Bio Chapter 7 Study Guide

What structures do all cells have?

A cell membrane and DNA.

What happens during diffusion?

Because diffusion upon random particle movements, substance diffuse across membranes without requiring the cell to use energy.

How are unicellular organisms similar to multicellular organisms?

Both unicellular and multicellular organisms grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce.

In what kinds of organisms is cell specialization a characteristic?

Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.

What is the main way that active transport differs from diffusion?

During active transport the particles (molecules) in solution move in the opposite direction observed with diffusion, moving from low solute concentration to higher solute concentration. To do this active transport requires the use of energy.

Describe the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplast, and mitochondrion.

Endoplasmic Reticulum - The endoplasmic reticulum is the site where lipid components of cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. Golgi Apparatus - The function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. Chloroplast - Chloroplasts are organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. Mitochondria - Mitochondria are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

True or False An animal cell loves to be in a hypotonic solution.

False

True or False Pinocytosis is a type of Facilitated Diffusion

False

True or False The 3 types of osmosis are phagocytosis, pinocytosis and endocytosis.

False

True or False The cell membrane is considered "mosaic" because it is only made up of proteins.

False

How did the invention of the microscope help the development of the cell theory?

It allowed scientists to actually discover that everything was made up of cells.

Describe how water moves during osmosis.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

Phagocytosis involves the extension of the cytoplasm to surround a particle and the particle is packaged within a food vacuole. Pinocytosis involves the formation of small pockets along the cell membrane that fill with liquid and then pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell.

What are the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell.

Compare the processes used to produce a TEM and an SEM.

Specimens have to be cut into thin slices of TEM but they don't for SEM.

How is a cell like a factory?

The cell membrane and or cell wall provide protection like a factory wall. Cells have supporting structures - the cytoskeleton - just like factories have steel in their structure. The nucleus directs activities of a cell just like the main office of a factory. Cells take in materials and produce products and pollutants by the activity of enzymes within organelles, just like factories take in raw materials and produce a finished products by the work of employees.

What is the basic structure of a cell membrane?

The cell membrane is a double-layered sheet called lipid bilayer. The lipid bilayer gives the cell membrane a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings.

Describe the functions of the cell membrane and cell wall.

The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support. The cell wall will allow O2, CO, and water to pass through, but its primary purpose is protecting and supporting the cell.

What three statements make up the cell theory?

The cell theory states: 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells.

Using what you know about the ways muscle moves, predict which organelles would be most common in muscle cells.

The cells I believe would be most common in muscle cells would be mitochondria in order to give the muscle, whether smooth, cardiac, or skeletal, enough energy to perform its job.

What are two functions of the cytoskeleton?

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement.

List the levels of biological organization in multicellular organisms from most simple to most complex.

The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are individual cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Describe the role of the nucleus in the cell.

The nucleus contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.

You examine an unknown cell under the microscope and discover that the cell contains chloroplasts. What type of organism could you infer that the cell came from?

The organism is either a plant or some other type of photosynthetic organism.

What does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn't?

The plant cell has cell walls and chloroplasts.

True or False Equilibrium is the end result of diffusion.

True

True or False Exocytosis is used when getting rid of cell waste.

True

True or False Osmosis refers to the movement of water only.

True

True or False Plant cells have only a cell wall.

True

True or False Facilitated diffusion requires the use of a carrier protein.

True

True or False The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection for the cell.

True

Which of the following is NOT an example of active transport? I. Facilitated diffusion II. Osmosis III. Diffusion a. I only b. III only c. I and II only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III

a. I only

Which statement best describes the expected result when a typical cell is placed into fresh water? a. active transport of water into the cell would begin b. there would be a net movement of water out of the cell c. there would be a net movement of water into the cell d. protein synthesis would begin e. no change in the cell's water content would occur

a. active transport of water into the cell would begin

The nucleus includes all of the following structures EXCEPT a. cytoplasm b. nuclear envelope c. DNA d. nucleolus e. chromatin

a. cytoplasm

Cell membranes are constructed mainly of a. lipid bilayers b. protein pumps c. carbohydrates gates d. free-moving proteins

a. lipid bilayers

A tissue is composed of a group of a. similar cells b. related organelles c. organ systems d. related organs

a. similar cells

Despite differences in size and shape, all cells have cytoplasm and a a. cell wall b. cell membrane c. mitochondria d. nucleus

b. cell membrane

Animals cells have all the following EXCEPT a. mitochondria b. chloroplasts c. a nucleus d. a cell membrane e. Golgi apparatus

b. chloroplasts

Distinct threadlike structures containing genetic information are called a. ribosome b. chromosomes c. nuclei d. mitochondria

b. chromosomes

If a cell of an organism contains a nucleus, the organism is a(an) a. plant b. eukaryote c. animal d. prokaryote

b. eukaryote

A substance that moves across a cell membrane without using the cell's energy tend to move a. away from the area of equilibrium b. away from the area where it is less concentrated c. away from the area where it is more concentrated d. toward the area where it is more concentrated

c. away from the area where it is more concentrated

Which organelle converts the chemical energy in food into a form that cells can use? a. nucleolus b. chromosome c. mitochondria d. chloroplast

c. mitochondria

Lysosome

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Mitochondria

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

Vacuole

cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Cell

collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life

Which process always involves the movement of materials from inside the cell to outside the cell? a. phagocytosis b. endocytosis c. diffusion d. exocytosis e. osmosis

d. exocytosis

In many cells, the structure that controls the cell's activities is the a. cell membrane b. organelle c. nucleolus d. nucleus

d. nucleus

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as a. exocytosis b. phagocytosis c. endocytosis d. osmosis

d. osmosis

Osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Lipid Bilayer

double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes

Which cell structures are sometimes found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum? a. chloroplasts b. mitochondria c. vacuoles d. nuclei e. ribosomes

e. ribosomes

Active Transport

energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Chromatin

granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

Organ System

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Tissue

group of similar cells that perform a particular function

Organ

group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions

Nuclear Membrane

holds genetic material (DNA)

Cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum

internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modifed

Nuclear Envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

makes and transports lipids

Cytoplasm

material inside the cell membrane - not including the nucleus

Facilitated Diffusion

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Centriole

one of two tiny structures located in the cytoskeleton of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

Eukaryote

organism whose cells contain nuclei

Exocytosis

process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Pinocytosis

process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Diffusion

process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

Phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

Ribosome

small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RnA and protein

Nucleolus

small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins; makes RNA

Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

Golgi Apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

Cell Wall

strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria

Nucleus

the center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cells genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities

Concentration

the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume

Cell Specialization

the process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks

Cell Membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Chromosome

threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

transport proteins

Prokaryote

unicellular organism lacking a nucleus

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes; neither animal nor plant cells like

Hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes; plant cells love

Equilbrium

when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same; animal cells love