blastopore becomes the anus archenteron absent diploblastic embryo radial cleavage

determinate cleavage

During embryological development, the anus forms before the mouth in _____. flatworms slugs humans earthworms arthropods

humans

During embryological development, the anus forms before the mouth in _____. humans flatworms earthworms slugs arthropods

humans

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition by ingesting it. consuming living, rather than dead, prey. using enzymes to digest their food. preying on animals.

ingesting it.

Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the _____. central nervous system blastula muscles organs primary germ layers

primary germ layers

Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the _____. organs central nervous system blastula primary germ layers muscles

primary germ layers

Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion? the emergence of predator-prey relationships among animals the origin of Hox genes and other genetic changes affecting the regulation of developmental genes the accumulation of diverse adaptations, such as shells and different modes of locomotion the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support the more active metabolism of mobile animals the movement of animals onto land

the movement of animals onto land

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. a body cavity or no body cavity. a well-defined head or no head. radial or bilateral symmetry. true tissues or no tissues.

true tissues or no tissues.

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of mesoderm. a body cavity. true tissues. a circulatory system. a complete digestive tract.

true tissues.

How do black widow spiders inject venom into their victims? with fangs with a stinger with pincers with the ends of their legs

with fangs