Bio Chapter 3
A mole of ethyl alcohol weighs 46 g. How many grams of ethyl alcohol are needed to produce 1 L of a 2-millimolar (2 mM) solution?
0.092 g
A solution at pH 6 contains __________ than the same amount of solution at pH 8.
100 times more H+
What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water?
All are properties related to hydrogen bonding.
How does the polarity of water contribute to its ability to dissolve so many substances?
Because it is polar, water's negatively charged oxygen atoms and positively charged hydrogen atoms are attracted to positively and negatively charged ions and molecules.
Which of the following dissociations is that of an acid?
HF → H+ + F-
Sweating has a cooling effect because of water's high
Heat of vaporization
Which of the following occurs because molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water?
Ice floats
Which of the following accurately relates the emergent properties of water to the effects of global warming in the Arctic?
Ice floats because it is less dense than liquid water; floating ice insulates water below and provides a habitat for some species. The significant increase in Arctic air temperature over the past 50 years is causing a reduction in sea ice, compromising these beneficial effects of sea ice.
Why are cell membranes composed primarily of hydrophobic molecules?
In order to perform their function of separating the aqueous solutions outside of cells from the aqueous solutions inside of cells, cell membranes cannot be soluble in water.
When the pH of a solution shifts from 7 to 3, how has the hydrogen ion concentration changed?
It has increased by 10,000 times.
Why is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide being taken up by the oceans a cause for concern?
More carbon dioxide causes an increase in carbonic acid (H2CO3), which leads to a decrease in the concentration of carbonate ion (CO32-).
Most of water's unique features (for example, its versatility as a solvent, ability to moderate temperature, and cohesive behavior) result from which of the following?
Oxygen attracts electrons more than hydrogen does.
Imagine that organisms consisted of 70-95% alcohol instead of 70-95% water. Alcohol's specific heat is about half that of water. How would living things be different?
Systems for temperature regulation would have to be much more efficient.
If water were NOT a polar molecule, how would the effects of global warming differ from those currently observed or predicted to occur in the future?
The effects would be drastically worse because the loss of the polar nature of water would greatly reduce its specific heat and its ability to moderate temperature.
Water has __________ than other liquids such as ethanol , reflecting its capacity to absorb large amounts of heat.
a higher boiling point
The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water's ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are
both caused by water's partial charges
A substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution is a __________.
buffer
The phenomenon responsible for maintaining the upward movement of water through vessels in a tree is
cohesion
An acid is
compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution
Which action would involve the greatest transfer of heat?
condensing 5 g of steam to liquid water
Hydrophilic substances, but NOT hydrophobic substances,
have charges and partial charges to which water molecules can adhere
A molecule that has all nonpolar covalent bonds would be
hydrophobic
What are nonpolar molecules that cluster away from water molecules called?
hydrophobic
Adding acid tends to __________ of a solution.
increase the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH
The absorption of human-generated CO2 by the oceans __________.
increases the hydrogen ion concentration in the oceans but decreases the carbonate ion concentration and threatens the livability of the oceans for organisms that produce calcium carbonate shells
The tendency of water molecules to stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding
is called cohesion, acts to moderate temperature, provides the surface tension that allows small animals to move across a water surface, and helps to keep water moving through the vessels in a tree trunk
Adding a base tends to __________ of a solution.
lower the hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH
Water is a very versatile solvent because water molecules are
polar
The reason that coastal climates are more moderate than inland climates primarily water's high
specific heat
Sucrose has a molecular mass of 342 daltons. To make a 2-molar (2 M) solution of sucrose,
stir 342 g of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 0.5 L
You can fill a glass of water to just slightly above the rim without the water spilling over the glass. What property of water best explains this phenomenon?
surface tension
A glass of grapefruit juice, at pH 3, contains __________ H+ as a glass of tomato juice, at pH 4.
ten times as much
Water is a polar molecule. What does this statement mean?
that atoms in the molecule have partial charges as a result of unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
Adhesion is best described as which of the following?
the clinging of one substance to another substance
The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as
the heat of vaporization of that substance
In a group of water molecules, hydrogen bonds form between which of the following?
the oxygen atom in one water molecule and a hydrogen atom in another water molecule
The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of any substance by 1°C is defined as
the specific heat of that substance
The partial charges on a water molecule occur because of
the unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and the oxygen atoms of a water molecule
