BIO EXAM 2

What is is the function of a lysosome in energy processing within the cell?

Contains enzymes to break down incoming nutrients

What is the function of the mitochondria in energy processing within the cell?

Converts energy in nutrients to ATP energy usable by the cell

Because sodium and potassium ions are moves against their concentration gradients, energy is required in the form of ________________

ATP

What are the functions of proteins?

Act as channels so certain molecules can enter or leave the cell

A substrate binds to the ________ site of an enzyme

Active

The movement of materials into or out of the cell with the expenditure of energy is called ____________________

Active transport

What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer?

Allows the membrane to be semi-permeable

The enzyme _______ is responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates like starch and glycogen during digestion, while the enzyme __________ is responsible for breaking down the resulting disaccharide maltose

Amylase; maltase

Before digestion with enzymes, fats must first be emulsified by _________ salts that are released from the gallbladder into the small intestine

Bile

After digestion, small monosaccharides are absorbed into ___________ and transported throughout the body for use

Blood capillaries

Cells move large quantities of materials into or out of the cell through ______________ transport

Bulk

Enzymes are __________ meaning they speed up the rate of chemical reactions

Catalysts

The processes that break down larger molecules into smaller ones through enzymatic reactions are collectively referred to as ______________ digestion

Chemical

The collective processes that use enzymes to break down nutrients into molecules small enough for absorption into the bloodstream are collectively refereed to as:

Chemical digestion

During a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme, the enzyme specifically acts on the ________ to form _________

substrate; products

Which substance could not diffuse passively into the cell?

Large proteins

The enzyme that is active within the small intestine and is most closely associated with the digestion of fat molecules is called _____________

Lipase

Which enzyme breaks down lipids within the small intestine?

Lipase

Accessory organs associated with the human digestive system are the salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, and _________

Liver

Which groups of organs are responsible for producing and storing bile until needed by the small intestine?

Liver & gallbladder

Which organs are responsible for producing and storing bile to assist in lipid digestion?

Liver and gallbladder

Catalysts ___________ (raise/lower) the activation energy of a chemical reaction, allowing it to proceed more quickly or to occur at all

Lower

Enzymes function to _________ (raise/lower) the activation energy of chemical reactions, allowing them to proceed ___________ (more/less) rapidly

Lower; more

Lipids are digested within the small intestine and nutrients are absorbed into the ___________ for transport to the lymphatic system

Lymphatic capillaries

What is the function of glycoproteins?

May help identify the cell as "self" or "non-self" to other cells and the immune system

The processes that increase the surface area of food so chemical digestion is more efficient are collectively referred to as ________________ digestion

Mechanical

The organelle within a cell that is responsible for converting carbohydrates into usable energy, releasing carbon dioxide and water, is called the _________________

Mitochondria

Which organelle is responsible for the production of ATP energy for the cell?

Mitochondria *mitochondria, the mighty producer of ATP for the cell*

When materials move WITH their concentration gradient (from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration), it requires:

No energy expenditure from the cell

A group of organs that work together to accomplish a common task is called a(n) __________________ system

Organ

A group of organs that works together to accomplish a common task is called a(n):

Organ system

The movement of water through a membrane down its concentration gradient is called _________________

Osmosis

The movement of materials into or out of a cell without any energy expenditure is called ________________ transport

Passive

The plasma membrane is composed of two layers of ________________

Phospholipids

Which organelle is responsible for maintaining a boundary between the cell and its outside environment, as well as regulating the transport of materials in & out of the cell?

Plasma membrane

Which type of cell lacks a true nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles?

Prokaryotic cells

Most digestive enzymes are considered to be _______ nutrient molecules and have complex three-dimensional shapes that allow them to interact with molecules to catalyze chemical reactions

Protein

What class of energy nutrients do most digestive enzymes belong to?

Protein

During protein digestion, __________ are broken down into ___________, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported for use elsewhere in the body

Proteins, amino acids

What is the function of cholesterol?

Regulate the fluid nature of the membrane

Which accessory organs are responsible for lubricating food for mechanical digestion, as well as providing enzymes to begin carbohydrate digestion?

Salivary glands

The plasma membrane is ______________, meaning it allows some materials to pass, but not other materials

Semi-permeable

What is the function of a ribosome in energy processing within the cell?

Site of protein synthesis

The sodium-potassium pump actively moves _________ ions out of the cell and ___________ ions into the cell, both against their concentration gradients. This creates a proton gradient that recharges ATP molecules.

Sodium; Potassium

What is the function of the nucleus in energy processing within the cell?

Stores genetic information for the cell

In order for a chemical reaction to occur, an energy "speed bump" between reactants and products is needed. This "speed bump" is referred to as:

The energy of activation

T/F: Nutrient molecules, including proteins, can be broken apart into individual amino acids, which can then go on to form other proteins again

True

T/F: The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport. It requires the use of energy

True

The inner surface of the small intestine is covered with small, fingerlike projections called ___________

Villi

Within the villi of the small intestine are __________, which link the small intestine to the circulatory system, and __________, which transport fat-soluble molecules to the lymphatic system

capillaries; lacteals

Which components of the plasma membrane are most responsible for its semi-permeable nature?

- The variety of transport proteins that are embedded within it - Bilayer of phospholipids, with their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Which statement best describes the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy, allowing the reaction to proceed more rapidly or to proceed at all

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus are called ________ cells

Eukaryotic

The movement of materials down their concentration gradient into cells through the use of special carrier or channel proteins is called ________________

Facilitated diffusion

T/F: Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions, so a steady supply is needed

False

T/F: Enzymes will work efficiently, regardless of environmental conditions

False

T/F: Once an enzyme is used to catalyze a chemical reaction, it cannot be used again in other reactions

False

T/F: When materials move WITH their concentration gradient (from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration), it requires energy expenditure from the cell

False

The activity of most enzymes and metabolic pathways within the digestive system is regulated by:

Feedback inhibition

Which component of the plasma membrane helps with identification of other cells and with the immune system?

Glycoproteins

The phospholipids within the plasma membrane have two parts: a __________ phosphate and glycerol "head" and two _____________ fatty acid "tails". This structure contributes to its semi-permeable nature

Hydrophilic; Hydrophobic

What Is one of the main functions of the digestive system?

Ingesting nutrients and breaking them down into smaller molecules that can be used elsewhere for life processes

The regulating process where the product of an enzymatic pathway has the ability to temporarily turn off enzyme activity is called feedback __________

Inhibition

The prefix "Phago" means:

"Eating", meaning the cell is bringing large particles into the cell, almost as if it were "eating" the particles

The prefix "endo" means:

"Within", meaning materials are being brought within the cell

Which types of cells are considered eukaryotic?

- Animal cells - Fungal cells - Plant cells

What are components of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic organisms?

- Cholesterol - Glycoproteins - Phospholipids

What are the components found in prokaryotic cells?

- DNA - Plasma membrane

What some of the organs that are part of the digestive system?

- Esophagus - Large intestine - Pancreas - Liver

Which methods of transporting materials do not require any expenditure of energy?

- Facilitated diffusion - Osmosis - Passive transport

Select which of the following conditions that may speed up the rate at which an enzyme functions. Assume the enzyme is at optimal conditions

- Increasing the temperature of the environment in which the reaction occurs - Decreasing the temperature of the environment in which the reaction occurs - Increasing the pH of the environment in which the reaction occurs - Decreasing the pH of the environment in which the reaction occurs *** None of these will speed up the rate at which the reaction occurs because the reaction is already occurring at optimal conditions***

Which organs are accessory organs of the digestive system?

- Liver - Pancreas - Salivary glands - Gallbladder

Which organelles are found within animal cells that are involved in nutrient processing, including bringing nutrients into cells, breaking them down, and converting them into usable energy?

- Lysosomes - Mitochondria - Plasma membrane

Which enzymes work to break down carbohydrates within the digestive system?

- Maltase - Amylase

Diffusion is a passive process because:

- Materials move down their concentration gradient - There is no expenditure of energy

Which organelles are directly involved in nutrient processing within cells?

- Mitochondria - Lysosomes

What organs are part of the digestive system?

- Mouth - Small intestine - Stomach

Which enzymes work to break down proteins in the digestive system?

- Peptidase - Trypsin

What processes occur in the digestive tract?

- Provides nutrients and water to the body - Break down food to access its nutrients - Removes undigested waste materials from the body

Which of the following can result in the denaturation of an enzyme?

- Raising the temperature of the enzymes environment - Raising the pH of the enzymes environment - Lowering the pH of the enzymes environment - All of these are correct

Within the small intestine:

- Small, fingerlike villi contain capillaries to transport nutrients to the bloodstream and lacteals to transport fat to the lymphatic system

Which organs are those of the digestive system and NOT accessory organs?

- Stomach - Small intestine - Esophagus - Mouth - Large intestine

What is required for facilitated diffusion to take place?

- The materials flow through protein carriers or channels into or out of the cell - The movement of materials is down its concentration gradient

Which scenarios would require the cell to use energy to move materials through its membrane?

- The movement of materials against their concentration gradient into the cell - The movement of large proteins into the cell - The movement of large quantities of charged molecules into the cell

What is required for facilitated diffusion to take place?

- The movement of materials down its concentration gradient - The materials flow through protein carriers or channels into or out of the cell

Which methods of transport require energy?

- The sodium-potassium pump - Bulk transport - Phagocytosis

What best defines an organ?

A collection of tissues that work together to accomplish a common task

When conditions cause an enzyme to lose its shape and therefore its function, it is said to be ___________

Denatured

The passive movement of materials from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is called __________________

Diffusion

The passive movement of materials from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is called ________________

Diffusion *diffuse a situation, bring the energy from high to low*

Which method of moving materials into a cell requires no energy?

Diffusion *high to low concentration*

The overall function of the _____________ system is to break down nutrients to be used elsewhere in the body

Digestive

Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a(n):

Enzyme

Molecules that catalyze or speed up chemical reactions are called _________

Enzymes

The goal of the digestive system is to break down polymers into monomers that can be reused elsewhere in the body. The molecules responsible for chemically breaking down these polymers are called ____________

Enzymes

Osmosis describes:

The movement of water down its concentration gradient

What is the function of the golgi apparatus in energy processing within the cell?

The processing center of the cell; modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion outside of the cell

What is an example of active transport?

The sodium-potassium pump

Which organ is responsible for receiving food from the esophagus and storing it while mixing it through rhythmic muscle contractions?

The stomach