bio exam 2

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with _______

proteins

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

red blood cells

DNA replication is considered to be ________ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

semiconservative

In humans, male gametes are called ________, while female gametes are called ________.

sperm; eggs

Which of the following statements best describes ATP? 1. ATP consists of an adenine, a deoxyribose, and three phosphate groups. 2. ATP contains high energy bonds between its sugar and the first phosphate group. 3. ATP consists of an adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. 4. ATP contains stored energy between the adenine and its sugar.

3. ATP consists of an adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction? 1. Glycogen forming glucose molecules 2. Proteins breaking down to form amino acids 3. Formation of maltose is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction.Two alpha-glucose units form a glycosidic linkage with elimination of water molecules to form one maltose molecule. 4. ATP being used and resulting in an ADP molecule

3. Formation of maltose is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction.Two alpha-glucose units form a glycosidic linkage with elimination of water molecules to form one maltose molecule.

Which of the following is an organic molecule? 1. H2O 2. NaCl 3. CaCO3 4. C6H12O6

4. C6H12O6

Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable? A. the ability to speak Spanish B. bleached hair C. calluses on fingers D. eye color

D. eye color

The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called ________ and is now an automated process that involves fluorescent dyes and automated machines.

DNA sequencing

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can be changed from one form to another.

Sickle-cell disease results in misshapen red blood cells. What impact does this have on their ability to carry gases in the bloodstream?

It reduces their ability to carry oxygen, resulting in anemia.

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end

T/F: A codon is a three-nucleotide or triplet sequence found on tRNA that codes for a certain amino acid during translation. The anticodon is a three-nucleotide sequence found on mRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence.

false

T/F: By tracking where the radioactive isotopes ended up after the viruses infected the cells, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase identified that protein, not DNA, is the genetic material in cells

false

T/F: Caffeine is a protein made by some plants, including coffee, tea, and cocoa as a defense mechanism to prevent insects and animals from eating leaves.

false

T/F: Carbohydrates—composed of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds

false

T/F: DNA is first wrapped around proteins called histones, forming RNA

false

T/F: Energy drinks do contain "energy" but vitamins and stimulants that interact with metabolic pathways.

false

T/F: Mechanical digestion uses certain enzymes to break down nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, into smaller molecules. This occurs so a person can absorb these molecules into the bloodstream.

false

T/F: On the leading strand, the DNA polymerase makes short segments of DNA, called Okazaki fragments, which are then connected together by a DNA ligase enzyme

false

T/F: One example is complete dominance, where the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele.

false

T/F: Proteins always interact with other proteins to form quaternary structures.

false

T/F: The first 23 pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes, and there are no differences between them in males and females.

false

T/F: The following best describes proteins: Proteins are stable at all temperatures.

false

T/F: The function of the liver: Produces insulin and glucagon

false

T/F: The mutated hemoglobin protein causes the red blood cells to be more effective for the exchange of gases in our bodies.

false

T/F: The pancreas stores and concentrates bile from the liver. The bile is then released into the first section of the small intestine (the duodenum), where it helps your body to break down and absorb fats from food

false

T/F: When hemoglobin picks up oxygen, it forms carbonic acid

false

T/F:One function of the digestive system is to search out and destroy foreign substances, including viruses and bacteria

false

T/F:The function of the large intestine is the Storage of excess bile salts

false

T/F:The main function of many proteins is Detoxification

false

Which is an example of potential energy? 1. An apple of stored energy-rich macromolecules 2. A firefly using light flashes to attract a mate 3. A skier at the bottom of the hill instead of the top of the hill 4. A pile of leaves that have been burned

1. An apple of stored energy-rich macromolecules

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain? 1. tRNA 2. mRNA 3. rRNA 4. ribosomes

1. tRNA

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy? A. Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body. B. Ex vivo gene therapy uses donor cells from other healthy individuals, where in vivo gene therapy uses an individual's own cells. C. Ex vivo gene therapy uses an individual's own cells, where in vivo gene therapy uses donor cells from other healthy individuals. D. Ex vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body.

A. Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.

Select the correct association. A. carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy B. carbohydrates—composed of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds C. lipids—structural components of hair, fingernails, and claws D. proteins—have three forms: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

A. carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy

Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins? A. enzymatic activity B. energy source C. detoxification D. genetic coding

A. enzymatic activity

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

GGU, proline

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes A. have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates. B. decrease the productivity of the cell. C. increase the energy of activation. D. always require coenzymes.

A. have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of of the cell? A. nucleotides forming DNA B. glycogen forming glucose molecules C. amylose breaking down to form maltose molecules D. proteins breaking down to form amino acids

A. nucleotides forming DNA

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction? A. nucleotides forming DNA B. glycogen forming glucose molecules C. amylose breaking down to form maltose molecules D. proteins breaking down to form amino acids

A. nucleotides forming DNA

Vitamins are organic molecules. They act as 1. Coenzymes that assist in chemical reactions (niacin) 2. Hormones (vitamin D) 3. Directing the organs to perform specific functions 4. Antioxidants (vitamin C) 5. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems? A. Mitochondria capture solar energy and convert it to oxygen. Oxygen is used by chloroplasts to generate ATP molecules. B. Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work. C. Chloroplasts generate chemical energy in the form of ATP molecules and mitochondria convert ATP molecules into glucose to be used for work. D. Chloroplasts produce carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis, which in turn is used by mitochondria to generate ATP molecules.

B. Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work. FEEDBACK: Mitochondria convert solar energy into the chemical energy of nutrient molecules such as glucose. Chloroplasts then burn glucose into ATP molecules during cellular respiration.

Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymatic activity? A. Temperature has no impact on enzymatic activity. B. Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest. C. Below a certain temperature, an enzyme will become denatured. D. As the temperature increases, most enzymatic reactions will still proceed at the same rate.

B. Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule? A. Hemoglobin is comprised of three globin molecules and one heme group per hemoglobin molecule. B. Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen. C. Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each of which contain millions of heme groups. D. Hemoglobin is comprised of two globin molecules, both with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen

B. Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic theory? A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genes that are vastly different compared to bacterial genes. B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes. C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have only a single membrane surrounding them. D. Mitochondria and chloroplasts cannot synthesize proteins.

B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system? A. make hemoglobin B. absorb nutrients C. transmit hormonal messengers throughout the body D. search out and destroy foreign substances, including viruses and bacteria E. make nitrogenous waste

B. absorb nutrients

In which of the following is the correct monomer matched with its polymer? A. fatty acid—protein B. amino acid—protein C. monosaccharide—lipid D. glycerol—carbohydrate

B. amino acid—protein

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems? A. Chloroplasts produce CO2 and H2O during photosynthesis. B. Mitochondria convert ATP molecules into glucose. C. Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules. D. Mitochondria capture solar energy and convert it to oxygen

C. Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.

Which of the following is a true statement about proteins? A. Even small changes in temperature and pH will immediately destroy a protein's shape and function. B. Proteins are used to produce ATP for the cell. C. Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together. D. Extra proteins are stored in the liver and brain.

C. Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together.

Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (an) ________ and females have (an) ________.

X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes

During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in

a diploid zygote.

Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?

alveoli

If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?

amylase and maltase

Which plant structure provides the initial capture of solar energy?

chloroplasts

The principal role for simple sugars in living organisms is to __________.

create cellular energy

During metaphase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called ________.

crossing over

T/F: An allele is a variation of a gene, usually due to small changes in the nucleotide sequence within the gene

true

T/F: Caffeine increases metabolic rate, causing more energy to be generated by cellular respiration pathways

true

T/F: DNA Replication is Semiconservative: During DNA replication, each of the strands acts as a template for the construction of a new daughter strand

true

T/F: Energy drinks contain vitamins, minerals, food additives, and stimulants.

true

T/F: Examples of chemical digestion are amylase in the saliva, hydrochloric acid in the stomach, pepsin in the stomach, and lipase in the small intestine

true

T/F: Haploid refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cells. Living organisms are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). In humans, only the egg and sperm cells are haploid.

true

T/F: The principal function of the small intestine is to break down food, absorb nutrients needed for the body, and get rid of the unnecessary components.

true

T/F: The square in the F2 generation, called a Punnett square, can help you visualize the process of meiosis. On the outer part of the square are the possible eggs and sperm cells (which are haploid), while the inner part of the square shows the possible diploid offspring.

true

T/F: The start codon (sequence AUG ) is the first codon of a messenger RNA transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon always codes for methionine

true

T/F: When the capillaries surrounding the alveoli become blocked by sickle-shaped RBCs, it can cause a condition known as acute chest syndrome

true

T/F: anemia 1-Has an impact on the ability of the cells and organs of the immune system to perform their function. 2- Individuals with sickle-cell disease are often more prone to infections, such as those from viruses and bacteria.

true

T/F:Carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy

true

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means

two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.

Lipids are different from other nutrient classes in that they __________.

will not combine with water