Bio- Chapter 1 Final
What is the beneficial processes that bacteria perform?
-Decomposition -Bioremediation -Photosynthesis -Nutrient cycling -Food production -Symbionts within our guts
What are examples of antibiotic resistance mechanisms?
-The cell may pump the drug out -The cell may destroy the drug -The cell may alter the drug so it isn't active anymore -The cell may alter the target of the antibiotic
What characteristics of living things do viruses lack?
-They cannot reproduce on their own -Cannot metabolize on their own, or get energy and make molecules on their own -Do not have a true cellular structure
Which of the below is the smallest? A. A human liver of cell B. A t4 bacteriophage C. An amoeba (protist) D. An E. coli cell E. A halobacterium's cell (arachean)
B. A T4 bacteriophage
During conjugation A. an entire chromosomes moves from one cell to another B. A portion of a plasmid moves from one cell to another C. Egg and sperm are released
B. A portion of a plasmid moves from one cell to another
What is the order of the taxa (Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghetti)?
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Why can't we always develop long lasting vaccines for certain viral infections?
Due to the mutation rate being high and the mutation changing, and your body not being immune to the new changed mutation anymore
The plasma membrane is a ______ ("fluid" and "changeable") structure
Dynamic
Where do the autotrophs make their food?
Either photosynthesize or they chemosynthesize to make their own food
Which are 10x larger and are more complex (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)?
Eukaryotic
Which type has a nucleus (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)?
Eukaryotic
What is the unifying concept of biology?
Evolution
True or False: All living things reproduce
False
True or False: All viruses have a genome, a capsid and an envelope
False
True or False: Archaea are only found in extreme environments and are relatively rare on Earth
False
True or False: Most bacteria are disease causing organisms
False
True or False: Since bacteria only reproduce asexually, there is very little genetic diversity within the group
False
Where do most heterotrophs get their energy and carbon from?
From organic compounds (food) that they get from other living (or dead) things
What is evolution?
Genetic change in a population over time
In decisions about classification, if morphological data (M) differs from genetic information (G), which is typically going to be used to determine the classification- M or G? Why?
Genetic information because evolution is genetic change over time
What is the major cell type attacked by HIV in the human body?
Helper T cells
What type of trophs are prokaryotes?
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
What is examples of endosymbionts?
Human gut bacteria, termites, and gut protists, corals and algae
What is transductions?
Involves transfer of DNA by a virus into the cell (not touching)
Prokaryotic organisms (as a group) exhibit great what?
Metabolic diversity
What do variations of prokaryotic organisms occur by?
Mutations or lateral gene transfers
If two organisms were in the same class, would they be in the same genus?
No
Is genetic information always available?
No
Are antibiotics effective against viruses? Why or why not?
No, antibiotics are used to target metabolic pathways in bacteria only. Viruses reproduce using the host cell's metabolic pathways, therefor they are antibiotic resistant
How to read an evolutionary tree diagram?
Present day organisms listed on the tips of the numerous lines and the shared common ancestor of the entire group at the single point; timeline is present between those ends of the tree; branch points within the diagram represent shared common ancestors
How do antibiotics work?
Prevent growth of foreign pathogen by stopping cellular process: Cell wall formation DNA replication Protein production
Which type does not have a nucleus but they do have DNA?
Prokaryotic
Which type lacks mitochondria and chloroplasts (membrane bound organelles)?
Prokaryotic
What are the two major cell types?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Is e. coli a prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic- because it is bacteria
Is yeast a prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic-because it is bacteria
What type of organisms are found in the eukaryotic domain?
Protists, plants, fungi, and animals
What type of virus is HIV?
Retrovirus
Summarize how evolutionary trees are formulated?
Single lines is the base of the tree (past), that does not mean it is the origin of life, just in that group. The tips are present and exist today
What is the smallest taxa?
Species
List the characteristics/capabilities that all living things have
1. Reproduce (asexual or sexual) 2. Grow and develop 3. Contain DNA and RNA 4. Have a complex structure 5. Gain and using energy= metabolism 6. Maintain "working" conditions= homeostasis 7. Respond to their environment
How does HIV infect a cell and get replicated?
1. Virus attaches to host cell 2. Virus enters host cell 3. Reverse transcriptase turns viral RNA into viral DNA 4. Viral DNA get inserted into host cell chromosome 5. Viral proteins and viral RNA get produced 6. New viral particles are synthesized 7. Virus release from host cell 8. Final assembly of the HIV occurs
Approximately how old are the oldest fossils of ancient life (prokaryotes)?
3.5 billion years
How diverse is the human microbiome?
30-50 trillion prokaryotic cells and fungi and lots of viruses. 10x more than an individual's own cells
The structure of a plasma membrane and other cell membranes is described as
A lipid bilayer with attached and embedded proteins and glycoproteins
What is conjunction?
A portion of a plasmid moves from one cell to another
Malaria is caused by A. a virus B. a mosquito C. a bacterium D. a protozoan E. a fungus
A protozoan
What is emdosymbionts?
A smaller organism living inside a larger organism; endosymbionts of eukaryotic organisms can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Bacteria and Archaea are separated into different domains because A. Some of their molecular characteristics are very different from each other B. Their cell types are very different from each other C. Both A and B are correct
A. Some of their molecular characteristics are very different from each other
True and False: The first eukaryotic organisms are thought to have had both mitochondria and chloroplasts
A. True B. False
What syndrome does an untreated HIV infection typically lead to?
AIDS
What is transformations?
Absorption of free DNA from the environment
Which of the below is NOT true? A. On average eukaryotic cells are 10xs larger prokaryotic cells B. All cells have cell walls C. Organisms with prokaryotic cells were living Earth for at least 1 billion years before eukaryotic organisms evolved D. Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of all cells E. Plasmids are composed of DNA
B. All cells have cell walls
What type of organisms are found in the prokaryotic domain?
Bacteria and Archaea
Which two domains contain prokaryotic organisms?
Bacteria and Archaea
What are the three domains that are used in the current taxonomic classification systems?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Why is taxonomy an exciting area of current research?
Because there is more availability of detailed genetic information and the discovery of new samples (new fossils, deep sea organisms never seen before, etc.)
Why is the human microbiome immensely studied?
Because this is all new information
What becomes resistant to the antibiotic- you or the disease causing bacterium?
Disease causing bacterium
Which of the below statements is correct? A. All viruses are retroviruses B. All DNA viruses are retroviruses C. All retroviruses are RNA viruses D. All RNA viruses are re
C. All retroviruses are RNA viruses
Which of the below describes how antibiotic works? A. It stimulates the immune system B. It ruptures the prokaryotic cells on contact- Antiseptics C. It stops some critical cellular process within the prokaryotic cell
C. It stops some critical cellular process within the prokaryotic
What do Autotrophs use as their carbon source?
CO2
What is the "functional unit" of life?
Cells
Which would be the largest taxon-Family or Class?
Class
What are the three lateral gene transfer processes?
Conjugations Transductions Transformations
What is the largest taxa?
Domain
The viral envelope is made up A. Proteins only B. Proteins and DNA/RNA C. DNA/RNA D. Proteins and lipids; it's membranous
D. Proteins and lipids; it's membranous
Which of the below is true? A. All protists are single cell organisms B. All protists cells have cell walls C. All protists can photosynthesize D. The Kingdom Protista is a polyphyletic group E. The Kingdom Protista is a monophyletic group
D. The Kingdom Protista is a polyphyletic group
What are the basic structural features of all cells?
DNA- genetic information (plasmids) Cytosol and Ribosomes- separate from environment Plasma membrane (outer cell membrane)- protects the cells and gives it structures
What are antibodies?
Defense proteins made by your immune system
How can the antibody prevent the virus from entering into the host cell?
The antibody can attach to the virus before it gets into a host cell and there it can prevent the virus from entering into the host cell. However, it can't get to the virus when it is inside the host cell
What is antibiotic resistant due to?
The genes that the bacterium has that prevents the drug from having an effect on that cell
Where does the human microbiome from?
The mother as it passes through the birth canal and breast milk
If a virus has an envelope, is it found on the outside or the inside of the protein coat that covers the genome?
The outside
What does the vaccine contain?
The pathogenic bacteria in a nonharmful form
What is the human microbiome?
The vast community that lives inside us
Prokaryotes are found in two different domains. Why were they separated into different groups - Was it a cell type difference? Or Was it a difference in their molecular makeup (genetics, etc.)? Or Was it due to both cell type and molecular differences?
They have different molecular makeup
How does the bacterium gain the genes associated with antibiotic resistant?
Through mutation or through lateral gene transfer
Why are vaccines given?
To protect us from certain pathogenic bacteria
True or False: 50% of all human diseases are caused by bacteria
True
True or False: A single organism is always either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
True
True or False: All living things are composed of one or more cells
True
True or False: All living things composed of one or more cells
True
True or False: An organism is always either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
True
True or False: Bacteria are essential to life on earth
True
True or False: Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells may be found within an organism
True
True or False: Prokaryotes are the oldest life forms and remain the most numerous and widespread of all organisms on earth
True
True or False: Prokaryotes divide by a process called "fission"
True
True or False: Prokaryotes only reproduce asexually
True
_____ are given to protect us from certain types of viruses
Vaccines
Are the larger taxa's less specific than the smaller ones?
Yes
Do all viruses have a protein coat (capsid)?
Yes
Do all viruses have an envelope?
Yes
Do all viruses have either DNA or RNA (a genome)?
Yes
Do viruses look different from each other when viewed with an electronic microscope?
Yes
If two organisms were in the same order, would they be in the same phylum?
Yes
Is there a lot of debate about whether viruses are living things or not?
Yes
Can morphology be used to identify (or at least group) viruses?
Yes, because genetic information is not always available
Does the human microbiome have major impacts on our health and function? If yes are the impacts mostly positive or mostly negative?
Yes, the impacts are mostly positive
What does the nonharmful pathogenic form that is in a vaccine activate?
Your defense systems and then your immune system protects you from that pathogen in the future