Bio chapter 5 notes

Define differentially (selectively) permeable and discuss the factors that determine whether a molecule can pass through the plasma membrane of a cell. Define concentration gradient

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Define extracellular matrix. List the major components and function of each.

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Define glycolipid and glycoprotein. Describe the reason each cell has a unique "fingerprint".

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Define osmosis, osmotic pressure and tonicity. Describe the passive movement of water in an animal and a plant cell placed in a hyper, hypo, and isotonic solution. Also, describe the effect on each cell from the movement of water using the terms cytolysis, turgor pressure, crenation and plasmolysis in the description.

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Define peripheral protein and integral protein. Describe the functions of the six types of integral proteins of the plasma membrane.

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Define solution, solvent and solute. Describe the two methods of passive transport of materials across a membrane. Include the name, direction, requirements and examples of materials moved by each method.

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Describe plant cell wall structure and its function. Define plasmodesmata and describe their function.

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Describe the two methods of active transport of materials across a membrane. Include the name, direction, requirements and examples of materials moved by each method. Define exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptormediated endocytosis.

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Discuss the function of adhesion (desmosomes) junctions, tight junctions, and gap junctions in animal cells. Provide examples of where each is located.

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Around what percentage of all genes encode membrane proteins?

25%

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about active transport?

A. It requires energy. B. It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration. C. It requires integral proteins. D. It is necessary to maintain solute gradients across a membrane.

Which of the following organisms is likely to contain biomembranes?

All living organisms contain biomembranes

How might a plant cell compensate for the excessive membrane fluidity that occurs during prolonged exposures to elevated temperature

Alter the lipid composition to have longer fatty acyl tails and fewer double bonds.

Which of the following molecules would you predict moves through a lipid bilayer most rapidly?

C4H10

The statements about transport of Ca2+ from the cytosol (low Ca2+ concentration) into the endoplasmic reticulum (high Ca2+ concentration) are true EXCEPT which of the following?

Calcium movement occurs by facilitated diffusion using a transporter protein.

fluid

Cellular membranes are

Which of the following statement about the plasma membrane Na+/K+-ATPase pump is INCORRECT?

It is a pump for active transport of K+ out of the cell and Na+ into the cell.

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about biomembranes?

Membrane proteins are globular, and some span the phospholipid bilayer and project from both sides of the membrane.

Which of the following is NOT true of passive diffusion?

Passive diffusion requires the presence of a transmembrane protein.

Describe the structure and function of the phospholipid bilayer portion of the plasma membrane

Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions; nonpolar tails (hydrophobic) are directed inward, polar heads (hydrophilic) are directed outward to face both extracellular and intracellular fluid.

Water diffuses through certain organs such as the kidneys and bladder much faster than would occur by passive diffusion through a lipid bilayer alone. What accounts for this more rapid rate of water transport in these organs?

Presence of aquaporin channels for facilitated diffusion of water.

A scientist produces an artificial membrane from phospholipids and notices that oxygen, but not glucose readily moves through the membrane. What might account for the inability of glucose to move through the artificial membrane?

The artificial membrane lacked a protein needed for glucose transport.

Which of the following is NOT a component of plasma membranes?

The artificial membrane lacked a protein needed for glucose transport.

Cell surface molecules are labeled with a fluorescent tag and then a portion of them are bleached with a laser beam. What would one observe after the cell is incubated for a few minutes?

The bleached molecules would diffuse laterally through the membrane and intermix with unbleached molecules.

Which of the following is NOT true of the plasma membrane?

The extracellular and intracellular layers or leaflets are highly symmetrical.

Animal cells are permeable to water and urea but NOT to sucrose. Initially, the inside of a cell contains 1 M sucrose and 1 M urea and the outside 1 M sucrose and 2 M urea. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed?

The molarity of sucrose would be similar inside and outside the cell and water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrivel.

Animal cells are permeable to water and urea but NOT to sucrose. The inside of a cell contains 1 M sucrose and 1 M urea and the outside 1 M sucrose and 2 M urea. The solution inside with respect to outside the cell is

The molarity of sucrose would be similar inside and outside the cell and water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrivel.

Which of the following is TRUE of phospholipids that flip-flop across the lipid bilayer?

The process requires energy and the flippase enzyme.

Describe the structure of cholesterol in the plasma membrane and explain its importance to the plasma membrane.

They are tucked in between the phospholipid molecules. 1. Prevent the fatty acid chains of the phospholipids from packing together and crystallizing, a process that would drastically reduce membrane fluidity. 2. Help stabilize the phospholipid's position.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of membrane phospholipids?

They freely move laterally within the membrane.

Which of the following statements about plasma membranes is INCORRECT?

They have both integral and peripheral proteins.

________ bind two or more ions or molecules and transport them in opposite directions across a membrane.

antiporters

Of the following molecules, which passes through a lipid bilayer most readily?

carbon dioxide

Glycosylated proteins and lipids within the plasma membrane are important for

cell recognition and protection.

The release of insulin from pancreatic cells occurs by

exocytosis.

Following a meal glucose must move from the gut lumen where there is a high glucose concentration into the intestinal cell where there is a relatively low level of glucose. This movement is called

facilitated diffusion.

Cellular membranes are mosaic and

fluid

Scientists unearth a Wooly Mammoth from the Siberian Ice Sheath and discover that a eukaryotic "amoeba"-like cell is still alive. Which component of the cell membrane might contribute to maintaining the fluidity of plasma membranes under freezing conditions?

high levels of unsaturated fatty acyl tails within the lipid bilayer

Acetylcholine binds this membrane protein, which subsequently opens to allow sodium to enter the cell. Acetylcholine exerts its effect on what type of transport protein?

ligand-gated channel

Which of the following is NOT a function of cellular membranes?

maintenance of cell shape

The pressure required to stop water from moving across the membrane by osmosis is called

osmotic pressure.

Which of the following is the major lipid found in membranes?

phospholipids

Phospholipids and ________ are the major components of cell membranes.

proteins

Which of the following best describes the selective uptake of a specific cargo molecule into the cell through receptor binding and aggregation?

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Sodium concentrations are higher outside and glucose concentrations are higher inside the cell. Using the same membrane protein for Na+ and glucose transport, what is it called when a Na+ electrochemical gradient is used to drive glucose transport into the cell against its concentration gradient?

secondary active transport

The movement of sucrose and H+ into the cell by a common membrane protein reflects transport through a

symporter

Placing celery sticks in fresh water will make them more turgid and harder. This is because

the celery is hypertonic to fresh water.

The following affect membrane fluidity EXCEPT

the relative amounts of phospholipids containing saturated or unsaturated fatty acyl tails.

Which of the following is important for allowing large, charged molecules to pass through the membrane?

transmembrane proteins