Bio: Ch 7

results of lactic acid fermentation

temporarily provides energy to maintain muscle function until oxygen levels are restored. Causes sharp pains and muscle fatigue (failure to contract) as the intracellular environment becomes affected by acid accumulation and low pH. Because the lactic acid must be degraded rapidly to avoid permanent muscle damage, rapid breathing is triggered (often for several minutes after exercise ceases) to provide extra oxygen to degrade the lactic acid through conversion back to pyruvate, followed by aerobic respiration.

photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2

organisms capable of alcoholic fermentation and why

single-celled fungal organisms called yeast because they have the enzyme

alcoholic fermentation equation

C6H12O6 ——> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + 2ATP

respiration exchange gasses

CO and O2 (Carbon and Oxygen)

What happens to respiration waste products in the human body?

ATP is used by your cells as the energy source for any endergonic chemical reactions which need to occur. WATER is added back to your cell's supply (pool). CO2 is a waste product of cellular respiration. If you are an animal, you discard it as a gas. If you are a plant, you recapture it and use it in photosynthesis (if the lights are on).

How many molecules of ATP are produced as a result of aerobic respiration?

After aerobic respiration 38 ATP molecules are made with the consumption of one glucose molecule (but two of these ATP are consumed by glycolysis). The net gain of the process is then 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

alcoholic fermentation

Alcoholic fermentation, also referred to as ethanol fermentation, is a biological process in which elements such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.

aerobic respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O ——> 6CO2 + 12 H2O + energy (36 ATP and heat)

When does lactic acid fermentation occur?

For humans, lactic acid fermentation occurs when you exert yourself to the point that your muscles can no longer get oxygen fast enough to generate energy via aerobic respiration.

in cellular respiration 39% of the energy of glucose is transferred the energy of ATP. What happens to the rest?

HEAT is a waste product. If you are endothermic, it is used to heat your body.

Making of ATP

Requires two reactants: sugar and phosphate groups. making is endergonic. Energy comes from the food we eat

autotrophs

are organisms that can produce their own food from the substances available in their surroundings using light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis) (producers)

heterotrophs

cannot synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms -- both plants and animals -- for nutrition (consumers)

glucose break down produces what _____ and _____ waste products

carbon dioxide and hydrogen

Where is aerobic respiration completed?

in the Mitochondrion. This is the "power house" of the cell and it is where the Krebs/Citric Acid cycle occurs as well as the Electron Transport chain (along the cristae of the inner membrane) which powers chemiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation). When chemiosmosis is complete, so too is Aerobic Respiration.

lactic acid fermentation

is a biological process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate.

anaerobic respiration

is a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain; it is respiration without oxygen.

photosynthesis

is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities.

aerobic respiration

is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP. The first step in is glycolysis, the second is the citric acid cycle and the third is the electron transport system.

glycolysis

the splitting/breaking apart of sugar. Occurs in the cytosol, does not require oxygen, breaks down sugar into pyruvate, yields two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.