bio chapter 14
gene
A genomic sequence directly encoding functional products like RNA or protein is the definition of ______.
vector
A lab technician can introduce rDNA into a host cell using a _______
RNA
A large percentage of what was once considered "junk DNA" is actually transcribed into _______
human genome project
A major event in scientific history where labs from around the world took 13 years to sequence human DNA is called the ________________
engineering
A modern field which allows scientists to change genomes, and can be used to create biotechnology products or change the organism's characteristics is called genetic _________
CRISPR
A new form of genome editing which is being researched to allow pigs to grow additional organs for human transplants is called _______.
protoplast
A plant cell whose cell wall is removed is called a(n) _________________
vector
A plasmid is often used in biotechnology applications as a(n) _____________ to transfer foreign genetic material.
genomics
A scientist seeking to study the complete genetic makeup of an organism is studying in the field of ________
recombinant
A segment of DNA containing genes from both mice and humans would be called ___________ DNA
polymerase chain reaction
A technique that uses DNA polymerase with heating/cooling cycles to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA is called ______.
fingerprinting
A technology that can identify and distinguish among individuals based on variation of DNA is called DNA _________
has had DNA from another organism inserted into its genome.
A transgenic organism ______. -has had DNA from another organism inserted into its genome. -has several tandem repeats which cause it to become another species -has undergone a sexual transformation from male to female
sticky
After DNA is cut by a restriction enzyme, one piece of DNA is attached to a foreign piece of DNA due to the formation of "__________ ends"
plasmid
An accessory ring of DNA in bacteria, often used as a vector in gene cloning, is a(n) _________
ligase
An enzyme that links DNA fragments together is called DNA ________
profile
An individual's genome, including their mutations is known as their genetic ________.
genetically modified
An organism that carries a foreign gene in their genome is a ______________ organism.
3.2 billion
Approximately how many base pairs are contained in the human genome?
genetically
Biotechnology products are produced by ______________ modified organisms.
genes are fragmented into exons and introns more complex than prokaryotic chromosomes genes are randomly distributed
Choose the characteristics of the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes genes are packed very closely together chromosomes are circular genes are fragmented into exons and introns more complex than prokaryotic chromosomes genes are randomly distributed
polymerase chain reaction
DNA fingerprinting is useful for crime scene investigations and evolutionary studies. But to do these you must first use the ______ to get enough of the target DNA.
sort
DNA gel electrophoresis is able to ______ DNA fragments.
restriction
DNA is cut at specific points during recombinant DNA production using a _________ enzyme
single nucleotide
DNA that differs by only one DNA base between an individual's two chromosomes, or between 2 individuals in a population is known as a ______ polymorphism.
in vivo gene therapy
Delivering new genes directly to the body or cells is called ________.
identical
During cloning, asexual means are used to produce DNA, cells, or organisms that are genetically _______
cells
Ex-vivo gene therapy removes ___________ from the body, genetically modifies them, and then reinserts them.
DNA microarray
Figuring out a person's genetic profile is greatly enhanced with the use of ______ technology.
genomes
Functional genomics tries to understand the exact role of the ______ in cells or organisms
is an accepted therapy for treatment of a disorder or disease.
Gene therapy ______.
ex vivo
Gene therapy that inserts genetically modified cells into the body is known as ______ therapy.
genome
Genetic engineering allows scientists to change the ______ of organisms.
bioremediation
Genetically modified bacteria used to clean up after an oil spill is an example of _______________. The process by which bacteria can be used to clean up a toxin or pollutant in the environment is called
transgenic
Genetically modified organisms that have had foreign DNA inserted into their genome are said to be _________ organisms
how many genes we have the sequence of the bases in DNA
Genomics seeks to determine ______.
interspersed
If a segment of non-coding DNA contained a sequence TTAG every 2,000 bases throughout the entire chromosome, you would call this a(n) ________ repeat.
tandem
If a segment of non-coding DNA contained a sequence TTAGTTTAGTTTAGT, you would call this a(n) ________ repeat.
repetitive DNA element
If the sequence AAGCTTCGTTC is found at five different places on a chromosome it is a(n) _______
homologous
If there are two different genes that code for the same protein, these are considered _______ genes
vector
In genetic engineering, transferring genetic material into a cell is accomplished using a _______.
eggs
In genetically modified animals, foreign DNA is introduced into ________.
computers
In order to analyze genomic and proteomic data, bioinformatics relies on _______
genes
In vivo gene therapy delivers the _________ directly into the body or cells.
gene expression
Introns can regulate which genes may undergo transcription and how the mRNA gets spliced. Thus introns can be said to regulate ___________________.
in vivo gene therapy
Liposomes, lentiviruses, and inhaled adenoviruses are all examples of vectors used in
microarrays
Microscopic amounts of DNA sequences on a glass slide, allowing for the visualization of which genes are turned on in specific cells are called DNA ______.
natural
Multiplying bacteria on spoiled food, plants with new underground shoots, and identical twins are all examples of ________ cloning.
unique
Noncoding DNA can be either introns, repetitive sequences, or ________ sequence DNA
directly
Organism complexity is ________ related to its proportion of non-gene DNA.
DNA
PCR is a technique used to create copies of a segment of _____________ quickly in a test tube
avoid bruising
Potatoes have been genetically modified to
biotechnical
Products made with or derived from transgenic or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are called __________ products
DNA from 2 or more different sources
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is ______. -DNA from 2 or more different sources -sometimes used as a vector -used as an restriction enzyme
DNA/genome
Recombinant DNA technology is used to genetically modify organisms by changing their _______
centromeres; telomeres
Repetitive DNA elements make up the ________ of chromosomes and the chromosome ends which are called ________.
Confirming paternity DNA identification Evolutionary studies
Select applications for PCR from the choices below. Confirming paternity DNA identification Evolutionary studies Production of insulin through bioengineering
Kill tumor cells Increased crop yield Production of human proteins
Select the benefits of using genetically modified plants? Kill tumor cells clean up oil spills Increased crop yield Production of human proteins
tandem
Sequences of DNA that are short, noncoding, and repeated many times in a row are called short _______ repeats
short tandem repeats
Short sequences of DNA that recur several times throughout the genome are called:
plant
Subjecting a protoplast floating in foreign DNA to an electric current is one method of making a genetically modified _____.
true
T OR F: A gene's final product can be either RNA or protein.
false
T OR F: Gene cloning refers to cloning of whole organisms.
true
T OR F: In humans, around 95% of a protein coding gene is actually made up of introns.
true
T OR F: Modern science has been able to successfully clone a mammal.
false; they're used to identify Family relatedness
T OR F: Short tandem repeat fingerprinting can be used to identify cancer in humans.
true
T OR F: The word "fingerprinting" is used to describe the technology of DNA fingerprinting because like a fingerprint, each human has their own unique DNA pattern.
false; it is conserved over time
T OR F: Unique noncoding DNA changes often and is not conserved through evolutionary time.
low
The cloning of mammal organisms now has a _____ success rate.
Fluorescence
The common DNA fingerprinting technique involves tagging short tandem repeats (STRs) with _________, so that a computer can analyze the emission of each fragment
therapy
The correction of detrimental DNA mutation by inserting new DNA into the genome is called gene _________
structural
The field of study seeking the sequence of DNA bases and the amount of genes in organisms is called ____________ genomics.
to remove or replace sequences of DNA.
The function of genome editing is ________
50%
The human genome is composed of about ______ repetitive DNA elements.
CRISPR
The new technology that acts as a "molecular scalpel", which allows scientists to edit specific gene sequences is called _______. The most commonly used method of genome editing is called
pharmacuticals
The process of gene pharming is most often used in transgenic animals to produce ____________.
gel electrophoresis
The process that is used to separate DNA fragments according to size is ______.
cloning
The production of genetically identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms through some asexual means is called ______.
pharming
The production of pharmaceuticals using transgenic animals is known as gene
sperm
The source of DNA for sequencing the human genome came mostly from:
proteomics
The study of all of the proteins that an organism produces is called ______.
repetitive
The term used to describe when a sequence of two or more nucleotides is repeated many times along the length of one or more chromosomes is ________ DNA elements
gene cloning
The type of cloning through which identical copies of a functional unit of DNA are made is called _________
apoptosis
There is interest in injecting p53, a tumor suppressing gene, into cancer cells as a form of in vivo therapy. The idea is that p53 would cause cancer cells to undergo ____________.
play a role in evolution of organisms regulate the activity of other genes
Transposons are able to: be transcribed into structural proteins play a role in evolution of organisms regulate the activity of other genes regulate pre-mRNA splicing build liposomes for gene therapy
circular
Unlike eukaryotic organisms, prokaryotic organisms have a single ________ chromosome
Targeted DNA is repeatedly replicated.
What does the "chain reaction" in the polymerase chain reaction mean?
polymorphism
What is the general term used when small regions of DNA differ among individuals?
mammal
What is the most complex type of organism science has been able to clone?
to cut DNA
What is the role of a restriction enzyme?
2%
What percentage of human chromosomes are made up of protein-coding genes?
function of intergenic sequences function of genes function of introns sequence of bases
What type of information can be gained from studying whole genomes? function of intergenic sequences function of genes function of introns function of enzymes that fold DNAsequence of bases
interference
When RNA sequences that are complementary to the mRNA transcribed by a gene of interest are used to silence the expression of certain alleles it is called RNA ___________.
RNA
When small pieces of RNA are used to silence the expression of specific alleles it is called _____ interference.
inactivated
When using CRISPR a complimentary RNA strand can be used to break the DNA strand making the gene ______.
Cas9
When using CRISPR, the DNA strand can be broken at a specific location using _________.
DNA ligase
Which enzyme is used during recombinant DNA production to link foreign DNA to vector DNA?
restriction enzyme DNA ligase
Which enzymes are needed to make rDNA?
Help form ice crystals on plants Production of insulin Production of growth hormone
Which of the following are applications of transgenic bacteria? Help form ice crystals on plants Production of insulin cloning of animals Production of growth hormone
discovering the interplay of genes and proteins in our cells determining the function of genes comparison of our genome to model organisms
Which of the following are direct applications of bioinformatics? discovering the interplay of genes and proteins in our cells determining the function of genes creation of the polymerase chain reaction comparison of our genome to model organisms
injected with virus carrying corrected gene Removed liver portion is reconnected in the patient's body.
Which of the following are events that takes place in ex vivo gene therapy of the disease familial hypercholesterolemia? The patient's liver is treated directly in the bodyLiver cells are injected with virus carrying corrected gene Removed liver portion is reconnected in the patient's body.
they allow a variety of proteins to be made from a single gene they can regulate gene expression
Which of the following are possible functions of introns in eukaryotic genes? they can act as transposons that cause mutationthey can reverse transcribe RNA they allow a variety of proteins to be made from a single gene they can regulate gene expression
Finding model organisms to test human gene therapies Comparing genomes over time Determining evolutionary relationships
Which of the following are uses of comparative genomics? Allowing function of the polymerase chain reaction Finding model organisms to test human gene therapies Comparing genomes over time Determining evolutionary relationships Creating cDNA for use in cloning
the end product of some DNA is RNA (not a protein) some prokaryotes have RNA genes genes can be split across several loci across the genome
Which of the following explain why we need a broader definition of gene? the end product of some DNA is RNA (not a protein) some prokaryotes have RNA genes the discoverer of genes was implicated in an ethical accusation genes can be split across several loci across the genome genes are no longer considered to be functional units of DNA
attaching 2 complimentary puzzle pieces
Which of the following is analogous to how "sticky ends" work when making rDNA? -tying shoelaces -attaching 2 complimentary puzzle pieces -photocopying same paper over and over again -cutting paper with scissors
gene cloning
Which of the following technologies can occur naturally? -gene therapy -GMOS -gene cloning -DNA microaarys -DNA fingerprinting
Interspersed repeats
Which of the following types of repeats is useful in studying the evolution of new genes?
bacteria
Which transgenic organisms are being used to produce insulin, give frost-resistance to plants, confer pesticide resistance to plants, and clean up oil spills?
This organism produces a DNA polymerase that can withstand heat.
Why does the DNA polymerase used for PCR need to come from the organism Thermus aquaticus?
DNA has to be replicated
Why is DNA polymerase important to the PCR reaction?
The patients cells are removed before treating with viruses.
Why is the gene therapy for SCID an ex vivo therapy?
Because of the high ratio of DNA to protein
Why was sperm often used as the source of DNA for the Human Genome Project?
proteome
all of a species' proteins
Comparative genomics
compares the human genome with the genome of other organisms
cleave human DNA and plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzyme introduce DNA ligase to splice human DNA into the plasmid have a bacterium to take up and reproduce gene
events that occur during the production of recombinant DNA in the correct order
intron
regions of a gene that will be excised after transcription.
exon
regions of a gene that will eventually become translated into proteins.
intergenic sequences
regions of the genome located between genes
microinjecting foreign DNA directly into egg cells vortex mixing of animal cells with foreign DNA
select the methods for creating genetically modified animals? microinjecting foreign DNA directly into egg cells vortex mixing of animal cells with foreign DNA crossbreeding 2 subspecies of animals subjecting zygotes to electric shock in the presence of foreign DNA
- bone marrow is removed from patients body - bone marrow cells are injected with a virus carrying a connected gene - bone marrow cells are injected into the patient - normal bone marrow cells divide to produce normal blood cells
sequential order of events in ex vivo gene therapy of the disease SCID.
transposons
specific regions of DNA that can move in and between chromosomes
Functional genomics
specific type of genomic study determines the role of the genome in cells and organisms
- an egg is collected from a donor and enucleated - inject nucleus of somatic cell from different donor into enucleated egg - the donor egg is included to start dividing - dividing egg is implanted into surrogate - a clone is born
the steps used to clone a mammal from beginning to en
