bio chapter 29 study questions
if you transfuse the AB blood into a patient with type A blood, the patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor's blood, but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen. why not?
recombination of the gene for antibodies cannot produce self-reactive clones
every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus?
recombination of the gene used to make antibodies occur
why would HIC infection lead to immunodeficiency?
HIV infects T helper cells
a disease-causing agent that does not usually infect and cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system is termed a
secondary pathogen
if a human fetus is ____ and the pregnant woman is _____, an incompatibility that destroys the red blood cells of the fetus may occur
Rh-postive; Rh negative
why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?
T cells reproduce in lymph nodes after being exposed to pathogens
many parasites are too large to be engulfed by phagocytosis. which of the following would be effective in killing parasites?
T helper cells
why is there potential for a woman's body to recognize her fetus as foreign?
the fetus and mother are not genetically identical
in the section "investigating Life: the hidden cost of hygiene" which of the following occurred during the coevolution of humans and pathogens that causes disease?
the pathogens produce substances that suppress our immune system
how does the immune system recognize pathogens it has fought before?
the primary immune response creates memory B and memory T cells which are activated in a secondary immune response
a patient can have antibodies against many strains of HIV. which of the following is the main reason that an effective vaccine has not been produced for the HIV virus that cases AIDS?
the virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat
why would AIDS patients infected with HIV be at risk for opportunistic infections and rare cancers?
their immune systems are suppressed
which of the following are examples of passive immunity?
a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies
Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction to which of the following by a pregnant woman?
a foreign antigen on red blood cells
which of the following vaccines would expose a person to an antigen for the longest time, and thus be the least likely to require repeated booster vaccinations?
a live weakened pathogen
each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. what would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?
they would be immunocompromised
which of the following is a major difference between adaptive immunity and innate defenses
adaptive immunity responses are produces only on demand; innate defenses are always produced
physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include
all answers are correct
which of the following correctly describes B cells and T cells?
all answers are correct
which of the following is a method in which a pathogen can enter a vertebrate and the immune system defends against it?
all answers are correct
which of the following is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism?
all answers are correct
which of the following is correct about primary and secondary immune responses?
all answers are correct
an exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly-sensitive immune system is termed an
allergy
in many autoimmune diseased such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, antibody complexes form in the blood. kidney failure is a common consequence of these diseases for which reason?
antibodies attack the kidney
which of the following are examples of humoral immunity?
antibodies produced that destroy an invading pathogen
a Y-shaped protein that produces in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is an
antibody
which of the following is not part of the innate defense response?
antibody production
a molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B curled and T cells is termed an
antigen
if a tumor metastasizes, this means that it has moved to another part of the body. doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis. why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes?
because the virus develops resistance to the vaccine
HIV-positive people track the progress of their disease with blood tests that measure the number of
blood platelets
histamine triggers vasodilator and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen?
both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection
which of the following would occur if the lymphatic system was absent?
cancer cells located in the body would not be destroyed if they were not in the blood
a phagocyte is a
cell that engulfs other cells and debris
in a process called ______, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from properly-simulated B cells
clonal selection
the substance that when defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is
complement protein
the region of an antibody molecule that recognizes and binds to an antigen is the
constant region
the primary function of vaccine is to
create immunological memory without causing disease
which of the following is not attacked by the immune system as an intruder in humans?
dead skin cells
in the section "investigating Life: the hidden cost of hygiene" flatworms are very thin and lack a specialized respiratory or circulatory system. how does oxygen reach their cells?
diffusion through the wall of their body
white blood cells are produced
from bone marrow stem cells
although the lymphatic system has many similarities to the circulatory system, what can the lymphatic system accomplish which the circulatory system cannot?
generate white blood cells
the "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are
helper T cells
the innate chemical substance produced by basophils that causes blood vessels to dilate is
histamine
which of the following description is correctly matches with its term
innate defenses: able to defend against any pathogen
the innate chemical substance that alerts other cells and components of the immune system to a viral infection is
interferon
the innate chemical defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is
interleukin
the presence of antibodies against HIV can be used to diagnose an infection that has occurred at least three months earlier. why couldn't the presence of antibodies against HIV be used to diagnose a more recent infection?
it takes 2-3 months to raise antibodies against the virus
the role of B cells in adaptive immunity is ____, versus the role of T cells in adaptive immunity is ____.
to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack bad cells in cell-mediated immunity
a preparation that "teaches" the immune system to recognize a disease-causing agent without actually causing disease is termed a
vaccination
B cells of T cells are
lymphocytes
a primary "antigen presenting cell," a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a
macrophage
a cell that does not circulate in blood, but instead settles in tissues near the skin and in the digestive trace, producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged, is a
mast cell
which of the following are examples of active immunity?
only a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta
which of the following is not considered to be a major part of the immune system?
pancreas
in the section "investigating Life: the hidden cost of hygiene" what is the hygiene hypothesis?
people who have fewer infections will have an overactive immune systen
special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of properly-stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are
plasma cells
immunological memory results from the production of
B memory cells only