Bio chap 9 learning curve
The reaction equation that represents the chemical change resulting from glycolysis followed by alcoholic fermentation is C6H12O6 → 2 C2H6O + 2 CO2 + _______ ATP; the reaction equation that represents the chemical change resulting from glycolysis followed by cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + _______ ATP + 6 _______.
2; 32; H2O
Some poisons are compounds that interfere with metabolic pathways. Which poison would interfere with the citric acid cycle but not affect glycolysis?
A compound that inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase
Refer to the figure. A student made this diagram as a study guide for learning the steps involved in the aerobic catabolism of glucose. (Click image to enlarge.) One step could be added to better illustrate these steps. Which step should be added?
A step to show that pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, the compound that enters the citric acid cycle
Which reaction is not an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction?
ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O
Which statement about metabolic pathways is correct?
Chemical transformations occur in a series of separate chemical reactions.
The cell harvests a very large amount of free energy from glucose in the form of ATP. Which statement can be used as part of an explanation about how the cell accomplishes this harvesting process with high efficiency (i.e., with very little loss in energy as heat)?
Electron transport uses a series of several proteins, each of which functions to capture a portion of the total energy of the electrons entering the chain.
The complete oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water requires molecules that shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain. Those molecules are
FAD and NAD+
In eukaryotes, the organelle containing the enzyme(s) necessary for oxidation of glucose beyond glycolysis is the
mitochondrion
"Anaerobic conditions" means that there is an absence of
oxygen
Choose the phrase that correctly completes this sentence: Oxidative phosphorylation is a process
that involves the respiratory chain and ATP synthases.
Energy production occurs in different locations in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which statement is true for eukaryotes?
The conversion of pyruvate to CO2 and H2O occurs in the mitochondria.
If the regeneration of NAD+ were inhibited during lactic acid fermentation, which of the following would likely occur?
The rate of lactic acid production would decrease.
Refer to the figure showing an experiment using thylakoids from chloroplasts. (Click image to enlarge.) If an experiment based on the one illustrated in the figure were carried out, which thylakoids would produce the most ATP?
Thylakoids preincubated in a pH 4 solution and then moved to a pH 7.5 solution containing ADP and Pi
Isocitrate dehydrogenase is considered a main control point in the citric acid cycle because it is
inhibited by accumulation of large concentrations of NADH.
Cellular respiration refers to the metabolic process that
involves the oxidation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide
Refer to the figure. Some of the chemical energy present in pyruvate is harvested during an oxidation-reduction process taking place in the multistep reaction shown in the figure (Click image to enlarge.) In which molecule is this harvested chemical energy stored?
NADH
Which statement best describes how key molecules are regenerated to allow continued metabolism in a cell?
NADH and FADH2 can donate their electrons to the electron transport chain and be regenerated to allow the citric acid cycle to continue.
In an experiment, the F1 portion of the ATP synthase was attached to a glass slide, and fluorescently labeled microfilaments were attached to its central peptide. The rotation of the ATP synthase was observed when ATP was added. Because there was no proton gradient to drive the molecular motor in the direction of ATP synthesis, ATP was hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi, and this energy caused the motor to spin. When ATP plus oligomycin was added to the slide, the rotation continued even though oligomycin can inhibit ATP hydrolysis in mitochondrial inner membrane vesicles containing ATP synthase (F1-F0). Based on your knowledge of ATP synthase, which hypothesis is supported by these observations?
Oligomycin binds the ATP synthase (F1-F0) only when it is attached to the membrane.
Malate dehydrogenase is responsible for catalyzing which reaction?
Oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate
Refer to the figure showing the reaction that links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. (Click image to enlarge.) Which statement correctly describes the chemical changes depicted in this reaction?
Pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized to acetyl CoA, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH
How are steps 1-3 of glycolysis different from steps 6-10?
Steps 1-3 catalyze reactions that require ATP, while steps 6-10 catalyze changes that produce NADH and ATP.
Refer to the figure. A biochemist inoculated a test tube containing liquid medium with a few bacterial cells of a single species. A concentration gradient of oxygen was present in the tube, with very low levels of oxygen at the bottom of the tube and increasingly higher concentrations toward the top of the tube. The highest levels of oxygen were at the top of the liquid medium. Glucose was present in equal concentrations throughout the tube. The particular bacterial species used to inoculate the tube is able to grow either aerobically or anaerobically. (Click image to enlarge.) Which tube would most likely represent the growth pattern of bacteria under these conditions, and why?
Tube Z, because cells grow fastest when they harvest the greatest available energy from glucose.
Catabolic interconversion is a metabolic pathway in which
a large molecule is broken down into its constituent molecules and releases energy.
The figure illustrates one type of mechanism used by a cell to regulate its metabolism. (Click image to enlarge.) This is an example of
a negative feedback mechanism of regulation
A recently identified organism produces methane (CH4) when provided with glucose in the absence of oxygen. This means the organism is
capable of anaerobic catabolism and uses carbon dioxide in place of oxygen as its terminal electron acceptor.
When NADH is the electron donor to the respiratory chain, 2.5 ATP are formed, but when FADH2 is the electron donor, only 1.5 ATP are formed. This difference occurs because
complex I accepts electrons from NADH but not FADH2, resulting in an extra step that allows a larger proton gradient to form.
Refer to the figure. (Click image to enlarge.) In the reaction shown, NAD+ helps harvest energy from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by functioning as a(n)
electron acceptor.
Oxidative phosphorylation has two major components: _______ and _______.
electron transport; chemiosmosis
What is an example of anabolic interconversion?
gluconeogenesis
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