Bio Exam 2
Once they have been processed through the citric acid cycle, the acetyl-CoA molecules from a single glucose molecule produce: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 6 NADH, 6 GTP. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2. 6 FADH2, 2 ATP, 6 CO2. 4 CO2, 6 FADH2, 2 ATP. 6 GTP, 6 FADH2.
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2.
The product of the Calvin cycle is a triose-phosphate sugar that is either exported from the chloroplast or used to regenerate RUBP. How many times must each of the reactions in the Calvin cycle take place in order to complete the synthesis of one 3-carbon triose phosphate sugar molecule? 1 3 6 2
3
After pyruvate oxidation, the chemical energy of how many carbons of the original glucose molecule is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP in the remaining steps of cellular respiration? 2 5 3 4 1
4
After pyruvate oxidation, the chemical energy of how many carbons of the original glucose molecule is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP in the remaining steps of cellular respiration? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 2 3 1 5 4
4
When a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, the other products of the reaction are: ATP and NADH. FADH2 and ATP. NADH and CO2. CO2 and ATP. Pi and FADH2.
NADH and CO2.
How many molecules of NADPH are required for 12 molecules of RuBP to be carboxylated by rubisco? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 12 10 24 36 None of the other answer options is correct.
None of the other answer options is correct.
Eukaryotes conduct all of the photosynthesis that occurs in the ocean. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false
false
Prokaryotes account for roughly half of terrestrial photosynthesis. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false
false
Which was likely the first of the following metabolic pathways or structures to evolve? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. fermentation the citric acid cycle electron transport complexes I, II, and III ATP synthase All of these choices are correct.
fermentation
Where does the oxygen come from that is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. from the breakdown of carbohydrates from breakdown of water from the reduction of CO2 from the Calvin cycle
from breakdown of water
The primary reason surplus carbohydrates in plants are stored as starch is because: All of these choices represent equally important reasons why surplus carbohydrates in plants are stored as starch. energy is needed in the nucleus, and only starch is capable of being transported into the nucleus. the space they occupy as carbohydrates is needed for other macromolecules. if they were left as individual monosaccharides, water would enter the cell by osmosis. they would otherwise be utilized as energy sources even if such energy were not needed at that time.
if they were left as individual monosaccharides, water would enter the cell by osmosis.
Where are the chlorophyll molecules located in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis? in the stroma of the chloroplasts in the plasma membrane in the thylakoid membranes in the cytoplasm in the lumen of the thylakoids in the chloroplasts
in the thylakoid membranes
Where is the photosynthetic electron transport chain located in plant cells? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. in the inner membrane of the chloroplast in the outer membrane of the chloroplast in the stroma of the chloroplast in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
With the endosymbiotic hypothesis in mind, what structure within modern-day chloroplasts is likely derived from the plasma membrane of ancestral cyanobacteria that took up residence within a eukaryotic cell? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. stroma inner membrane lumen thylakoid membrane grana
inner membrane
Protons in a mitochondrion flow through an ATP synthase from the: cytoplasm to the intermembrane space. matrix to the intermembrane space. intermembrane space to the matrix. intermembrane space to the cytoplasm.
intermembrane space to the matrix.
Due to the pumping action of the electron transport chain, protons have a high concentration in the _____ and a low concentration in the _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. intermembrane space; cytoplasm mitochondrial matrix; intermembrane space mitochondrial matrix; cytoplasm mitochondrial matrix; extracellular fluid intermembrane space; mitochondrial matrix
intermembrane space; mitochondrial matrix
During the citric acid cycle, the production of CO2 is the result of the _____ of intermediate compounds of the citric acid cycle coupled to the production of _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. oxidation; ATP reduction; ATP oxidation; NADH oxidation; GTP reduction; NADH
oxidation; NADH
Imagine that you exhale after a deep breath. Which of the following are you not exhaling? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. waste products of pyruvate oxidation CO2 waste products of the citric acid cycle waste products of glycolysis waste products of both pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
waste products of glycolysis
Which of the following is not a step in the process of binary fission? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. replication of DNA formation of a new cell wall rearrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton elongation of the cell
rearrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton
During fermentation, pyruvate is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. phosphorylated. oxidized. reduced. carboxylated. hydrogenated.
reduced.
Which step of the Calvin cycle would be affected first by a lack of NADPH? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. carboxylation reduction regeneration All of these choices are correct.
reduction
Which of the following correctly lists the approximate number of ATP produced by (i) beta-oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid, (ii) glycolysis and fermentation of a single glucose, and (iii) aerobic respiration of a single glucose, in that order? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 75, 10, 25 106, 2, 32 50, 10, 20 40, 10, 20 100, 1, 10
106, 2, 32
For every six CO2 molecules incorporated into carbohydrate molecules, how many triose phosphates can be exported from the chloroplast? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 10 6 12 1 2
2
The enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is thought of as a metabolic "valve" that regulates the rate of glycolysis. Which of the following correctly identifies its allosteric activators and inhibitors and their actions? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ATP—activator; AMP—inhibitor AMP—activator; CoQ—inhibitor ADP—activator; ATP—activator ADP—activator; citrate—inhibitor CoQ—activator; citrate—inhibitor
ADP—activator; citrate—inhibitor
Which of the following are produced directly as a result of the movement of electrons through the photosynthetic electron transport chain? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ATP and NADPH carbohydrates and ATP oxygen and carbohydrates water and carbohydrates
ATP and NADPH
During a long bout of sustained exercise, in which order will your body's energy stores/sources be used? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ATP stored in muscle, fatty acids, glycogen stored in the muscle, glycogen stored in the liver glycogen stored in muscle, ATP stored in the muscle, glycogen stored in the liver, fatty acids ATP stored in muscle, glycogen stored in muscle, glycogen stored in the liver, fatty acids ATP stored in muscle, glycogen stored in the liver, glycogen stored in the muscle, fatty acids fatty acids, glycogen stored in the liver, glycogen stored in the muscle, ATP stored in the muscle
ATP stored in muscle, glycogen stored in muscle, glycogen stored in the liver, fatty acids
For the potential energy of a proton gradient to be converted to the chemical energy of ATP, the movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient must be coupled with ATP synthesis. This coupling is made possible by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. cytochrome c. coenzyme Q. ATP synthase. oxygen. protein complex IV.
ATP synthase.
Reproduction by mitotic cell division: results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical. is asexual reproduction. persists in mature plant cells for continued growth. continues in mature adult humans to replace damaged and worn-out cells. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following is part of the photosynthetic electron transport chain between photosystems I and II? plastocyanin plastoquinone All of these choices are correct. cytochrome-b6f complex
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following statements are true regarding pyruvate oxidation? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. This process occurs within the matrix of mitochondria. This process constitutes the second stage of cellular respiration. The process produces both CO2 and acetyl-CoA. The process yields no ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Which regulatory mechanism is important in keeping glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in relative balance to each other? AMP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1. ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1. ADP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1. Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
Lactic acid and ethanol fermentation differ in that: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. lactic acid fermentation produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation, but ethanol fermentation does not. NADH is oxidized to NAD+ in lactic acid fermentation, but FADH2 is oxidized to FADH in ethanol fermentation. Ethanol fermentation produces CO2, but lactic acid fermentation does not. ethanol fermentation produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation, but lactic acid fermentation does not. FADH2 is oxidized to FADH in lactic acid fermentation, but NADH is oxidized to NAD+ in ethanol fermentation.
Ethanol fermentation produces CO2, but lactic acid fermentation does not.
Which of the following is a product of the breakdown of fatty acids from lipids? Select all that apply. FADH2 NADH acetyl-CoA FAD
FADH2 NADH acetyl-CoA
Animal cells have mitochondria but no chloroplasts, while plant cells have chloroplasts but no mitochondria. True False
False
Recall that fatty acids (like palmitic acid) can yield substantially more ATP when compared with glucose. Why doesn't aerobic respiration rely solely on fatty acids as energy sources, rather than glucose? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Beta-oxidation—the process by which fatty acids are broken down—requires a great deal of ATP and is not an energy-efficient process for cells. Aerobic respiration usually does rely on fatty acids in other mammals; however, humans are unique due to their relatively recent appearance on Earth. Fatty acids cannot be used to generate acetyl-CoA, and so cannot tie into the later stages of aerobic respiration. Fatty acids cannot be used by some vital tissues in the human body, such as the brain. Fatty acids are rare in the environment and cannot be readily acquired from food sources.
Fatty acids cannot be used by some vital tissues in the human body, such as the brain.
Which one of the following is a candidate for the FIRST electron donor? 18O2 35S Mg2+ Fe2+ NADPH
Fe2+
ATP is not generated directly in the citric acid cycle; instead, an intermediate is first generated by substrate-level phosphorylation. The intermediate is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. GTP. GDP. acetyl-CoA. cAMP. oxaloacetate.
GTP.
During their experiments with chlorella, Calvin and Benson found no free glucose. Why do you think this is? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Glucose is stored as starch. Glucose is an isomer of fructose. Glucose takes too long to synthesize. Glucose would cause H2O to leave the Chlorella cells. Green algae do not respire when illuminated.
Glucose is stored as starch.
In plants and algae, ____ is the source of the electrons needed for photosynthesis. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. O2 CO2 H+ H2O NADPH
H2O
During photosynthesis in plants and algae, ____ is oxidized and ____ is reduced. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. H2O; O2 H2O; CO2 O2; CO2 CO2; H2O NADPH; ATP
H2O; CO2
Which of the following is NOT true about the eukaryotic cell cycle? There are three phases of interphase: the S phase and two gap phases. Some cells pause between M phase and S phase for more than a year. Interphase is typically the shortest of the two stages of the cell cycle. The M phase consists of two events: mitosis and cytokinesis. There are two stages to the cell cycle: M phase and interphase.
Interphase is typically the shortest of the two stages of the cell cycle.
Some present-day bacteria use a system of anaerobic respiration characterized by an electron transport chain analogous to that found in aerobic organisms. Which of the following correctly characterizes the anaerobic electron transport chain? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. It uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor. It is embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane rather than the inner mitochondrial membrane. It establishes a proton gradient between the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid. It establishes a proton gradient between the intermembrane space and the cytoplasm. None of these answer options accurately characterizes the anaerobic electron transport chain.
It establishes a proton gradient between the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid.
What is the role of the protein FtsZ? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. It is involved in the attachment of DNA to the plasma membrane. It forms a ring at the site of constriction. It is responsible for the replication of DNA. It forms the new cell wall between daughter cells.
It forms a ring at the site of constriction.
What is the role of the protein FtsZ? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. It is responsible for the replication of DNA. It is involved in the attachment of DNA to the plasma membrane. It forms the new cell wall between daughter cells. It forms a ring at the site of constriction.
It forms a ring at the site of constriction.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the proton gradient? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. It is synonymous with the "electrochemical gradient." It contains a great deal of kinetic energy. It results from differences in the concentration of hydroxide ions. It results from a combination of "neutral" charges. None of the other answer options is correct.
It is synonymous with the "electrochemical gradient."
Which of the following correctly characterizes the F1 subunit of ATP synthase? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. It is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It forms the channel through which protons flow. It is the catalytic unit that synthesizes ATP. None of the other answer options is correct.
It is the catalytic unit that synthesizes ATP.
In plants and algae, which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. carbohydrates CO2 O2 C6H12O6 H+
O2
Which of the following compounds is required for the carboxylation step of the Calvin cycle? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 3-PGA ATP RuBP ATP and NADPH NADPH
RuBP
The regeneration of RuBP typically limits the rate of photosynthesis under low light intensities. This is because: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. RuBP regeneration requires ADP. RuBP regeneration requires ATP. RuBP regeneration is part of the "dark reactions." photosynthesis occurs only in high light. None of the answer options is correct.
RuBP regeneration requires ATP.
The Calvin cycle includes 15 enzymes, most of which are involved in: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. RuBP carboxylation. RuBP regeneration. reduction. ATP synthesis. starch synthesis.
RuBP regeneration.
Which of the following correctly describes the role of rubisco in the Calvin cycle? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. None of the other answer options is correct. Rubisco uses ATP to regenerate RUBP. Rubisco uses NADPH to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate to a three carbon sugar. Rubisco incorporates CO2 from the atmosphere into an organic molecule.
Rubisco incorporates CO2 from the atmosphere into an organic molecule.
A researcher is comparing the amount of proteins contained in inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. What do you expect she will find? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. The amount of proteins is greater in the inner membrane. The amount of proteins is greater in the outer membrane. The amount of proteins is equivalent in the outer and inner membranes.
The amount of proteins is greater in the inner membrane.
What would happen to the daughter cells if the G2 phase of the parent cell is shortened? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. The cells would be smaller than normal. The cells would be missing chromosomes. The cells would not undergo cytokinesis. The cells would be larger than normal.
The cells would be smaller than normal.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the earliest photosynthetic organisms on Earth? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. The organisms likely produced oxygen as a waste product, resulting in Earth's current atmosphere. These organisms likely used both inorganic molecules and water as electron donors. Given the abundance of H2O on early Earth, these organisms used H2O as an electron donor. These organisms likely possessed two photosystems. The organisms likely used molecules other than water (i.e., H2S) as electron donors.
The organisms likely used molecules other than water (i.e., H2S) as electron donors.
Which of the following statements must be true in order for mitochondrial ATP synthase to function properly? The pH of the intermembrane space must be lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix. The pH of the intermembrane space must be higher than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix. There must be no difference in pH between the mitochondrial matrix and the intermembrane space.
The pH of the intermembrane space must be lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix.
Which of the following statements must be true in order for ATP synthase present in chloroplasts to function properly? The pH of the stroma must be lower than the pH of the thylakoid lumen. There must be no difference in pH between the stroma of the chloroplast and the thylakoid lumen. The pH of the stroma must be higher than the pH of the thylakoid lumen.
The pH of the stroma must be higher than the pH of the thylakoid lumen.
A researcher is studying a population of bacteria that carry out the citric acid cycle, but do so in reverse. What statements are likely true of these bacteria? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. An individual bacterium will produce most of its energy by means of the citric acid cycle. These bacteria carry out cellular respiration in their mitochondria. These bacteria will release CO2 as a waste product. These bacteria will produce sugars from intermediates of the citric acid cycle. These bacteria will release CO2 as a waste product and will carry out cellular respiration within their mitochondria.
These bacteria will produce sugars from intermediates of the citric acid cycle.
Which of the following statements is true regarding Earth's earliest organisms? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. These organisms likely carried out fermentation and may have had rudimentary proton pumps. These organisms carried out fermentation because early Earth's atmosphere was rich in oxygen. All of these organisms likely carried out cellular respiration. Some of these organisms likely possessed rudimentary proton pumps. These organisms likely used oxygen as an electron acceptor.
These organisms likely carried out fermentation and may have had rudimentary proton pumps.
Which of the following is true concerning the Calvin cycle and light-harvesting reactions of photosynthesis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. They take place in different organelles. They take place in different compartments of the same organelle. They take place in different types of cells in the plant None of the other answer options is correct.
They take place in different compartments of the same organelle.
All cells able to carry out photosynthesis have: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a plasma membrane. mitochondria. chloroplasts. chloroplasts and mitochondria. chloroplasts, mitochondria, and a plasma membrane.
a plasma membrane.
From its ground state, photosystem II can: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. pass electrons to photosystem I. absorb light energy. pull protons from H2O. emit light energy. pull electrons from H2O.
absorb light energy.
Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen. The consumed oxygen is used: in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A. in photosynthesis. as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain. in the glycolysis pathway. in the citric acid cycle.
as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain.
Which one of the following is NOT a product when photosystem II oxidizes a molecule of water? carbon dioxide protons electrons oxygen
carbon dioxide
An electron from NADH entering the electron transport chain would travel among components of the chain in what sequence? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, complex IV, oxygen complex II, cytochrome C, complex IV, cytochrome C, oxygen complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, ATP synthase, oxygen complex II, coenzyme Q, complex IV, cytochrome C, ATP synthase, oxygen complex I, coenzyme Q, complex II, cytochrome C, complex III, coenzyme Q, complex IV, cytochrome C, oxygen
complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, complex IV, oxygen
The enzyme called rubisco: breaks a 1-carbon molecule off of a 6-carbon molecule. connects two 3-carbon molecules into a 6-carbon molecule. connects a 3-carbon molecule to a 5-carbon molecule. connects a 1-carbon molecule to a 5-carbon molecule. breaks a 3-carbon molecule into 1-carbon and 2-carbon molecules.
connects a 1-carbon molecule to a 5-carbon molecule.
Which of the following is thought to be the first group of organisms able to use water as an electron donor in photosynthesis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. aquatic plants land plants cyanobacteria algae
cyanobacteria
Which of the following is responsible for the transport of electrons between photosystem II and photosystem I? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. water. cytochrome b6f. NADP+. chlorophyll. NADPH.
cytochrome b6f.
Chemicals called uncouplers can make membranes permeable to small molecules and ions. What effect might un-couplers have on photosynthesis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. increased ATP production because cyclic electron transport would increase decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would increase decreased NADPH production because the proton gradient would increase decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would decrease decreased NADPH production because the proton gradient would decrease
decreased ATP production because the proton gradient would decrease
How does the metabolism occurring in chloroplasts differ from that of mitochondria? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. different electron acceptors different proton sources different electron sources None of the other answer options is correct. different electron acceptors and electron sources
different electron acceptors and electron sources
In the Calvin cycle, ATP is required to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. reduce 3-PGA. reduce triose phosphates. donate a phosphate group to 3-PGA. reduce RuBP. carboxylate RuBP.
donate a phosphate group to 3-PGA.
It is thought that the evolution of two photosystems from one likely involved: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. transfer of genetic material. endosymbiosis. gene duplication and divergence. both transfer of genetic material and gene duplication and divergence. either transfer of genetic material or gene duplication and divergence.
either transfer of genetic material or gene duplication and divergence.
The proteins of the electron transport chain are: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. embedded in both mitochondrial membranes. embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane. located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. located in the mitochondrial matrix.
embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Zebrafish embryos change the color of the melanophore cells in their skin to a darker shade by: dynein motor proteins moving pigment granules inward toward the plus end of microtubules. dynein motor proteins moving pigment granules inward toward the center of the cell. dynein motor proteins moving pigment granules outward from the center of the cell. kinesin motor proteins moving pigment granules inward toward the center of the cell. kinesin motor proteins moving pigment granules outward from the center of the cell.
kinesin motor proteins moving pigment granules outward from the center of the cell.
During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The CO2 is _____ than the acetyl group. None of the other answer options is correct. less oxidized more energetic less energetic more reduced
less energetic
During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The CO2 is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. less oxidized than the acetyl group. more reduced than the acetyl group. more energetic than the acetyl group. less energetic than the acetyl group. None of the other answer options is correct.
less energetic than the acetyl group.
Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY represents the flow of energy through living systems? water → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → water light → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → water light → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → heat water → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → CO2 CO2 → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → heat
light → photosynthesis → carbohydrate → cellular respiration → ATP → heat
Pyruvate oxidation is an important stage in cellular respiration because it: eliminates toxic pyruvate from the cell. is the first step in oxidative phosphorylation. links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle. transfers large numbers of electrons to electron carriers. generates ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle.
Acetate is the starting point for synthesis of a cell's
lipids
Glycogen stored in muscles can be "mobilized" to supply metabolic energy by hydrolyzing individual glucose subunits from the polymer. What other organ has a major function of storing glycogen? large intestine brain liver stomach
liver
Dynein is a motor protein found attached to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. lamin. microfilaments. microtubules. intermediate filaments.
microtubules.
In addition to chloroplasts, which of the following organelles of eukaryotic cells is believed to have originated by endosymbiosis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes lysosomes
mitochondria
The division of genetic material in a eukaryotic cell is called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. genetic fission. cytokinesis. replication. mitosis.
mitosis.
Which one of the following is not a cellular function associated with microtubules? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. muscle contraction chromosome segregation movement of cilia and flagella organization of organelles
muscle contraction
Which of the following is not an end product for an acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. ATP NADH CO2 oxaloacetate FADH2
oxaloacetate
The citric acid cycle begins when acetyl-CoA combines with _____ to form _____. malate; oxaloacetate oxaloacetate; malate oxaloacetate; citrate pyruvate; citrate
oxaloacetate; citrate
In a thylakoid membrane, absorbed light energy is passed from one chlorophyll molecule to another until it is: both dissipated as heat and released as fluorescence. dissipated as heat. passed to a reaction center. released as fluorescence. All these choices are correct.
passed to a reaction center.
Many photosynthetic prokaryotes are capable of cyclic electron transport only. It is likely that such organisms can _____ but not _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. produce NADPH; oxidize H2O produce ATP; reduce H2O produce NADPH; reduce CO2 produce ATP; reduce CO2 reduce CO2; synthesize carbohydrates
produce ATP; reduce CO2
Organisms with only one photosystem cannot: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. produce O2. reduce H2O. reduce CO2. reduce NADP+. oxidize H2S.
produce O2.
Another name for acetyl-CoA synthesis is: pyruvate reduction. oxidative phosphorylation. glycolysis. substrate-level phosphorylation. pyruvate oxidation.
pyruvate oxidation.
In the absence of oxygen, fermentation: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate. regenerates NAD+ from the oxidation of pyruvate. generates ATP from the oxidation of pyruvate. generates ATP from the reduction of pyruvate. None of the other answer options is correct.
regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate.
Glucose is stored in plants as _____ and in animals as _____. cellulose; starch glycogen; starch starch; glycogen starch; cellulose cellulose; glycogen
starch; glycogen
With the endosymbiotic hypothesis in mind, which of the following within modern-day chloroplasts is likely derived from the cytoplasm of ancestral cyanobacteria that took up residence within a eukaryotic cell? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. stroma grana thylakoid membrane thylakoid lumen inner chloroplast membrane
stroma
The Z scheme refers to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the path of electrons between photosystem II and cytochrome b6f. the changes in the energy level of electron donors during the photosynthetic electron transport chain. proton translocation. electron transport. the use of H2O as an electron source.
the changes in the energy level of electron donors during the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
Which of the following processes produces the highest number of reduced electron carriers and thus the greatest amount of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the citric acid cycle glycolysis pyruvate oxidation glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are tied for ATP production None of the other answer options is correct.
the citric acid cycle
The stroma of the land-plant chloroplast is evolutionarily derived from: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the thylakoid membrane. the plasma membrane of cyanobacteria. the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic ancestor. the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria.
the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria.
The energy required to drive the synthesis of the majority of the ATP generated during aerobic respiration comes most directly from: sunlight. the flow of protons through an ATP synthase complex. the conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. the movement of electrons through an electron transport chain. removal of a phosphate group from another molecule.
the flow of protons through an ATP synthase complex.
Which is the only reaction in the citric acid cycle that produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the formation of succinate the formation of fumarate the formation of malate the formation of citrate the formation of oxaloacetate
the formation of succinate
We can tell from their structure that fatty acids are a good source of energy because of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the high potential energy of the carboxylic acid group. the large number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds they contain. their hydrophobic nature conferred by their chemical formula. their three-dimensional bonding structure. None of the other answer options is correct.
the large number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds they contain.
In eukaryotic cells, the oxidation of pyruvate occurs in: the nucleus. the cytoplasm. vacuoles. the endoplasmic reticulum. the matrix of the mitochondria.
the matrix of the mitochondria.
Recall that the citric acid cycle starts with a four-carbon molecule, but that most of its intermediates are molecules that contain six carbons. How is this possible? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. through the reaction of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate through the reaction of malate and fumarate through the reaction of malate and oxaloacetate through the reaction of succinate and succinyl-CoA through the reaction of citrate and cis-aconitate
through the reaction of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate
If you've ever learned about beer making, you may know that some people add fruit juice to their yeast mixtures. Why? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. to facilitate oxidative phosphorylation to provide an additional source of yeast, which will make the beer more potent to provide glucose to the yeast to provide materials for an alternate, aerobic respiration pathway to both facilitate oxidative phosphorylation and to provide an additional source of yeast
to provide glucose to the yeast
Coenzyme Q and cytochrome c: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. transfer electrons between protein complexes of the electron transport chain. transfer high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 to protein complexes of the electron transport chain. transfer electrons to ATP synthase. transfer electrons to oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain. None of the other answer options is correct.
transfer electrons between protein complexes of the electron transport chain.
Which of the following is a product of the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis? oxygen glucose starch triose phosphate
triose phosphate
Collectively, most photosynthesis carried out in the ocean is performed by single-celled organisms as opposed to large, multicellular marine plants. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. true false
true