Bio
The volume of a prokaryotic cell is, on average, ________ than that of a eukaryotic cell
1,000 times less
A population of 100 individuals is undergoing exponential growth with a population doubling time of 1 year. What size will this population be in 2 years?
400
The annual increase in carbon dioxide results from two activities: burning fossil fuels accounts for ___________ percent of the increase, and deforestation causes the remaining ___________ percent.
75; 25
Which modern group of people does not carry any trace of Neanderthal DNA in their genome?
Africans
Which of the following is NOT an easily testable hypothesis regarding net primary productivity?
An increase of water in a marine ecosystem will likely result in tastier products of NPP
Which of the following pairs of domains are MOST closely related (ie. most genetically similar)?
Archaea and Eukarya
Which of the following describes a competitive interaction?
Both species are negatively affected
Which of the following features is found in modern humans and lacking in Neanderthals?
Chin
What would happen to nutrient cycling in a forest ecosystem if all of the bacteria, protozoans, fungi, and worms were eliminated?
Dead plant and animal matter would accumulate more quickly than it is decomposed, and the soil would become depleted of nutrients
Which of the following would likely occur as a population reaches carrying capacity?
Density-dependent deaths would increase
A tomato plant whose fruit never ripens is most likely experiencing a problem with which plant hormone?
Ethylene
Coelacanths are an extinct, prehistoric kind of fish.
False
Humans and plants are so different from each other that none of their DNA sequences are the same for both humans and banana plants.
False
Archaic Homo sapiens originated about 300,000-400,000 years ago and had features intermediate between those of ___________ and anatomically modern Homo sapiens.
Homo erectus
It is possible that modern humans may have comingled with which of these other ancestors?
Homo neanderthalensis
The correct two-word Latin scientific name for modern humans is
Homo sapiens
Biodiesel fuel is produced from oils synthesized by and harvested from living plants. How does the use of biodiesel fuel compare to the use of fossil fuels with respect to the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere?
It is beneficial; because living plants are the source of the biodiesel, burning it simply represents nutrient recycling
A giant puffball mushroom can produce and release trillions of spores. With this many spores produced, why do giant puffball mushrooms undergo logistic growth in established habitats?
Limiting resources, such as food, water, and space, control the maximum population size in their established habitat
Which of the following characteristics is an adaptation for living on land?
Lungs
Which of the following is true?
Maize was domesticated from a wild ancestor with many stems and tiny ears
Which of the following classifications does not apply to humans?
Monotreme
What statement best describes a parasitic relationship?
Only the parasite benefits; the host is harmed
Why is indeterminate growth more beneficial to plants than to animals?
Plants are stationary in their habitats, whereas animals can move; indeterminate growth enables plants to respond to changing environmental conditions
Which type of relationship is ultimately thought to be driving the changes in tree populations in Yellowstone?
Predator-prey relationship
Why do prokaryotes reproduce more rapidly than single-celled eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have much less DNA than eukaryotes
Which of these comparisons is correct?
Prokaryotes show more diversity in metabolism than eukaryotes
Into which category would a human be assigned when eating chicken that had a grain-based diet?
Secondary consumer
Which of the following statements about carrying capacity is true?
The carrying capacity is established by the resource with the most limited availability
Which of the following can occur when the climate of an area changes?
The community may relocate to an area with a climate similar to that of the original location
Which of the following statements about communities is true?
There can be complex interactions between the organisms that make up a community
If your mitochondrial DNA was sequenced and compared to the sequence of mitochondrial DNA isolated from your mother's maternal grandmother (the mother of your mother's mother) would you expect to see a significant match to yours and why?
Yes, there would be a significant match because I inherited my mitochondrial DNA from my mother who inherited it from her mother who inherited it from her mother
A forest fire moves carbon from
a biotic reservoir to the air
Characteristics of all hominids include
a capacity for symbolic language
Like plant cells, all fungal cells have
a protective cell wall that wraps around the plasma membrane and encases the cell
The length of a plant's roots would NOT affect its ability to
absorb carbon dioxide
Truffles are the subterranean fruiting body of a mychorrhizal fungus and usually found in close association with tree roots. The mycelial mat of the truffle
absorbs water and minerals from the soil and shares them with the tree while the tree provides energy-packed sugars to the truffles
The four giant convection cells on Earth that stretch from the North Pole to the South Pole involve the cyclical movement of
air and water
A drop of pond water is examined with a microscope, revealing small, green, motile, unicellular organisms that seem to be moving by whipping a small flagellum around. These organisms most likely are
algal protists
A positive feedback loop
amplifies the output of a process until an endpoint is reached
Since ginseng has bright-red seed heads that develop from the flowers after pollination, ginseng is a(n) ________ in the kingdom ________.
angiosperm; Plantae
Worldwide, more than 80 percent of the calories consumed by humans come from
angiosperms
Five cereal crops provide 60 percent of the food energy taken in by the world's human population. These cereals (grains) are rice, maize, wheat, millet, and sorghum. The portion of these crops consumed by humans is actually the seed with its protective coverings from the fruit. These crops are ________ in kingdom ________.
angiosperms; Plantae
Pollen is produced in the
anthers (males reproductive parts)
For most populations, irregular fluctuations in size or density
are more common than perfectly smooth growth curves
Photosynthetic ________ do NOT have chloroplasts.
bacteria
Which of the following terms describes all organisms on Earth plus their environments?
biosphere
Organisms, such as hominins, that walk on two legs are said to be
bipedal
Eggs provide ________ to the zygote.
both nuclear and mitochondiral DNA
Fungi often form mutualistic relationships with plants. These mutualistic relationships are typically characterized by benefits to
both the plants and the fungus
Plant leaves need to open their stomata in order to
bring in carbon dioxide and release oxygen
Human activities
can alter nutrient cycles on local and global scales
Archaeans are often referred to as "extremophiles" because they are
capable of living in extreme environments where other organisms cannot function
Like other organisms, plants are composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Based on this information, which of the following would be a macronutrient?
carbon
A decline in phytoplankton could affect the climate of Earth by altering the ________ cycle by moving less ________ from the atmosphere into phytoplankton tissues. Since ________ is a greenhouse gas, more of it in the atmosphere could contribute to global warming.
carbon; carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide
The maximum population size that can be supported by its habitat is known as
carrying capacity
The first vertebrates had a skeleton made out of
cartilage
Before there were people dominating the local landscape, what was the natural biome of the area around CSUN? There are still patches of this biome on the hills.
chaparral
Although the terms "climate" and "weather" are often used interchangeably, they are not the same thing. Climate differs from weather in that
climate describes long-term patterns, whereas weather describes short-term fluctuations
There were 5.2 people per acre in 2012. A census in 2017 found there were 1.2 people per acre. This change represents a(n) ________ in population ________.
decrease; density
Removing trees from a region
decreases the amount of water entering the atmosphere
The success of ending the spread of Zika virus through the use of genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes is NOT dependent on
development of a Zika vaccine
Food chains differ from food webs in that
food webs represent the complex interactions among food chains
Which of the following shares more genetic history and more characteristics with humans?
gorillas
Gazelles in a group have a 75 percent chance of escaping hungry lions. Solitary gazelles have only an 8 percent chance of escaping. In this case, ___________ behavior is advantageous for avoiding predation.
group
If a population is growing with no constraints on its resources, the population will
grow exponentially
Cycas revoluta and Zamia furfuracea are species of cycads commonly used as ornamental plants in landscaping. Both species can grow fairly large and produce naked seeds on very large and unusual-looking cones made of specialized leaves. Neither of these species produces flowers. These species are examples of
gymnosperms
Species that will most likely prosper as projected climate change occurs will
have broad tolerances and can live in a variety of habitats
Prokaryotes are capable of reproducing more rapidly than eukaryotes because prokaryotes
have less genetic material
Which combination of conditions will cause a plant's stomata to open?
high moisture and daylight
The name for the human branch of the ape family is the
hominins
Prokaryotes may pick up pieces of DNA from the environment or other bacteria and incorporate these pieces into their own genome through
horizontal gene transfer
Plants benefit from insect pollinators only when the insect
immediately visits another flower of the same species
Escherichia coli, a bacterium that normally lives in the gut of humans, will have the shortest generation time when it is found
in an incubator set close to human body temperature
Greenhouse gases
increased due to human activities
All animals
ingest food
Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from ___________ to all their offspring.
mothers
Nuclear or genomic DNA is passed down from ___________ to all their offspring.
mothers and fathers
In lichens, fungi and cyanobacteria live together without causing significant harm to one another. Attempts to grow either the cyanobacteria or the fungi independently result in the death of the organism. This interaction is an example of
mutalism
Every healthy human digestive system is home to countless microorganisms. In a normal digestive system, what type of relationship would this be considered?
mutualistic
Roots perform a variety of essential functions, including
nutrient absorption, food storage, and physical anchoring
A typical fertilizer contains no carbon, because carbon is
obtained from the atmosphere as carbon dioxide
Sperm provide ________ to the zygote.
only nuclear DNA
In indeterminate growth,
plants grow throughout their lives instead of stopping at a predetermined size
Small loops of extra DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes are called
plasmids
Perennials require at least three years to complete their life cycle, whereas annuals do so within a single year. It would be reasonable to hypothesize that perennials would ___________ than annuals.
produce larger root systems
If an organism can produce its own molecules by photosynthesis, what is its role in the food web?
producer
Bacteria and archaea are both classified as
prokaryotes
Fertilizer is typically added to crop soil in order to
provide plants with mineral nutrients
Nitrogen is a very important nutrient for plants. Identify the plant structure responsible for obtaining nitrogen.
roots
Which of the following groups of characteristics defines prokaryotes?
single-celled, single loop of DNA, no membrane-enclosed organelles, asexual reproduction
Plants get most of their micronutrients from
soil
The total number of different species living within a community is referred to as
species richness
The removal of a keystone species from a community usually results in
substantial changes in the abundance of many species
Ecological footprint is a measure of
sustainability
Most plants have indeterminate growth. This means that
the final form of the plant is not entirely predictable
In a typical prairie food web, energy moves from grass to grasshopper to field mouse to fox. Which organism is the primary consumer?
the grasshopper
Warning coloration is usually found in
toxic organisms
Phloem
transports sugars from leaves
There are three major groups of fungi: zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes. These groups are named for their
unique reproductive structures
A florist places a cut white carnation into a glass in which red food coloring has been dissolved in water. The red color travels up the flower into the petals. The color is most likely moving through the
xylem
