BIO CH 9-10 Mastering Bio

_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e- .

A Photosystem II

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.

2

For every molecule of O2 that is released by photosystem II, _________ H2O molecules are needed, which together pass ___________ electrons to the PS II reaction-center complex.

2, 4

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?

ATP

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with

ATP and NADPH.

Which of the following is the most correct interpretation of the figure?

ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store chemical energy for cellular work.

Structure A is _____.

ATP synthase

Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5‎ . The solution is then adjusted to pH 8‎ . Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions?

ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution.

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?

Acetyl CoA

Which of the following is a true statement? Catabolic pathways break down molecules, require energy, and are exergonic. Catabolic pathways build molecules, release energy, and are exergonic. Anabolic pathways build molecules, require energy, and are endergonic. Anabolic pathways break down molecules, require energy, and are endergonic.

Anabolic pathways build molecules, require energy, and are endergonic.

Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions? The reactant that is oxidized loses electrons. A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron. Changes in potential energy can be released as heat. The electron acceptor is reduced.

A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron.

How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on ATPATP synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.)

Both electron transport and

What is the basic role of CO2 in photosynthesis?

CO2 is a source of electrons in the formation of organic molecules.

Part B - Inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle From the following choices, identify those that are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle. Drag each item to the appropriate bin. If the item is not an input to or an output from the Calvin cycle, drag it to the "not input or output" bin.

Input:ATP, NADPH, CO2 Output:ADP, NADP+, G3P not input or output:light, glucose, O2

What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride?

Ionic.

Why is the citric acid cycle a cyclic pathway rather than a linear pathway?

It is easier to remove electrons and produce CO2 from compounds with three or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA.

A glucose molecule is completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but together these two processes yield only a few molecules of ATP. What happened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose?

It is stored in NADH and FADH2

Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?

E ATP synthase Phosphorylates ADP

Select the most accurate statement describing the basic function of the light reactions of photosynthesis.

The basic function of the light reactions of photosynthesis is the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy. Submit

Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP is correct?

The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane.

During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.

NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?

NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain.

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____.

NADPH

In the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), acetyl CoA is completely oxidized. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of the citric acid cycle.

Net Input: Acetyl CoA, NAD⁺, ADP Net Output: Coenzyme A, CO₂, NADH, ATP Not Input or Output: Pyruvate, Glucose, O₂

What molecules belong in spaces E and F?

carbon dioxide and water

What process occurs within Box B?

citric acid cycle

The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.

kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration

transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules into a chemical form that cells can use for work

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

two

What organelle is indicated by the letter C?

mitochondrion

A covalent bond is likely to be polar when

one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom

In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.

oxidative phosphorylation

In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to

oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. This means that H2O is _____ during the light reactions and CO2 is _____ during the Calvin cycle.

oxidized...reduced

The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.

oxygen

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is

oxygen

Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions?

pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

Identify the chloroplast.

small green dots A

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

stroma E

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

substrate-level phosphorylation

The ultimate source of energy to support most life on Earth is _____.

sunlight

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of

to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.

transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs

Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide

When a pigment molecule in a light-harvesting complex absorbs a photon of light, what happens to its excited-state electron?

The electron falls back to its ground state, while passing its excited-state energy to an electron in a nearby pigment molecule.

When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by _____.

splitting water

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

2

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?

3

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?

6

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.

6 3 NADH + H+ are produced per each acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle.

Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel?

Protons

_____ has a longer wavelength than _____.

Red ... green

When the protein gramicidin is integrated into a membrane, an H+ channel forms and the membrane becomes very permeable to protons (H+ ions). If gramicidin is added to an actively respiring muscle cell, how would it affect the rates of electron transport, proton pumping, and ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation? (Assume that gramicidin does not affect the production of NADH and FADH2 during the early stages of cellular respiration.) Sort the labels into the correct bin according to the effect that gramicidin would have on each process.

Remains the same: proton pumping rate, electron transport rate, rate of oxygen uptake Decreases (or goes to zero): Rate of ATP synthesis, size of the proton gradient Increases : none

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.

RuBP

In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.

photorespiration

What process occurs in structure H?

photosynthesis

How many electrons at a time are passed between the pigment molecules in the light-harvesting complexes?

0

Chlorophyll can be found in _____.

A and C The photosystems contain chlorophyll.

In glycolysis, as in all the stages of cellular respiration, the transfer of electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors plays a critical role in the overall conversion of the energy in foods to energy in ATP. These reactions involving electron transfers are known as oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. 1. When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compound becomes . Such a compound is often referred to as an electron donor. 2. When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes . Such a compound is often referred to as an electron acceptor. 3. In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is . 4. Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called . 5. is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis. 6. The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is .

1) Oxidized2) Reduced3) Glucose4) Pyruvate5) NAD⁺6) NADH

1. In the light reactions, light energy is used to oxidize _____ to ______ . 2. The electrons derived from this oxidation reaction in the light reactions are used to reduce ____ to ______ . 3. The Calvin cycle oxidizes the light-reactions product ______ to ______ . 4. The electrons derived from this oxidation reaction in the Calvin cycle are used to reduce _____ to _____ .

1. In the light reactions, light energy is used to oxidize H2O to O2. 2. The electrons derived from this oxidation reaction in the light reactions are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. 3. The Calvin cycle oxidizes the light-reactions product NADPH to NADP+. 4. The electrons derived from this oxidation reaction in the Calvin cycle are used to reduce CO2 to G3P.

Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other?

Anion and cation.

Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic

_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.

B The energy released as electrons are passed along the electron transport chain is used to pump protons into the thylakoid compartment.

Energized electrons from ____ are used to reduce NADP+.

C Energized electrons from photosystem I are used to reduce NADP+.

Select the correct statement about cellular respiration.

Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level, whereas breathing is at the organismal level. Submit

Identify a thylakoid.

D

Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP?

Electron transport and chemiosmosis

Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons?

Electronegativity

Why is it correct to say that the linear electron flow of the light reactions directly captures energy in NADPH but only indirectly captures energy in ATP?

Electrons are directly transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH, but electron flow is used to generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis. Electrons are not directly transferred to ATP.

What happens along an electron transport chain?

Electrons are passed from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent, releasing free energy at each step.

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? pyruvate ATP FADH2 NADH

FADH2 is a product of the citric acid cycle.

True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain

False

True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.

False The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes ATP production protrudes out of, but does not span, the chloroplast membrane; the region that spans the membrane is an ion channel through which protons can pass.

Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell?

Fermentation

Which statement best explains why more ATPATP is made per molecule of NADHNADH than per molecule of FADH2FADH2?

Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor.

Select the correct molecule that is the main product of the Calvin cycle.

G3P

Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy "currency" in the form of ATP?

Glucose

In the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is consumed and what is produced?

Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced.

Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen?

Glycolysis

Each of the four stages of cellular respiration occurs in a specific location inside or outside the mitochondria. These locations permit precise regulation and partitioning of cellular resources to optimize the utilization of cellular energy. Match each stage of cellular respiration with the cellular location in which it occurs. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Glycolysis - Cytosol Acetyl CoA - Mitochondrial matrix Citric acid cycle - Mitochondrial matrix Oxidative phosphorylation - inner mitochondrial membrane

Which of the following is the correct order of electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

H2O → P680 chlorophyll a pair → PS II primary electron acceptor → Pq → cytochrome complex → Pc → P700 chlorophyll a pair → PS I primary electron acceptor → Fd → NADPH

Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O + energy Which molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed?

Hydrogen, polar.

Part A - Inputs and outputs of the light reactions From the following choices, identify those that are the inputs and outputs of the light reactions. (Recall that inputs to chemical reactions are modified over the course of the reaction as they are converted into products. In other words, if something is required for a reaction to occur, and it does not remain in its original form when the reaction is complete, it is an input.) Drag each item to the appropriate bin. If the item is not an input to or an output from the light reactions, drag it to the "not input or output" bin.

Input: light, water, NADP+, ADP Output: O2, ATP, NADPH not input or output: glucose, CO2,G3P

Which of the following products of the light reactions of photosynthesis is consumed during the Calvin cycle

NADPH

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis?

Proton gradient

From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of glycolysis. Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. If the compound is not involved in glycolysis, drag it to the "not input or output" bin.

Net Input: ADP, NAD⁺, Glucose Net Output: ATP, NADH and Pyruvate, Not input or output: O₂, CO₂, coenzyme A and acetyl CoA

In the last stage of cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, all of the reduced electron carriers produced in the previous stages are oxidized by oxygen via the electron transport chain. The energy from this oxidation is stored in a form that is used by most other energy-requiring reactions in cells. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of oxidative phosphorylation.

Net Input: NADH, ADP, O₂ Net Output: NAD⁺, ATP, and Water Not Input or Output: Pyruvate, Glucose, Acetyl CoA, Coenzyme A and CO₂.

In acetyl CoA formation, the carbon-containing compound from glycolysis is oxidized to produce acetyl CoA. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of acetyl CoA formation.

Net Input: NAD⁺, coenzyme A, pyruvate Net Output: NADH, acetyl CoA, CO₂ Not input or output: O₂, ADP, glucose and ATP

If the Calvin cycle slows down, what will happen to the rate of O2 production in PS II, and why?

O2 production will slow down because less NADP+ will be regenerated in the Calvin cycle.

What molecule is indicated by the letter D?

Oxygen

Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule?

Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does, and the net charge is zero. Submit

Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll?

Photophosphorylation

The light reactions require the cooperation of two photosystems to power linear electron flow from water to NADP+. Drag each item into the appropriate bin depending on whether the process is associated with Photosystem II (PS II) only, Photosystem I (PS I) only, or both PS II and PS I. Note that "electron transport chain" here refers to the electron transport chain between the two photosystems, not the one that functions after PS I.

Photosystem II (PS II) only oxidation of water reduction of electron transport chain between the two photosystems Photosystem I (PS I) only reduction of NADP+oxidation of electron transport chain between the two photosystems both PS II and PS I light absorption reduction of primary electron acceptor

Why are plants classified as producers?

Plants are classified as producers because they fix inorganic carbon into organic molecules.

Select the correct statement about the Calvin cycle.

The Calvin cycle has three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.

in cellular respiration, a series of molecules forming an electron transport chain alternately accepts and then donates electrons. What is the advantage of such an electron transport chain?

The advantage of an electron transport chain is that a small amount of energy is released with the transfer of an electron between each pair of intermediates.

Which one of the following statements about the redox reactions of the electron transport chain is correct

The electron transport chain takes electrons from water and gives them to oxygen.

Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy. The reaction goes only in a forward direction: All reactants will be converted to products. A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed. The products have more total energy than the reactants.

The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

Plants are photoautotrophs. What does this mean?

They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials.

True or false? The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.

True

Part D - Chloroplast structure and function Part complete In eukaryotes, all the reactions of photosynthesis occur in various membranes and compartments of the chloroplast. Identify the membranes or compartments of the chloroplast by dragging the blue labels to the blue targets. Then, identify where the light reactions and Calvin cycle occur by dragging the pink labels to the pink targets.

a) stroma- the dense fluid surrounded between the inner envelope membrane and the thylakoid membranes b) thylakoid membrane- the third membrane system; surrounds the thylakoid; chrorophyll resides in the thylakoid membrane c)cytosol- the fluid portion of cytoplasm surrounding (outside) the chloroplast d) location of Calvin Cycle- the calvin cycle occurs in the stroma e) thylakoid space- the space within the thylakoid sacs f)location of light reactions- the light reactions occur in the thylakoids of the chloroplast g) envelope membranes- the inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle? NADH + H+ ATP CO2 acetyl CoA FADH2

acetyl CoA

In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.

cytoplasm

What molecules belong in space A and B?

glucose and oxygen

What process occurs in Box A?

glycolysis

Which of the following is a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

True or false? The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.

true

The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound?

water

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.

water ... NADPH