Bio Chapter 9 Immune System

an autoimmune disorder affecting connective tissue severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) allergy rheumatoid arthritis lupus erythematosus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

lupus erythematosus

transports lymph in the body lymphatic vessel thymus spleen lymph node tonsil

lymphatic vessel

Which of the following types of cell can ingest pathogens? cytotoxic T cells B cells helper T cells macrophages

macrophages

activate the immune system when an antigen reenters the body cytotoxic T cells helper T cells memory T cells

memory T cells

inflammation nonspecific defense mechanism specific defense mechanism physical or chemical barrier

nonspecific defense mechanism

natural killer cells nonspecific defense mechanism specific defense mechanism physical or chemical barrier

nonspecific defense mechanism

release of interferons nonspecific defense mechanism specific defense mechanism physical or chemical barrier

nonspecific defense mechanism

Which of the following is NOT associated with all cell types? DNA cell membrane nucleus and extesnive internal membranes cytoplasm ribosomes

nucleus and extesnive internal membranes

Which of the following act(s) as a second line of defense, attacking and engulfing intrusive organisms which have made it through the skin or mucous membranes? phagocytes intact skin T cell-mediated immunity antibody-mediated immunity

phagocytes

acidic pH of skin nonspecific defense mechanism specific defense mechanism physical or chemical barrier

physical or chemical barrier

earwax nonspecific defense mechanism specific defense mechanism physical or chemical barrier

physical or chemical barrier

What cells make antibodies? memory T cells plasma B cells cytotoxic T cells memory B cells

plasma B cells

Which of the following enzymes cuts a single viral polypeptide into distinct structural proteins? reverse transcriptase RNase DNA polymerase protease

protease

an autoimmune disorder affecting the synovial membrane of the joints severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) allergy rheumatoid arthritis lupus erythematosus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

rheumatoid arthritis

an inherited disorder characterized by insufficient numbers of lymphocytes to fight an infection severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) allergy rheumatoid arthritis lupus erythematosus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

cytotoxic T cells nonspecific defense mechanism specific defense mechanism physical or chemical barrier

specific defense mechanism

production of antibodies by plasma cells nonspecific defense mechanism specific defense mechanism physical or chemical barrier

specific defense mechanism

release of perforin and granzyme by cytotoxic cells nonspecific defense mechanism specific defense mechanism physical or chemical barrier

specific defense mechanism

removes microorganisms and old red blood cells from the blood lymphatic vessel thymus spleen lymph node tonsil

spleen

A patient goes to a doctor's office, feeling achy and tired. Subsequent evaluation reveals a temperature of 103.8 oF. The achy and tired feeling represents a _____ of infection, and a temperature of 103.8 oF represents a _____ of infection. symptom; mode sign; sign sign; symptom symptom; sign

symptom; sign

secretes hormones important in the maturation of T cells lymphatic vessel thymus spleen lymph node tonsil

thymus

filters out microorganisms that enter the throat by food or air lymphatic vessel thymus spleen lymph node tonsil

tonsil

The target of the HIV virus is the ________. platelet component of the blood brain cells white blood cell subset known as eosinophils red blood cells white blood cell subset called helper T cells

white blood cell subset called helper T cells

Bacteria are helpful to humans in many ways, including all of the following EXCEPT which one? Production of antibiotics Resident bacteria on the skin and in the gut tend to outcompete pathogenic bacteria so they can't get established to cause disease Fighting off viruses Production of soy sauce, cheese, yogurt, pickles, and all kinds of other fermented foods Breakdown of raw sewage Production of vitamins in the human intestine

Fighting off viruses

Which of the following act(s) as a third line of defense, against pathogens that have entered a host cell? phagocytes T cell-mediated immunity intact skin antibody-mediated immunity

T cell-mediated immunity

Which statement about the genomes of viruses is FALSE? The viral genome includes neither DNA nor RNA. The genome could be made of double-stranded RNA. The genome could be made of single-stranded RNA. The genome could be made of single-stranded DNA. The genome could be made of double-stranded DNA.

The viral genome includes neither DNA nor RNA.

Of the events listed below, which one occurs LAST? The genome enters the host cell. The host cell and the virus fuse. The capsid is removed. The virus replicates.

The virus replicates.

True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells.

True

filters microorganisms and cellular debris from lymph lymphatic vessel thymus spleen lymph node tonsil

lymph node

There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad? 32 256 8 2048

256

Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect? Flagella Capsule Cell wall Ribosomes

Capsule

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells? Cytotoxic T cells B cells macrophages

Cytotoxic T cells

What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection? Macrophages digest viral particles and display viral antigens on their cell surface. Helper T cells secrete chemicals that stimulate it to divide. Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells. Antibodies coat viral antigens.

Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells.

Which of the following statements about plasma cells is FALSE? Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood. Plasma cells are part of the defense stage of the immune response. Plasma cells are part of the MHC system. Plasma cells are derived from B cells.

Plasma cells are part of the MHC system.

In an RNA virus (such as the one illustrated in the tutorial), what is the role of reverse transcriptase? Reverse transcriptase copies DNA to make RNA. Reverse transcriptase copies RNA to make DNA. Reverse transcriptase signals the synthesis of new viral proteins. Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme responsible for the assembly of the new viral particles.

Reverse transcriptase copies RNA to make DNA.

In the example given in the tutorial, how did new viral particles exit the cell? Once a certain number of new viruses have been assembled inside the cell, the cell bursts. Viral particles do not exit the cell. Rather, the new viruses remain within the cell and gradually transform the cell into a large viral complex. The RNA and proteins are assembled inside the host cell. These new viruses then bud off. The proteins and the RNA are assembled inside the host cell. The viruses signal the membrane to produce protein pores, and the whole virus is then able to exit the cell. The RNA and proteins exit the cell by squeezing through the membrane channels; once outside the cell, the particles are assembled into new viruses.

The RNA and proteins are assembled inside the host cell. These new viruses then bud off.

When speaking of the anatomy of a virus, we can say that ________. The genome is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, which may or may not be surrounded by an membranous envelope The envelope is in the central portion of the virus. Around that is the genome, which may or may not be surrounded by a protein capsid The core of the virus is the capsid. The genome surrounds the capsid, and the virus may or may not have a membranous outer layer called an envelope The genome is surrounded by a membranous envelope, which may or may not be surrounded by a protein capsid The capsid and genome are intertwined, and they may be surrounded by a membranous envelope

The genome is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, which may or may not be surrounded by an membranous envelope

How does HIV bind to a host cell? The viral envelope proteins can bind to any proteins on the surface of a host cell. CD4 binds to the viral genome. The viral envelope proteins bind to CD4 and a co-receptor. CD4 binds to a co-receptor.

The viral envelope proteins bind to CD4 and a co-receptor.

When comparing viruses and bacteria, which one of the following statements is CORRECT? Viruses are larger than bacteria. Viruses and bacteria are both able to reproduce on their own. Viruses are pathogens. Bacteria are decomposers. Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material. Viruses have membrane-bound organelles; bacteria do not have membrane-bound organelles.

Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material.

a disease caused by HIV infection; results in irreparable damage to the immune system severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) allergy rheumatoid arthritis lupus erythematosus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Which of the following increases the likelihood of successful organ transplant? matching the ABO blood group antigens matching the MHC tissue antigens administration of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection close monitoring for infections and quickly treating them all of the above

all of the above

Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as a(an) allergen antibody perforin allergy plasma cell

allergen

an inappropriate response to a nonpathogenic substance severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) allergy rheumatoid arthritis lupus erythematosus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

allergy

The urinary tract represents a portal of entry for E.coli, a normal inhabitant of the GI tract. Introduction of this opportunistic pathogen and its subsequent colonization is known as __________. a syndrome a sign an infection a symptom

an infection

All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one? skin surface earwax mucus saliva antibodies tears vomiting, urination, and defecation stomach acid resident bacteria vaginal acids

antibodies

Structures that precipitate antigens, promote lysis, attract phagocytes, and neutralize toxins are called ________. antibodies cytotoxic B cells cytotoxic T cells macrophages

antibodies

Which of the following act(s) as a third line of defense, looking for specific invaders in the blood or other fluids that have compromised the first two lines of defense? phagocytes T cell-mediated immunity antibody-mediated immunity intact skin

antibody-mediated immunity

A condition that results when the immune system produces antibodies and cytotoxic T cells against its own cells is a(n) ________ disorder. infectious hyperbaric autoimmune immunosuppressive allergic

autoimmune

Antibiotics are ONLY effective in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria parasitic worms viruses prions lice and ticks

bacteria

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated? cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity) humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

migrate through blood and lymph, directly attacking and destroying foreign cells cytotoxic T cells helper T cells memory T cells

cytotoxic T cells

primary target of HIV cytotoxic T cells helper T cells memory T cells

helper T cells

stimulate the immune system by secreting lymphokines and interleukins; they activate B lymphocytes and macrophages cytotoxic T cells helper T cells memory T cells

helper T cells

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient? humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system? innate internal defenses innate external defenses adaptive defenses

innate external defenses

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system? adaptive defenses innate internal defenses innate external defenses

innate internal defenses

Which of the following represents a first line of defense against unwanted pathogens? phagocytes antibody-mediated immunity T cell-mediated immunity intact skin

intact skin