Bio chapter 12 final
71) The five major immunoglobulin classes are __________. 71) _ ____________
IgM, IgA, IdD, IgG, IgE
55) Peyerʹs patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as __________. 55) _ ____________
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)
13) The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placental barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is: 13) ______ A) IgG B) IgM C) IgD D) IgE E) IgA
a
18) Vaccines are NOT for: 18) ______ A) snake bites B) polio C) measles D) pneumonia E) tetanus
a
21) The relatively common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxin is called: A) Gravesʹ disease B) myasthenia gravis C) multiple sclerosis D) systemic lupus erythematosis E) glomerulonephritis
a
25) Lymph from the left arm would return to the heart through the: 25) ______ A) thoracic duct B) aorta C) left subclavian artery D) right lymphatic duct E) inferior vena cava
a
29) Immune sera are used for all of the following EXCEPT: 29) ______ A) tuberculosis B) botulism C) snake bites D) rabies E) tetanus
a
37) Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses: 37) ______ A) antibody production B) natural killer cells C) the inflammatory response D) intact skin E) fever
a
4) Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease: 4) _______ A) AIDS B) rheumatoid arthritis C) type I diabetes mellitus D) Gravesʹ disease E) multiple sclerosis
a
44) With immediate hypersensitivy, the antibody class that binds to mast cells and basophils that trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals is: 44) ______ A) IgE B) IgD C) IgG D) IgM E) IgA
a
46) The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called: 46) ______ A) Peyerʹs patches B) tonsils C) appendix D) thymus tissues E) intestinal nodes
a
6) Lymph flows: 6) _______ A) toward the heart only B) in a circular pattern within the tissues C) away from the heart only D) both toward and away from the heart E) into the capillaries
a
8) Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be: A) immunocompetent B) immune C) incompetent D) complemented E) clonal
a
68) When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them, we exhibit __________. 68) _ ____________
active immunity
81) The clumping of foreign cells, a type of antigen-antibody reaction, is called __________.
agglutination
49) Antigens that produce abnormally vigorous immune responses whereby the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless are called __________. 49) _ ____________
allergens or hypersensitivities
50) Systemic (bodywide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called __________. 50) _ ____________
anaphylactic shock
15) Compared to the nonspecific chemicals that cover body surfaces and mucous membranes, the specific body defense system is: 15) ______ A) sometimes faster and sometimes slower B) slower C) the same speed D) faster E) not comparable in speed
b
17) Which one of the following is NOT a type of immunosuppressive therapy given after surgery to prevent rejection of a graft: 17) ______ A) antiproliferative drugs B) gamma globulin C) immunosuppressive drugs D) radiation E) corticosteroids
b
19) B cells develop immunocompetence in the: 19) ______ A) spleen B) bone marrow C) lymph nodes D) thyroid gland E) thymus gland
b
2) The bodyʹs first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is: 2) _______ A) phagocytes B) skin and mucous membranes C) natural killer cells D) fever E) inflammatory response
b
24) Musoca-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes: 24) ______ A) spleen B) tonsils and Peyerʹs patches C) tonsils only D) thymus gland E) tonsils and spleen
b
26) The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called: 26) ______ A) coagulation B) diapedesis C) agglutination D) chemotaxis E) antibody production
b
27) Which one of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigens: 27) ______ A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) precipitation D) neutralization E) complement fixation
b
33) The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the: 33) ______ A) spleen B) thymus C) Peyerʹs patches D) appendix E) tonsils
b
34) An isograft is a tissue graft donated by: 34) ______ A) an unrelated person B) an identical twin C) a different animal species D) a parent E) the same person
b
36) Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat: 36) ______ A) cervical lymph nodes B) tonsils C) axillary lymph nodes D) Peyerʹs patches E) thymus gland
b
70) Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the __________. 70) _ ____________
blood plasma
10) The specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called: 10) ______ A) naturally acquired active immunity B) artificially acquired passive immunity C) naturally acquired passive immunity D) artificially acquired active immunity E) artificially acquired natural immunity
c
20) Which one of the following CANNOT be said about the history of immunity: 20) ______ A) scientists of the 1800s demonstrated that immune serum could protect another animal from disease B) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered that injection of serum containing antibodies did NOT always protect a recipient from disease C) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered the viral origin of AIDS D) scientists of the 1800s discovered ʺfactorsʺ now called antibodies E) the ancient Greeks knew something existed within the body to protect it from infectious disease
c
32) Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes: 32) ______ A) IgG B) IgD C) IgB D) IgA E) IgE
c
39) Fever has the effect of doing all of the following EXCEPT: 39) ______ A) denaturing (scrambling) proteins B) stimulating the liver and spleen to gather up iron and zinc C) stimulating complement fixation D) speeding up repair processes E) increasing metabolic rate of tissue cells
c
45) The study of immunity is called: 45) ______ A) histology B) anatomy C) immunology D) pathology E) microbiology
c
5) Which one of the following is NOT true of macrophages: 5) _______ A) they are considered the ʺbig eatersʺ of the immune system B) they engulf foreign particles C) they circulate continuously throughout the body D) they secrete monokines E) they act as antigen presenters
c
58) The process by which WBCs and phagocytes migrate to an area experiencing acute inflammation is called __________. 58) _ ____________
chemotaxis
62) When an antigen binds to B cell surface receptors, it becomes sensitized (activated) and undergoes __________.
clonal selection
65) The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cellʹs surface is called __________.
complement fixation
61) Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called __________. 61) _ ____________
cytotoxic T cells
1) The specific foreign substances that an individualʹs immune system has the ability to recognize and resist is determined by: 1) _______ A) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time B) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance C) the total number of macrophages at a given time D) individual genetic makeup E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time
d
11) Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return: 11) ______ A) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels B) milking action of skeletal muscles C) pressure changes within the thorax D) the pumping action of the heart E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels
d
23) Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen: 23) ______ A) pollen grains B) virus particles C) fungi D) self-antigens E) bacteria
d
28) Which one of the following is NOT a type of lymphoid organ: 28) ______ A) spleen B) thymus gland C) Peyerʹs patches D) appendix E) tonsils
d
30) The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called: 30) ______ A) chemotaxis B) precipitation C) agglutination D) neutralization E) complement fixation
d
31) Which one of the following is NOT true of lymph nodes: 31) ______ A) they contain macrophages B) they act as filters along the lymphatic vessels C) they remove foreign materials from the lymph fluid D) they have valves similar to those found in veins E) they contain lymphocytes
d
42) What specific type of acquired immunity do vaccines provide: 42) ______ A) naturally acquired artificial immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired passive immunity D) artificially acquired active immunity E) naturally acquired active immunity
d
43) Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies: 43) ______ A) they are the same or nearly the same B) they form the ʺstemʺ of an antibody C) they determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role D) they form an antigen-binding site E) they determine the specific type of antibody class formed
d
9) Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to: 9) _______ A) immediate hypersensitivity B) anaphylactic shock C) immunodeficiency D) delayed hypersensitivity E) acute hypersensitivity
d
67) Excess accumulations of fluid, which impair the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called __________. 67) _ ____________
edema
76) Lymph exits the lymph node via the __________ vessels. 76) _ ____________
efferent lymphatic
80) A tropical disease that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called __________. 80) _ ____________
elephantiasis
54) Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called __________. 54) _ ____________
haptens
77) AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called __________.
helper T cells
48) Antibodies constitute an important part of blood proteins and are also referred to as __________. 48) _ ____________
immunoglobulins
79) One effect of complement fixation that causes the cell membranes of foreign cells to become sticky so that they are easier to phagocytize is called __________. 79) _ ____________
opsonization
75) Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called __________. 75) _ ____________
pathogens
51) Cells studded with protein molecules found on our own cells that do not trigger an immune response within us (but may within others) are called __________. 51) _ ____________
self-antigens (autoantigens)
57) The role of the __________ in the lymphatic system is to remove worn-out blood cells and return some of the products to the liver. 57) _ ____________
spleen
72) The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls is called __________. 72) _ ____________
diapedesis
12) The bodyʹs temperature-regulating ʺthermostatʺ that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the: 12) ______ A) medulla oblongata B) thalamus C) cerebellum D) pineal gland E) hypothalamus
e
14) The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT: 14) ______ A) attract phagocytes to the area B) cause capillaries to become leaky C) activate pain receptors D) dilate blood vessels E) stimulate release of lysozyme
e
16) Which one of the following is NOT true of basic antibody structure: 16) ______ A) they consist of four amino acid chains B) the heavy chains are identical C) the heavy chains are about 400 amino acids long D) they are linked together by disulfide bonds E) the light chains are often of differing lengths
e
22) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of: 22) ______ A) antibodies B) B cells C) plasma cell D) antigen-presenting cells E) T cells
e
3) Which of these lymphoid organs is found along the left side of the abdominal cavity: 3) _______ A) Peyerʹs patches B) axillary lymph nodes C) tonsils D) thymus gland E) spleen
e
35) The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called: 35) ______ A) venous blood B) arterial blood C) interstitial fluid D) plasma E) lymph
e
38) IgA: 38) ______ A) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy B) is involved in allergies C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma D) can fix complement E) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva
e
40) The migration of phagocytes and white blood cells to an inflamed area along a chemical gradient is called: 40) ______ A) diapedesis B) perforins C) complement fixation D) immunity E) chemotaxis
e
41) Tissues invaded by viruses, which attempt to replicate themselves by taking over cellular machinery, secrete small proteins called __________ to protect nearby cells and hinder further multiplication of the viruses. 41) ______ A) kinins B) histamine C) interleukins D) pyrogens E) interferon
e
47) Which lymphatic organʹs major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver: 47) ______ A) tonsils B) Peyerʹs patches C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) spleen
e
7) Which one of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response: 7) _______ A) redness B) heat C) swelling D) pain E) fever
e
73) The binding of antibodies to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or viruses is called __________.
neutralization
52) The fibrous capsule of lymph nodes contains strands called __________ that divide the node into compartments.
trabeculae