BIO exam 2 161 class 7-12 preclass

What happens to pyruvate during fermentation? It is oxidized to CO2. It is oxidized to ethanol or lactic acid. It is oxidized to acetyl-CoA. It is reduced to ethanol or lactic acid. It is reduced to acetyl-CoA.

It is reduced to ethanol or lactic acid.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the F1 subunit of ATP synthase? It is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It forms the channel through which protons flow. None of the other answer options is correct. It is the catalytic unit that synthesizes ATP.

It is the catalytic unit that synthesizes ATP.

Refer to Animation: Endomembrane System. Consider a protein that is targeted to be an integral membrane protein on the surface of a cell. It has a specific functional domain (domain X) facing the external environment of the cell. How will this protein be oriented in the E.R.? It will be embedded in the E.R. membrane with domain X facing the cytoplasm of the cell. It will be embedded in the E.R. membrane with domain X facing the lumen of the E.R. It will be outside the E.R. as a peripheral membrane protein. It will be completely within the E.R. lumen, not embedded in the membrane.

It will be embedded in the E.R. membrane with domain X facing the lumen of the E.R.

In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in: the cytoplasm. the matrix of the mitochondria. vacuoles. the nucleus. the endoplasmic reticulum.

the cytoplasm.

Refer to Animation: Endomembrane System. Consider a protein that is targeted to be an integral membrane protein on the surface of a cell. It has a specific functional domain (domain Y) facing the cytoplasm of the cell. How will this protein be oriented in the Golgi? It will be outside the Golgi as a peripheral membrane protein. It will be embedded in the Golgi membrane with domain Y facing the cytoplasm of the cell. It will be completely within the Golgi lumen, not embedded in the membrane. It will be embedded in the Golgi membrane with domain Y facing the lumen of the E.R.

It will be embedded in the Golgi membrane with domain Y facing the cytoplasm of the cell.

Refer to Animation: Endomembrane System. Many cell functions involve communication between cells via molecular signals that must be sent from one cell to be received by a target cell. Suppose the signal to be sent is a small protein. Where would you expect to find the protein in the Golgi? It would be an integral membrane protein with its functional domain on the lumen side of the membrane. It would be an integral membrane protein with its functional domain on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. It would be in the lumen of the Golgi. It would be on the exterior of the Golgi.

It would be in the lumen of the Golgi.

We can tell from their structure that fatty acids are a good source of energy because of: their hydrophobic nature conferred by their chemical formula. the large number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds they contain. the high potential energy of the carboxylic acid group. their three-dimensional bonding structure.

the large number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds they contain.

In eukaryotic cells, the oxidation of pyruvate occurs in: the cytoplasm. vacuoles. the endoplasmic reticulum. the matrix of the mitochondria. the nucleus.

the matrix of the mitochondria.

Refer to Animation: Kinetic and Potential Energy. Table sugar can burn in the reaction if ignited: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O and in the process some potential energy of the sugar becomes kinetic energy. Which of the choices represents kinetic energy from this reaction? - some of the sugar becomes energy - the products are simpler than the starting molecule - the products and their surroundings have more heat

the products and their surroundings have more heat

Which of the following best describes how ATP synthase converts the potential energy of the proton gradient to the chemical energy of ATP? Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is stored in a new electrochemical gradient within the F0 subunit. The potential energy of the electrochemical gradient, in turn, is converted to kinetic energy in the F1 subunit and used to catalyze ATP synthesis. Kinetic energy from the flow of protons through the F0 subunit reduces the F1 subunit, which allows ADP to be oxidized to ATP. Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is converted to the kinetic energy of rotation of the Fo subunit; the rotation of the Fo subunit leads to rotation of the F1 subunit, which can then catalyze ATP synthesis. Kinetic energy from the flow of protons through the F0 subunit oxidizes the F1 subunit, which allows ADP to be reduced to ATP.

Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is converted to the kinetic energy of rotation of the Fo subunit; the rotation of the Fo subunit leads to rotation of the F1 subunit, which can then catalyze ATP synthesis.

In addition to destabilizing glucose for subsequent breakdown, what else does phosphorylation of glucose do? blocks glucose from entering the mitochondrion blocks glucose from leaving the mitochondrion makes it easier to transport into the mitochondrion traps glucose inside the cell

traps glucose inside the cell

Refer to Animation: Endomembrane System. Most elements of the endomembrane system are connected by: continuous membranes. vesicular trafficking. cytoskeleton.

vesicular trafficking

What is a product (as opposed to a substrate) of at least one of the processes of cellular respiration? oxygen water glucose

water

Which proteins would be synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and processed in Golgi apparatus? Lysosomal enzymes that break down proteins in the lumen of the lysosome. Proteins that end up in membrane-bound organelles other than mitochondria, chloroplasts, or the nucleus are translated on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and process in the Golgi apparatus. DNA polymerase that functions during DNA replication. Transcription factors that bind to DNA sequences in the nucleus. Cytoskeletal proteins actin and tubulin, which are found in the cytoplasm.

Lysosomal enzymes that break down proteins in the lumen of the lysosome. Proteins that end up in membrane-bound organelles other than mitochondria, chloroplasts, or the nucleus are translated on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and process in the Golgi apparatus.

Which statement about mitochondria is true? Mitochondria generate ATP. Many of the descriptions in the answer options are characteristics of chloroplasts, rather than mitochondria. Mitochondria are subdivided into compartments known as thylakoids. Mitochondria are rich in pigments. Mitochondria rely on peptide gradients to function correctly. Mitochondria are rich in pigments and rely on peptide gradients to function correctly.

Mitochondria generate ATP.

Which example represents the reduced forms of the two major electron carriers? NAD+ and FADH2 NADH and FAD NADH and FADH2 NAD+ and FAD

NADH and FADH2

What would happen if complexes I-IV of the electron transport chain pumped protons in the opposite direction? Too much ATP would be synthesized. ATP synthase would operate in reverse. No ATP would be synthesized. There would be too many electrons in the mitochondrial matrix.

No ATP would be synthesized.

Molecular oxygen (O2), which is required for the production of ATP by mitochondria, must pass through at least three membranes to get to the enzymes where it is used. O2 is also produced in chloroplasts and must pass through at least four membranes to be released from the plant. How does O2 move across biological membranes? O2 is hydrophilic and travels with water across the membranes. There are numerous protein transporters that allow O2 to travel across membranes. O2 is nonpolar and very small, so it can move by simple diffusion across the membrane. O2 undergoes a chemical reaction that binds it to other substances that are transported across the membranes.

O2 is nonpolar and very small, so it can move by simple diffusion across the membrane.

Refer to Animation: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. The reaction of iron with oxygen to form iron oxide is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. In this reaction ______ gains electrons and is _________. O2; oxidized Fe2O3; reduced O2; reduced Fe; reduced Fe; oxidized

O2; reduced

_____ are organisms that derive energy from sunlight. Autotrophs Phototrophs Heterotrophs Chemotrophs

Phototrophs

Refer to Animation: Kinetic and Potential Energy. Which of the factors accounts for the higher potential energy of C-C and C-H bonds compared to C-O and H-O bonds? The C-C and C-H bonds are weak, thus requiring a lot of energy to hold together. The C-O and H-O bonds are strong, thus requiring a lot of energy to hold together. The C-O and H-O bonds are weak, thus requiring less energy to hold together. The C-C and C-H bonds are strong, thus requiring a lot of energy to hold together.

The C-C and C-H bonds are weak, thus requiring a lot of energy to hold together.

When the mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UPC1) is added to active mitochondria, protons move from the inner membrane space to the matrix. Which statement best describes the structure and function of UPC1 UPC1 is a peripheral membrane protein that allows protons to move across the membrane from the inner membrane space to the matrix by facilitated diffusion UPC1 is an integral membrane protein that allows protons to move across the membrane from the inner membrane space to the matrix by facilitated diffusion. UPC1 is an integral membrane protein that causes protons to move across the membrane from the inner membrane space to the matrix using active transport UPC1 is a peripheral membrane protein that causes protons to move across the membrane from the inner membrane space to the matrix using active transport

UPC1 is an integral membrane protein that allows protons to move across the membrane from the inner membrane space to the matrix by facilitated diffusion.

Refer to Animation: Kinetic and Potential Energy. Which of the choices is an example of kinetic energy? gasoline in an auto gas tank a photon of light water behind a dam a ball at the top of stairs a C-H bond in a sugar molecule

a photon of light

Energy released by transferring electrons along the electron transport chain is stored as potential energy in the form of: ATP. a proton gradient. coenzyme Q. ATP synthase. redox couples.

a proton gradient.

Energy released by transferring electrons along the electron transport chain is stored as potential energy in the form of: redox couples. a proton gradient. ATP. ATP synthase. coenzyme Q.

a proton gradient.

Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions (endergonic and exergonic) by which the cell can obtain ATP. NAD+ plays a crucial role in the reactions of glycolysis by: donating electrons to pyruvate when glucose becomes partially oxidized. accepting electrons during glycolysis, with the overall result that glucose is partially oxidized to pyruvate. converting endergonic reactions to exergonic reactions so that there is an output of energy to make ATP. donating electrons to ADP to make ATP.

accepting electrons during glycolysis, with the overall result that glucose is partially oxidized to pyruvate.

Beta-oxidation does not produce any ATP directly, but it does produce: pyruvate, FAD, and NAD+. acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2. pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. glycerol and glucose.

acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.

You notice that a chemical reaction in your system is happening at a slow rate. You want to speed up the reaction. What do you do? add more products add an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction increase the activation energy change the ΔG for the reaction

add an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction

During translation, the new polypeptides are often directed to specific parts of the cell by the presence or absence of short sequences of amino acids called signal sequences. Which sequence would you expect to find in the signal sequences that will eventually become enzymes important in photosynthesis? an internal signal sequence a signal anchor sequence no signal sequence an amino-terminal signal sequence

an amino-terminal signal sequence Amino-terminal signal sequence can be of different types. One binds to signal recognition particle to cause translation to continue on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Others direct the protein to the mitochondria or chloroplast.

Refer to Animation: Kinetic and Potential Energy. Which of the choices is an example of potential energy? chemical transport, as in the sodium-potassium pump contraction of a muscle cell an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane flow of calcium ions through a membrane channel

an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane

Which of the processes requires energy input in the form of ATP? catabolism anabolism

anabolism

Refer to Animation: Activation Energy. Consider the graph.Which labeled arrow in the figure represents the activation energy (EA)? arrow d arrow e arrow a arrow b arrow c

arrow b

Refer to Animation: Activation Energy. Consider the graph. If you added an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction shown, you would predict that ____ would be reduced but ____ would remain the same. arrow b; arrow e arrow e; arrow b arrow b; arrow c arrow d; arrow e arrow e; arrow c

arrow b; arrow e

Refer to Animation: Activation Energy. Consider the graph.Which labeled arrow in the figure represents the change in free energy of the reaction (DG)? arrow b arrow d arrow c arrow a arrow e

arrow e

Refer to Animation: Chemical Reactions. When chemical reactions occur the _____ but the _____. identity of atoms changes; arrangement of bonds is retained number of bonds per atom changes; total number of bonds is retained atoms retain their identities; arrangement of bonds changes

atoms retain their identities; arrangement of bonds changes

The breakdown of fatty acids takes place by a process called: glycolysis. oxidative phosphorylation. pyruvate oxidation. electron transport. beta-oxidation.

beta-oxidation.

What happened to individual in Masayuki Saito's study when brown fat was activated by cold temperature? body fat mass decreased body fat mass remain unchanged. body fat mass increased

body fat mass decreased

Refer to Animation: Activation Energy. The transition state is that portion of the progress of a chemical reaction with a large amount of energy found in _______ reactions. both endergonic and exergonic exergonic non-spontaneous endergonic

both endergonic and exergonic

When NADH accumulates in the cell, how and why does this impact cellular respiration? cellular respiration speeds up because high levels of NADH are needed for glycolysis cellular respiration slows because high levels fo NAD+ are needed to power the electron transport chain Cellular respiration speeds up because high levels of NADH activate the citric acid cycle. cellular respiration slows because high levels of NADH inhibit pyruvate oxidation

cellular respiration slows because high levels of NADH inhibit pyruvate oxidation

Which sequence accurately describes the path traveled by a new protein from when it first starts to be translated to its release from the cell? cytosol → ER → Golgi → vesicle → plasma membrane → external environment nuclear envelope → ER → vesicle → Golgi → plasma membrane → external environment plasma membrane → ER → vesicle → Golgi → cytosol → external environment nucleus → ER → Golgi → vesicle → plasma membrane → external environment cytosol → Golgi → ER → vesicle → plasma membrane → external environment

cytosol → ER → Golgi → vesicle → plasma membrane → external environment

Synthesis of a protein is an example of a chemical reaction that is: exergonic and catabolic. endergonic and catabolic. explosive. exergonic and anabolic. endergonic and anabolic.

endergonic and anabolic.

Refer to Animation: Activation Energy. Consider the graph. In this figure the solid blue curve plots free energy of a reaction against progress of that reaction. This reaction is: endergonic. exergonic. More information is needed in order to answer this question.

endergonic.

The first phase of glycolysis requires the input of two ATP molecules. It is therefore: endergonic. exergonic. reducing. oxidative.

endergonic.

The controlled release of cellular material stored in membrane-bound vesicles to the outside of the cell is an example of: exocytosis. endocytosis. phagocytosis. transcytosis

exocytosis

Oxidation is the gain of electrons. false true

false

Refer to Animation: Chemical Reactions. The carbon atom in CO2 shares _______ electron pairs. After the reaction with H2O to form H2CO3 is completed the carbon atom shares ________ electron pairs. three; two two; three two; two four; four

four; four

Where does the F1 subunit of ATP synthase get its energy to catalyze the synthesis of ATP? from the hydrolysis of ATP from rotational energy provided by the flow of protons through the channel in the Fo subunit from the oxidation of NADH from ADP

from rotational energy provided by the flow of protons through the channel in the Fo subunit

Which molecule has the greatest chemical potential energy? glucose fructose 1,6 bisphosphate pyruvate ATP NADH

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate has more energy because it is derived from glucose by reactions that transfer energy from two ATP molecules by phosphorylation. All of the other molecules are derived from energy releasing oxidation events from fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. pyruvate

Proteins can be broken down to extract energy. They are typically broken down into amino acids, which then enter cellular respiration via: lactic acid fermentation or the citric acid cycle. glycolysis or ethanol fermentation. electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation. glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

To which of the substances is ATP most closely chemically related? phospholipid tryptophan glucose testosterone guanine

guanine

Refer to Animation: Endomembrane System. Consider a protein that is targeted to be excreted to the outside of the plasma membrane. Where would this protein be located in the endoplasmic reticulum? a. outside the E.R. as a peripheral membrane protein b. in the lumen (inside) of the E.R. c. embedded as an integral membrane protein in the E.R. membrane

in the lumen (inside) of the E.R.

Refer to Animation: Endomembrane System. Consider a protein that is targeted to be excreted to the outside of the plasma membrane. Where would this protein be located in the Golgi? outside the Golgi as a peripheral membrane protein embedded as an integral membrane protein in the Golgi membrane in the lumen (inside) of the Golgi

in the lumen (inside) of the Golgi

Certain complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pump protons. Protons are pumped across the _____ mitochondrial membrane, from the _____ to the _____. inner; matrix; intermembrane space inner; intermembrane space; matrix outer; intermembrane space; cytoplasm outer; cytoplasm; intermembrane space

inner; matrix; intermembrane space

Due to the pumping action of the electron transport chain, protons have a high concentration in the _____ and a low concentration in the _____. mitochondrial matrix; intermembrane space intermembrane space; mitochondrial matrix mitochondrial matrix; extracellular fluid mitochondrial matrix; cytoplasm

intermembrane space; mitochondrial matrix

According to the article, what does mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 do? it causes mitochondria to produce heat instead of ATP it causes the cell to die it causes the Krebs cycle to stop it causes mitochondria to quit oxidizing NADH

it causes mitochondria to produce heat instead of ATP

Pyruvate oxidation is an important stage in cellular respiration because: it is the first step in oxidative phosphorylation. it generates ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. it transfers large numbers of electrons to electron carriers. it links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle. it eliminates pyruvate from the cell.

it links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle.

In human cells, such as those in muscle tissue, the product of fermentation is: pyruvate. FADH2. ethanol. lactic acid. acetic acid.

lactic acid.

Refer to Animation: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. The reaction of iron with oxygen to form iron oxide is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. In this reaction each iron atom will: gain an oxygen. lose 1½ electrons. lose 3 electrons. gain 1½ electrons. gain 3 electrons.

lose 3 electrons.

Which cellular compartment does not have a double membrane structure separating it from the rest of the cell? lysosomes the nucleus ribosome mitochondria

lysosomes

Refer to Animation: Endomembrane System. Which of the answer choices is not considered to be a part of the endomembrane system? lysosome plasma membrane mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum Golgi

mitochondria

RNA molecules are transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in eukaryotes through:

nuclear pores. Nuclear pores selectively allow nucleic acids and proteins to move in and out of the nucleus.

The citric acid cycle is a cycle because the starting molecule, _____, is regenerated at the end. acetyl-CoA NAD+ oxaloacetate pyruvate fructose 6-diphosphate

oxaloacetate

Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is generated through: substrate-level phosphorylation. pyruvate oxidation. fermentation. oxidative phosphorylation. glycolysis.

oxidative phosphorylation.

During the metabolism of glucose (the cellular fuel molecule) by the process of aerobic cellular respiration, glucose is _____ to CO2 via _____ reactions. oxidized; hydrolysis reduced; endergonic oxidized; redox reduced; oxidation reduced; dehydration

oxidized; redox

The final (terminal) electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is: NAD+. cytochrome c. oxygen. coenzyme Q. ATP synthase.

oxygen.

Refer to Animation: Chemical Reactions. When chemical reactions occur the _____________ but the _____________. number of protons and neutrons changes; shared electrons stay the same number of shared electron pairs is unchanged; number of atomic nuclei changes pairing of atoms that share electron pairs changes; individual atomic nuclei stay the same

pairing of atoms that share electron pairs changes; individual atomic nuclei stay the same

A carbohydrate such as glucose has a great deal of ______ energy. entropy kinetic work potential heat

potential

During which stages of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide released? Select all that apply. oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain pyruvate oxidation glycolysis the citric acid cycle

pyruvate oxidation the citric acid cycle

Refer to Animation: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Consider the reactions. The reactions shown present the overall oxidation-reduction reaction in which elemental iron and molecular oxygen react to form iron oxide (A), and also the half reactions showing the oxidation part and the reduction part (B & C). Compare this reaction and its half reactions to the reaction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as an electron carrier in many important cellular reactions: NAD+ + 2e- + H+ → NADH Which reaction or half reaction is most similar to this NAD+/NADH reaction? it combines both reaction B and reaction C reaction A reaction C reaction B

reaction C

In the absence of oxygen, fermentation: generates ATP from the oxidation of pyruvate. regenerates NADH from the reduction of pyruvate. regenerates NAD+ from the oxidation of pyruvate. regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate. generates ATP from the reduction of pyruvate.

regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate.

Reactions in which there is a negative change in free energy (-ΔG) are: spontaneous and exergonic. nonspontaneous and endergonic. spontaneous and endergonic. nonspontaneous and exergonic.

spontaneous and exergonic.

Refer to Animation: Chemical Reactions. When H2CO3 reacts to form CO2 and H2O, what is the net change in the number of shared electron pairs? +2 -3 -2 0

0

Which eukaryotic cell structure plays a role in protein trafficking and sorting? peroxisomes lysosomes vacuoles the Golgi apparatus mitochondria

the Golgi apparatus

Which of the structures are part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell? the ribosomes the plasma membrane the chromosomes the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum The endomembrane system is complex and has several components.

the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum

Select the arrow(s) that represent the direction(s) in which: 1. protons are pumped when coupled to electron transfer 2. protons flow through ATP synthase to power ATP synthesis 1 - B; 2 - B 1 - A; 2 - B 1 - B; 2 - A 1 - A; 2 - A

1 - A; 2 - B Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space during electron transfer (arrow A) and flow from the intermembrane space through the ATP synthase to the matrix to power ATP synthesis (arrow B). DP + Pi are inputs for compound B. This, in conjunction with the proton gradient, indicates that compound B is ATP.

Refer to Animation: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an electron carrier in many important cellular reactions. It exists in an oxidized form (NAD+) and a reduced form (NADH). What is the missing component in the reaction: NAD+ + ____ + H+ → NADH? 4e- H2O heat O2 2e-

2e-

What is glycosylation? the addition of sugars to lipids or proteins Proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus by glycosylation. the destruction of proteins in a lysosome the process of vesicle transport between the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus the attachment of an SRP to the signal

the addition of sugars to lipids or proteins Proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus by glycosylation.

Which best describes energy captured in ATP during aerobic cellular respiration? A small amount of energy is captured in ATP by oxidative phosphorylation; most is captured in ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. An equal amount is captured in ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation. A small amount of energy is captured in ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation; most is captured in ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. None of the other answer options is correct. It depends on the organism. Some produce most of their ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, and some produce most of their ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

A small amount of energy is captured in ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation; most is captured in ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

During the citric acid cycle: fuel molecules are completely reduced. ATP is synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation. ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation. high-energy electrons are removed from NAD+ and FADH.

ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation.

A proton pump is needed in the lysosomal membrane because: All of these choices are correct. The lysosomal proton pumps move protons into the interior of the lysosome to lower the pH. protons are being moved from low to high concentration. protons cannot move across a membrane on their own. the interior of the lysosome needs to be acidic.

All of these choices are correct. The lysosomal proton pumps move protons into the interior of the lysosome to lower the pH. protons are being moved from low to high concentration. protons cannot move across a membrane on their own. the interior of the lysosome needs to be acidic.

Which of the statements is true of allosteric inhibitors of an enzyme? Allosteric inhibitors increase the rate of enzyme activity. Allosteric inhibitors are structurally similar to the normal substrate of an enzyme. Allosteric inhibitors decrease enzyme activity. Allosteric inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme.

Allosteric inhibitors decrease enzyme activity.

Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 involves two different mechanisms for synthesizing ATP: oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation. Which is true of substrate-level phosphorylation? ATP is generated by release of energy from the electron carriers NADH and FADH2. Most of the ATP generated in cellular respiration is generated by substrate-level phosphoylation. An enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP to form ATP. ATP is generated indirectly through the transfer of high-energy electrons from electron carriers to an electron transport chain.

An enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP to form ATP.

How do eukaryotic plant and animal cells differ from one another? Animal cells have mitochondria but not chloroplasts, and plant cells have chloroplasts but not mitochondria. Animal cells have endoplasmic reticulum, and plant cells don't. Animal cells have a plasma membrane, and plant cells have a cell wall. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts and cell walls, and plant cells do. Because both plants and animals must perform cellular respiration, they both require mitochondria.

Animal cells do not have chloroplasts and cell walls, and plant cells do.

Why does ADP have less potential energy than ATP? Because ATP has ribose as a sugar. Because ATP has adenine in it. Because ADP has only one phosphate group. Because ADP has only two phosphate groups.

Because ADP has only two phosphate groups.

Autotrophs typically obtain their carbon from: ATP. CH4. C6H12O6. CO2. CH3OH.

CO2.

Refer to Animation: Kinetic and Potential Energy. Many cellular processes represent work that requires the expenditure of energy. Which of the actions is not a cellular process that requires the cell to expend energy? Contraction of muscle cells. Diffusion of water into cells. Keeping sodium ion concentration lower inside a cell than outside the cell. Synthesis of large biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids.

Diffusion of water into cells.

Which statement is true about exergonic reactions? Energy is released from the reactants. There is a positive ΔG. The products of exergonic reactions have more free energy than the reactants.

Energy is released from the reactants.

Refer to Animation: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. The reaction of iron with oxygen to form iron oxide is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. In this reaction ______ loses electrons and is _________. O2; oxidized Fe; oxidized Fe; reduced Fe2O3; reduced O2; reduced

Fe; oxidized