bio chapter 9, Ch. 7 Review

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the electron transport chain? 0% 2% 10% 38% 100%

0%

starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP

when hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the inter membrane space, the result is the

creation of a proton-motive matrix

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? glycolysis the citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA chemiosmosis

glycolysis

when a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton) the molecule becomes

reduced

substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis

10%

Part complete Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis? 100% 10% 2% 38% 0%

100%

if a cell is able to synthesize 30 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, approximately how many ATP molecules can the cell synthesize for each molecule of pyruvate oxidized to carbon dioxide and water

14

Part complete Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 30 ATP. 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP. 2 FADH2, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP. 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP. 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.

starting with citrate, which of the following of products would result in three acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle

3 ATP, 6 CO2, 9 NADH, 3 FADH

approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration

30-32

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during the complete oxidation of a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration? 2 4 8 30-32

4

for each mole of glucose (C6H12O6) oxidized by cellular respiration , how many moles of CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle ?

4

Yeast cells grown anaerobically can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the production of ATP, CO2, and acetyl CoA. ATP, CO2, and lactate. ATP and lactate. ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. ATP, CO2, and ethanol.

ATP, CO2, and ethanol.

which of the listed statements describes the results of the following reaction. C6H12O6+ 6 CO2 >>> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced

Part complete Why is glycolysis described as having an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase? Early steps consume energy from ATP and NADH, and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH. Early steps consume energy from NADH, and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH. Early steps consume energy from ATP, and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH. Early steps consume energy from ATP and NADH, and later steps store an equal amount of energy in ATP and NAD+. Early steps consume energy from ATP and NADH and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP.

Early steps consume energy from ATP, and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH.

during aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donated electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

FADH2

Part complete A glucose molecule is completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but together these two processes yield only a few molecules of ATP. What happened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose? It is stored in the carbon dioxide and water molecules released by these processes. It is stored in NADH and FADH2 It was lost as heat. It is stored in pyruvate. It is stored in the ATP that was formed by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

It is stored in NADH and FADH2

which of the following statements about NAD+ is true?

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle

Which of the following statements about NAD+ is true? NAD+ is oxidized by the action of dehydrogenase enzymes. NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. NAD+ is the source of electrons used in oxidative phosphorylation. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis.

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis.

During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the highest energy level? NAD+ NADH ATP FAD FADH2

NADH

which electron carriers function in the citric acid cycle

NADH and FADH2

Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP is correct? View Available Hint(s) The energy for production of ATP from ADP comes directly from a gradient of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Oxygen participates directly in the reaction that makes ATP from ADP and P. The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane. The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP occurs only in eukaryotic cells because it occurs in mitochondria. Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis requires oxygen.

The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane.

Part complete Which statement about the citric acid cycle is correct? The citric acid cycle depends on the availability of NAD+, which is a product of glycolysis. The oxidation of compounds by the citric acid cycle requires molecular oxygen. The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle oxidizes glucose to carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produces most of the ATP that is subsequently used by the electron transport chain.

The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.

Which one of the following statements about the redox reactions of the electron transport chain is correct? NADH gains electrons in the initial reaction of the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain takes electrons from water and gives them to oxygen. The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane. The oxidation of NADH is directly coupled to the reduction of oxygen to water. The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled with the synthesis of ATP.

The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane.

Part complete Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high-energy foods? They have a large number of electrons associated with hydrogen. They have a lot of carbon atoms bound together by single covalent bonds. They are easily reduced. They have a lot of oxygen atoms. They have few nitrogen atoms.

They have a large number of electrons associated with hydrogen.

the oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen forming water

what kind of metabolic poison would mot directly interfere with glycolysis

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation using the energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient, is an example of

an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction

Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway? citric acid cycle → FADH2 → electron transport chain → ATP citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen citric acid cycle → ATP → NADH → oxygen NADH → oxidative phosphorylation → ATP → oxygen electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → ATP → oxygen

citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

In animal cells, glycolysis occurs in the outer mitochondrial membrane. inner mitochondrial membrane. nucleus. cytosol. mitochondrial matrix.

cytosol

In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + i to ATP? energy released from dehydration synthesis reactions energy released from movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system

energy released from movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase

in chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP

energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient

As a result of an oxidation-reduction reaction the oxidizing agent loses electrons and loses potential energy. gains electrons and loses potential energy. gains electrons and gains potential energy. loses electrons and gains potential energy.

gains electrons and gains potential energy.

What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions? lactic acid glucose pyruvate ethanol

glucose

The complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration occurs through which of the following sequence of metabolic reactions? glucose → glycolysis → citric acid cycle → pyruvate oxidation → electron transport chain glucose → glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain glucose → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → electron transport chain glucose → pyruvate oxidation → glycolysis → electron transport chain → citric acid cycle glucose → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → electron transport chain

glucose → glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Which of the following occur(s) in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? glycolysis and fermentation fermentation and chemiosmosis oxidative phosphorylation citric acid cycle oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

glycolysis and fermentation

carbohydrates and fats are concidered high-energy foods because they

have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen

substrate-level phosphorylation occurs

in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Where in mitochondria is the enzyme ATP synthase localized? inner membrane outer membrane electron transport chain mitochondrial matrix

inner membrane

in liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membrane. what purpose does this serve

it increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation

the molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction

loses electrons and loses potential energy

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reducing agent gains electrons and loses potential energy. loses electrons and gains potential energy. loses electrons and loses potential energy. gains electrons and gains potential energy.

loses electrons and loses potential energy.

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? cytosol mitochondrial matrix mitochondrial intermembrane space mitochondrial inner membrane mitochondrial outer membrane

mitochondrial inner membrane

where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located

mitochondrial inner membrane

energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells

mitochondrial inter membrane space\

What is the source of the oxygen used to form water in the complete reactions of cellular respiration? pyruvate (C3H3O3-) molecular oxygen (O2) glucose (C6H12O6) carbon dioxide (CO2)

molecular oxygen (O2)

during aerobic respiration, H2O is formed. where does the oxygen atom for the formation of the water come from

molecular oxygen (O2)

the free energy for oxidation of glucose CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed

most of the free energy available from oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate , one of the products of glycolysis.

if pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and in the citric acid cycle shown in the accompanying figure

oxaloacetate will accumulate and citric acid will decrease

Part complete The complete reactions of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen (C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy) result in which of the following? reduction of CO2 and oxidation of O2 oxidation of C6H12O6 and reduction of O2 oxidation of O2 and reduction of H2O reduction of C6H12O6 and oxidation of CO2

oxidation of C6H12O6 and reduction of O2

when a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes

oxidized

The energy used to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space is derived from splitting water to form oxygen and protons. decreasing the pH in the mitochondrial matrix. ATP hydrolysis. redox reactions in the electron transport chain.

redox reactions in the electron transport chain.

Part complete When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the NAD+ molecule becomes oxidized. redoxed. reduced. hydrolyzed. dehydrogenated.

reduced.

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to donate high energy electrons to the electron transport chain. combine with acetyl CoA, forming pyruvate. serve as an acceptor for released carbon, forming CO2. serve as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

serve as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

Part complete The ATP produced in glycolysis is generated by photophosphorylation. chemiosmosis. oxidative phosphorylation. electron transport. substrate-level phosphorylation.

substrate-level phosphorylation.

Part complete The ATP produced in the citric acid cycle is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation. oxidative phosphorylation. photophosphorylation. electron transport. chemiosmosis.

substrate-level phosphorylation.

in glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced

Part complete The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound? oxygen ATP water carbon dioxide NADH

water