Bio Enzymes and pH

Ending to all enzyme names

"ase"

pH scale and label appropriately (acid/base/neutral, strong & weak)

0-6.9 acids 7 neutral 7.1-14 bases Closer to 7 weaker the acid or base Further you are from 7 the stronger the acid or base

Has a pH of 1-7

Acid

Where a substrate binds with an enzyme

Active site

How do the terms active site and substrate relate to an enzyme

Active site is the spot on the enzyme that the substrate will blind to

Your body's way of either speeding up or slowing down the enzyme activity is called

Allosteric Regulation

Allosteric regulation, inhibitor, enhancer, active site, & enzyme

Allosteric regulation is the body's way to regulate enzyme activity. An enzyme will not regulate itself, it will continue to find substrates as long as they are available and increase reaction rates. Allosteric regulation can either inhibit (slow down) or enhance (speed up) enzyme activity. Competitive inhibitors take the place of the substrate at the active site. Noncompetitive inhibitors block the substrate from getting to the active site. Enhancers work by moving the active site closer to the surface of the enzyme thereby increasing the likelihood that a substrate will meet the active site.

Catalyst, organic catalyst, protein, & enzyme

An enzyme is a specialized protein that acts as a catalyst. This means that it is able to speed up a normally occurring reaction by lowering the activation energy necessary for the reaction to occur. An enzyme is also considered an organic catalyst because it is naturally occurring in living things, contains carbon, and can be denatured by changes in pH and temperature or the presence of heavy metal ions.

Denatured, pH, temperature, organic catalyst, active site, & enzyme

An enzyme is considered an organic catalyst that is found naturally occurring in living things and contains carbon. Organic catalysts are affected by dramatic changes in pH or temperature. When this occurs the active site becomes denatured or changes shape and will no longer function properly because the substrate will not fit together with the enzyme at the active site.

The difference between a coenzyme and a cofactor

An organic molecule and an inorganic molecule

How do buffers work?

Attempt to maintain homeostasis (keep pH levels the same) Molecules that bond with ions in solution (H+ or OH-) to maintain levels & therefore pH

What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibitor?

BOTH are trying to slow down Competitive- Some other molecule is competing with enzyme to get to the active site Non- competitive- Changes shape and active site does not fit

How do enzymes function?

Bind with a substrate at the active site to either build or break down in order to speed up reaction.

What food is called when it is in the mouth and esophagus

Bolus

The function of this substance is to minimize the change in pH when an acid or a base is added to the solution

Buffer

The macromolecule that either salivary or pancreatic amylase help digest

Carbohydrates

General substance that speeds up a reaction

Catalyst

Three environmental conditions that effect enzyme functioning

Change in pH, Temperature, and heavy metal ions

What might impair the functioning of an enzyme in a natural system?

Changes in pH, temperature, or presence of heavy metal ions.

Type of inhibitor where a molecule competes with the substrate for the active site

Competitive inhibitor

An increase in substrate _________ can increase the rate of enzyme activity

Concentration

What is pH?

Concentration of H+ ions in solution

How does the term specificity relate to an enzyme?

Each enzyme is specific to one task or substrate. ie lactase only breaks down lactose

How could you recognize an enzyme by it's name?

Ends in "ase"

Homoeostasis, buffer, pH, denatured, active site, & enzyme

Enzyme function optimally within a specific pH range. The ability of a body to maintain stability under various conditions is homeostasis. Buffers assist with maintaining homeostasis by attaching to free floating Hydrogen ions to keep the pH level stable. If the pH level does not remain stable the active site of the enzyme becomes denatured or changes shape and is no longer functional.

Enzyme specificity, lactose, lactase, lactose intolerance, & enzyme

Enzyme specificity means that enzymes are specific to or connect with only one substrate. They therefore speed up only one type of reaction. For example, lactase is the enzyme that assists with the breakdown of lactose, a milk sugar. If a person does not have enough lactase then the lactose is not broken down fast enough and stays in the digestive tract longer than it should. This causes a build-up of lactose within the intestinal tract which results in bloating, gas, and intestinal discomfort. If a person has this condition they are considered to be lactose intolerant.

An enzyme that speeds up the breakdown of lactose can also speed up the breakdown of maltose. True or False and why?

False because enzymes exhibit specificity

True or False A weak base acting as a buffer it will dissociate and use the newly formed H+ ions to lower pH

False!

True or False An enzyme increases the activation energy in a chemical reaction

False! It does NOT increase it, it decreases it

True or False An enzyme is a type of lipid that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction in biological processes

False! It's a PROTEIN not lipid

True or False A buffer helps keep the solution in the body at neutral or a pH of 7

False! Keeps the pH constant, Where the solution is supposed to be

True or False Lactase is an example of a milk sugar which can be broken down faster in the presence of the enzyme lactose

False! Switch Lactase and Lactose Lactose is an example of a milk sugar which can be broken down faster in the presence of the enzyme lactase

Which of the following solutions has a greater concentration of hydrogen ions- Gastric juice pH 2 or Tomatoes pH 4

Gastric Juice pH of 2

How does substrate concentration effect the functioning of enzymes (think Penny Lab)?

Greater substrate concentration equals greater enzyme efficiency (easier for them to run into the substrate)

How does an indicator work? Describe an indicator we used in this unit & what it told us.

Indicator changes color to demonstrate the presence of a substance. pH paper - color change indicated the number of pH

Write a summary of the main principles learned in each lab within this unit.

Lab 5 - Penny lab = model for enzyme activity Pennies were substrate, hands were enzyme, fingertips were the active site. Blocked or changed the shape of our active site(gloves & tape) lowered their ability to function. Lab 6 - Enzyme function Change in temperature & pH impacted the ability or enzymes to function. Enzymes are found naturally in living cells H 2 0 2 + catalase H 2 O + O 2 + catalase Enzymes can be re-used (not effected by reaction)

How an enzyme speeds up a reaction rate

Lower the Activation Energy

Nucleic Acid(made in this organ, Active in this organ, Enzyme involved)

Made in this organ: Pancreas Active in this organ: Small intestine Enzyme involved: nuclease

Lipid(made in this organ, Active in this organ, Enzyme involved)

Made in this organ: Pancreas, Liver Active in this organ: Small intestine, Small intestine Enzyme involved: Lipase, Bile salts (to emulsify)

Carbohydrates(made in this organ, Active in this organ, Enzyme involved)

Made in this organ: Salivary gland, pancreas Active in this organ: Mouth, Small intestine Enzyme involved: Salivary amylase, Pancreatic amylase

Protein(made in this organ, Active in this organ, Enzyme involved)

Made in this organ: Stomach, pancreas Active in this organ: Stomach, Beginning of small intestine Enzyme involved: Pepsin, Trypsin & chimotrypsin

Enhancers speed up enzyme activity by doing this duration allosteric regulation

Move the active site closer to the surface of the enzyme

Water is considered______________ because it has a pH of 7

Neutral

One of the reasons that allosteric regulation in needed is because enzymes......

Never stop working

A molecule binds to the allosteric site which causes a conformational change of the enzyme blocking the active site

Non-competitive inhibitor

How are enzymes affected by a reaction? What does this characteristic allow for?

Not affected by a reaction - they can be used again and again

Organ responsible for producing the majority of digestive enzymes

Pancreas

Enzymes are this type of macromolecule

Protein

Describe an enzyme.

Protein that acts as an organic catalyst to speed up naturally occurring reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. Because it is an ORGANIC catalyst it is impacted by changes in pH, temperature, & presence of heavy metal ions. It is not affected by the reaction and can be reused over & over again. It is substrate specific - one function.

The organ where trypsin and chymotrypsin are active

Small intestine

Where digestion ends and absorption begins

Small intestine

What is the role of an enzyme?

Speeds up naturally occurring reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur.

A substance with a pH of 14 would be considered a ___________ _____________

Strong Base

What is the role of an enzyme

To make biological chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

True or False Activation Energy is the amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction

True!

True or False Temperature and pH can affect enzyme activity

True!

True or False The products that enzymes bind to are called substrates

True!

True or False The specific location where a substrate binds to an enzyme is called the active site

True!

True or False When an enzyme is denatured, the enzyme structure is changed; therefore the substrate no longer fits at the active site

True!

Description of the type of bond that hold an enzyme-substrate complex together

Weak

What type of bond holds an enzyme-substrate complex together? Why is this important for enzyme functioning?

Weak bond allowing the enzyme to perform its function and then break away and move on to the next substrate