Bio-Circulation/respiration/nervous system

Which is the correct direction of blood flow? a. right atrium,right ventricle,pulmonary artery b. right atrium,left atrium,pulmonary artery c.left ventricle,pulmonary artery,aorta d.left ventricle,left atrium,aorta

A

How is the body's circulatory system like a major transportation system in a city?

A city's transportation system is a network of streets, highways, and subway or train lines that deliver food and goods to the city and remove wastes from it. The human body's major transportation system is a closed circulatory system made up of a heart, blood vessels, and blood. Like people in a city, the body's cells need food and goods that are produced elsewhere. They also need to get rid of their garbage and other wastes. Some cells, such as blood cells, also need a way to move around the body similar to people moving around a city.

Why can't a person hold a breath long enough to harm his or her body from a lack of oxygen?

As a person continues to hold his or her breath, the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood increases. As the carbon dioxide level rises, nerve impulses from the breathing center cause the diaphragm to contract, bringing air into the lungs. The higher the carbon dioxide level, the stronger the impulses are. If the carbon dioxide level reaches a critical point, the impulses become so powerful that the medulla oblongata sends impulses to the conscious part of the brain and the person is forced to breathe.

Studies have shown that atherosclerosis can lead to hypertension. What is the relationship between the two?

Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty deposits called plaques build up in the artery walls and eventually cause the arteries to stiffen. Over time, the plaques can bulge into the center of the vessel restricting blood flow. This can lead to hypertension, or high blood pressure, because the heart will need to pump harder to get blood through those stiff, narrow blood vessels. On the other hand, hypertension can cause atherosclerosis because the pressure on the blood vessel walls may cause small tears to form. Plaque may build up in the tears.

Which of the following is true about blood pressure? a. It is not affected by atherosclerosis. b. It is typically lower in veins than in arteries. c. It drops a great deal when traveling through arteries. d. Diastolic pressure is higher than systolic pressure.

B

Construct a table in which you describe the four types of lobes in the brain. The information in the table should include their location and function.

Frontal lobe: located at the front of the skull, responsible for evaluating consequences, making judgments, and forming plans; Parietal lobe: located behind the frontal lobe towards the back of the skull, responsible for reading and speech; Temporal lobe: located beneath the frontal lobe and parietal lobe, responsible for hearing and smelling; Occipital lobe: located at the back base of the skull, responsible for vision.

How does the presence of hemoglobin in the blood increase the efficiency of gas exchange?

Hemoglobin actively binds to dissolved oxygen, removing it from plasma and enabling diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to continue. Normally the process would stop when oxygen concentrations in the blood and alveoli are the same.

Why is a severe injury to the brain stem often fatal?

The brain stem controls or is involved in some of the body's most important functions, including breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure regulation. These involuntary processes are essential to life, so the disruption of any of these processes can cause death.

Why is it better to inhale through your nose than through your mouth?

The combination of hair and mucus in the nose filters out solid particles. The moisture in the nose helps to moisten the air. This moist air helps to prevent the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system from drying out. When air enters the respiratory system through the mouth, much less filtering occurs.

Using the following terms, construct a graphic organizer to demonstrate the relationships among parts of the nervous system. Be sure to give a brief description of each term.

The first category is the nervous system. Central nervous system (consists of brain and spinal cord, processes information and creates a response that is delivered to the appropriate part of the body by the peripheral nervous system) and peripheral nervous system (consists of nerves and supporting cells, collects information about the body's environment) branch off nervous system. Sensory division (transmits impulses from sense organs to central nervous system) and motor division (transmits impulses from the central nervous system to muscles or glands) then branch off peripheral nervous system. The motor division is then divided into somatic nervous system (regulates body activities that are under conscious control) and autonomic system (regulates body activities that are involuntary).

Compare and contrast pulmonary circulation with systemic circulation. You may use a Venn diagram to plan your response.

The heart is involved in both circuits of circulation. In pulmonary circulation, the right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, where it is oxygenated and returned to the heart. In systemic circulation, the left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The cells absorb oxygen and load the blood with carbon dioxide, which is returned to the right side of the heart.

Hemophilia is an inherited blood disorder in which an affected person may bleed continuously even after a minor injury. For people with hemophilia B, the disease is caused by a lack of the protein thromboplastin. Why would the lack of thromboplastin cause a person to bleed for a longer time than normal?

Thromboplastin is a protein involved in the blood-clotting process. When a blood vessel is injured by a cut or scrape, platelets clump at the site and release the clotting factor thromboplastin. Thromboplastin then triggers a series of reactions. First, thromboplastin converts the protein prothrombin into the enzyme thrombin. Thrombin then converts the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble, sticky fibrin filaments, which form a clot. The clot seals the damaged area and prevents further blood loss. Without thromboplastin, the clotting process would not take place normally.

Tachycardia is a condition in which the heart beats too rapidly. What structures within the heart and the rest of the body might contribute to tachycardia? Explain your answer.

Within the heart, the sinoatrial node (pacemaker), atrioventricular node, and conducting fibers are all involved in the regulation of heartbeat. If any one of these structures is functioning improperly, heart rate will be affected. The autonomic nervous system also influences heart rate, so it may send signals that increase heart rate.

Chronic bronchitis is caused by a. the bronchi becoming inflamed and clogged with mucus. b. the loss of elasticity and the eventual breakdown of lung tissue. c. infected lung cells spreading deadly chemicals to other parts of the body. d. all of the above

a

Through which path does blood typically flow through the circulatory system? a.arteries, capillaries, veins b.veins, capillaries, arteries c.arteries, veins, capillaries d.capillaries, arteries, veins

a

When you move your fingers to type a text message, you are using motor neurons of the a. somatic nervous system. c. autonomic nervous system. b. sensory nervous system. d. central nervous system.

a

Which organ does not have pain receptors? a. brain c. stomach b. heart d. bladder

a

What could happen if the epiglottis fails to close correctly over the trachea when a person swallows? a. The person may experience heartburn. b. The person may choke. c. The person will experience a heart attack. d. The person will get swollen lymph nodes.

b

Which division of the nervous system speeds up your heart rate? a. somatic c. central b. autonomic d. brain and spinal cord

b

Which of these is a function of the lymphatic system? a. production of antibodies b. transport of fat-soluble vitamins to the blood c. protein absorption through the small intestine d. all of the above

b

How does movement of the rib cage change air pressure in the chest cavity? a. When the rib cage raises, an increase in air pressure in the chest cavity causes air to rush into the lungs. b. When the rib cage relaxes, an increase in air pressure in the chest cavity causes air to rush into the lungs. c. When the rib cage raises, a decrease in air pressure in the chest cavity causes air to rush into the lungs. d. When the rib cage relaxes, a decrease in air pressure in the chest cavity causes air to rush out of the lungs.

c

If the thymus was unable to function, which population of cells would be directly affected? a. muscle cells in the heart b. B lymphocytes c. T lymphocytes d. red blood cells

c

In the heart, the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood is prevented by the a. mitral valve. c. septum. b. tricuspid valve. d. pericardium.

c

What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by a stimulus in the environment? a. a threshold c. an impulse b. a resting potential d. a dendrite

c

Which of the following sensory receptors would lead you to squint in bright light? a. thermoreceptors c. photoreceptors b. mechanoreceptors d. chemoreceptors

c

Which of these structures provide(s) heart muscle with a constant supply of oxygen? a. the superior and inferior vena cava b. the pulmonary artery c. coronary arteries d. systemic veins

c

Your alarm clock wakes you up and reminds you to get ready for school. Which type of neuron receives the sound of the alarm? a. interneurons c. sensory neurons b. myelin neurons d. motor neurons

c

After carbon dioxide diffuses from body tissues to capillaries, how is it transported in the blood? a. It enters red blood cells and forms carbonic acid. b. It dissolves in the blood plasma. c. It binds to hemoglobin and proteins in plasma. d. all of the above

d

How does tobacco smoke affect the body? a. It blocks hemoglobin from binding to oxygen, thus affecting gas exchange in the lungs. b. It paralyzes cilia in the trachea allowing inhaled particles to enter the lungs. c. It causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. d. all of the above

d

Which of these organs removes old or damaged blood cells from the blood that flows through it? a. pancreas b. lymph node c. thymus d. spleen

d

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for smell and taste? a. photoreceptor c. mechanoreceptor b. thermoreceptor d. chemoreceptor

d

True or False: The enzyme hemoglobin converts soluble plasma proteins into insoluble, sticky filaments that form a clot.

false, thrombin

The cell bodies of cranial and spinal nerves are arranged in clusters called_______.

ganglia

In simple animals, diffusion and active transport across cell membranes supply the cells with ____________________ and nutrients, and remove waste products.

oxygen

The pathway illustrated in Figure 31-3 is called a(n)______.

reflex arc

What is the name of structure C in Figure 31-4? its the long skinny thing sticking off the bottom of the brain

spinal cord

True or False: When a stimulus is weaker than the threshold of a neuron, it will not produce an impulse.

true

True or false: In your lungs, diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into capillaries stops when oxygen concentrations in the blood are equal to oxygen concentrations in the alveoli.

true

True or false: When your body is exposed to the bacteria that cause strep throat, B lymphocytes produce antibodies that fight the infection.

true