BIO EXAM #2 REVIEW
C6H12O6 + 6O2 à 6CO2 + 6H2O is an equation representing a) cellular respiration. b) oxidative phosphorylation. c) glycolysis. d) photosynthesis. e) oxidation of pyruvate.
a
During cellular respiration a) the energy in glucose is released in many small steps so that it can be transferred to make ATP. b) energy is created by proteins in the cytosol and mitochondria to make ATP. c) the energy in glucose is released all at once to generate heat. d) the energy in glucose is released all at once so that it can be transferred to make ATP.
a
During the oxidation of pyruvate, a) carbon dioxide, acetyl-CoA and NADH are made. b) carbon dioxide oxidizes pyruvate into glucose. c) G3P and pyruvate combine to make oxaloacetate. d) FADH2, NADH and ATP are made from the energy in pyruvate. e) CoA, NAD and ADP are made.
a
Each amino acid can be represented by a one letter code. The amino acids represented by R, H, D, E and K have electrically charged side chains. The amino acids represented by A, I, L, M F have nonpolar side chains. Imagine you have identified a region on a new protein that you think is a single transmembrane region. What sequence of amino acids would best support your hypothesis that you have identified a transmembrane alpha helix? a) AFIIFALLFAALAAFIFF b) KHRDFKRHDRHRDEKEDF c) HRDEKEDFKAHKEDRRDD d) DEDEDRHKKDEKKRDEKK e) RHDFDHKEKHRDFKRHDR
a
If you put a typical cell into a hypertonic solution, then the cell would a) shrink. b) stay the same size and osmolarity. swell. c) stay the same size, but increase in osmolarity. d) stay the same size, but decrease in osmolarity.
a
If you put red blood cell into a hypotonic solution, the red blood cell will a) swell because water will enter the cell by osmosis. b) shrink because water will leave the cell by osmosis. c) stay the same volume. d) swell because that is what red blood cells normally do. e) shrink because water will enter the cell by osmosis.
a
Imagine the figure showing the energy for a catalyzed and unanalyzed reaction. Relative to the uncatalyzed reaction without the enzyme, the catalyzed reaction will a) have a lower activation energy. b) be endergonic. c) have a different free energy (ΔG). d) have competitive inhibition. e) have a slower reaction rate.
a
In osmosis the water moves towards the a) higher solute concentration. b) inside of the plasma membrane. c) lower solute concentration. d) inside of the organelles. e) outside of the plasma membrane.
a
Pepsin functions in the stomach that has a pH of 2.5; and trypsin functions in the small intestine that has a pH of 6.5. You have an unlabeled vial, and you know it is either trypsin or pepsin, and you determine the reaction rate under different conditions to determine which one it probably is. If the vial contains pepsin, which result below would you expect to find? a) The rate of the reaction is fastest at a pH of 2.5. b) The rate of the reaction is fastest at a pH of 6.5. c) The rate of the reaction is fastest at a temperature of 72 degrees Celsius. d) The rate of the reaction is fastest at a temperature of 36 degrees Celsius. e) The rate of the reaction does not depend on temperature or pH.
a
The boundary of the matrix of a mitochondrion is created by a) the inner membrane b) the thylakoids c) the outer membrane d) cytosol e) the intermembrane space
a
The final product of a series of reactions binds to an enzyme at a place other than the active site. This binding changes the shape of the enzyme, which makes the reactant (substrate) unable to bind to the enzyme. This describes an example of a) allosteric inhibition. b) competitive activation. c) an endergonic reaction. d) allosteric activation. e) competitive inhibition.
a
The nucleus of eukaryotic cells a) contains the DNA of the cells. b) contains the nucleoids. c) is where proteins that will be secreted from cells are synthesized. d) is where water is nucleated as it combines with carbon dioxide to make glucose using light energy. e) is where proteins that are denatured and no longer functional are broken down.
a
The purpose of cellular respiration is to a) transfer the energy from glucose to ATP. b) make mitochondria. c) make pyruvate from glucose. d) transfer information from the nucleus to the inner membrane of the mitochondria. e) get oxygen into the body.
a
Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have a) membrane-bound organelles. b) cell walls of peptidoglycans. c) ribosomes. d) plasma membranes. e) a single circular chromosome.
a
When the final product of a chain of reactions allosterically inhibits one of the enzymes earlier in the pathway, then a) less final product will be produced. b) even more product is produced. c) it is positive feedback. d) more of the substrate for the final reaction will accumulate. e) medical intervention will be required to reactivate the inhibited enzyme.
a
Which of the following is the best definition of a type of protein found in membranes? a) Transporter proteins allow molecules to cross the membrane. b) Cell-to-cell adhesion proteins catalyze reactions. c) Cell surface identity marker proteins send signals across membranes when the ligand binds. d) Cell surface receptors enable two cells to stick to each other. e) Enzymes uniquely label the type of cell.
a
Which of the following pairs correctly pairs the type of microscope you would use to the biological question? a) Scanning electron microscope - What is the shape of the bacteria in a sample? b) Transmission electron microscope - How fast does a flagellum spin? c) The unaided eye - What is the shape of cellular organelles? d) A light microscope - What is the shape of the protein lactase? e) A light microscope - Where are ribosomes located in plant cells?
a
An endergonic reaction a) has a negative change in free energy (ΔG). b) has more energy in its products than in its reactants. c) has more energy in its reactants than in its products. d) cannot be catalyzed by enzymes. e) releases energy.
b
By size, a human is to a frog egg (largish cell) like a frog egg is to a(n) a) human, which can be seen with the unaided eye. b) organelle, which can be seen with a light or electron microscope. c) protein, which can be seen with an electron microscope. d) hydrogen atom, which is too small to be seen with an electron microscope. e) amino acid, which can be seen with an electron microscope.
b
Chloroplasts... a) are found predominantly in cells from multicellular animals. b) contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis. c) lack DNA of their own because the DNA is in the plant cell nuclei. d) have thylakoids that surround the inner membrane. e) keep plants from wilting by filling with more water by osmosis to keep the cells turgid.
b
During the oxidation of pyruvate a) NAD is made from NADH. b) carbon dioxide is released. c) ATP is made directly. d) FADH2 is made directly. e) pyruvate is oxidized to oxaloacetate.
b
Evidence in support of endosymbiosis for the evolutionary origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria includes... a) the lack of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts. b) the fact that both mitochondria and chloroplasts process energy in cells. c) in plants the chloroplasts make the glucose that provides the energy that mitochondria help convert to ATP for cells. d) the presence of circular, prokaryotic-like DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts. e) the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts in all three domains of life, archaea, bacteria and eukarya.
b
If you activate a fatty acid desaturase in a bacterium, the result would be a) membranes that are less fluid. b) more double bonds in the fatty acids. c) more hydrogen atoms on each fatty acid. d) phospholipids that are packed more tightly. e) the bacterium would get colder.
b
Ligand X is not an ion, and has a higher concentration inside a cell than outside the cell. In passive transport of ligand X across the plasma membrane a) Ligand X and ligand Z will move into the cell together on an antiporter. b) Ligand X will move from inside to outside the cell. c) Ligand X will move from outside to inside. d) ATP is used to change the affinity of a carrier for ligand X. e) ATP is used to change the conformation (shape) of the carrier protein.
b
Plants and protists have cell walls made of ______________. a) phospholipid bilayers b) chitin c) proteoglycans d) cellulose e) plasma membranes
b
The activation energy a) is the energy released from an exergonic reaction. b) is the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. c) is the change in the energy released by an exergonic reaction when you add an enzyme. d) is the energy released from an endergonic reaction. e) is the energy of motion.
b
The best way to see where DNA is in a tissue would be to a) slice the tissue and look at the tissue with a magnifying glass. b) slice the tissue, label with a fluorescent dye that binds DNA and look at the tissue with a light microscope. c) slice the tissue, label it with heavy metals and look at the tissue with a light microscope. d) keep the cells intact, label with heavy metals, and look at the tissue with a scanning electron microscope. e) keep the cells intact, label with a fluorescent dye that binds DNA, and look at the tissue with just your eyes, not any special lenses.
b
The inner membranes of mitochondria a) are where photosynthesis takes place. b) are where glycolysis takes place. c) are where the proteins of the electron transport chain are located. d) are unusual in that they are not lipid bilayers. e) are where glucose is converted directly to carbon dioxide.
b
The purpose of cellular respiration is to a) make pyruvate from glucose. b) transfer the energy from glucose to ATP. c) make mitochondria. d) transfer information from the nucleus to the inner membrane of the mitochondria. e) get oxygen into the body.
b
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of a) a symporter for facilitated diffusion. b) an antiporter for active transport. c) a uniporter for active transport. d) a symporter for passive transport. e) an antiporter for facilitated diffusion.
b
There is an enzyme. Molecule Q binds to the enzyme's active site and blocks the enzyme's activity. This is an example of a) competitive activation. b) competitive inhibition. c) allosteric activation. d) allosteric inhibition.
b
Usually as carbon dioxide is released during cellular respiration a) it is exchanged for oxygen. b) NADH is synthesized. c) FADH2 is synthesized. d) acetyl-CoA is converted to CoA. e) substrate-level ATP is made from ADP.
b
Which of the following does NOT happen during glycolysis? a) ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose b) FADH2 is made from FAD c) ATP is made from ADP and Pi d) NADH is made from NAD+ e) glucose is lysed into two three-carbon molecules
b
Which of the following is a list of the phases of cellular respiration in the logical order as a molecule of glucose is processed? a) electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle b) glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis c) pyruvate oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, Krebs cycle d) Krebs cycle, pyruvate oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis e) glycolysis, electron transport chain, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, chemiosmosis
b
Which of the following is the smallest? a) a human b) an organelle c) a protein d) a macromolecule, like DNA e) an amino acid
b
Which of the following pairs correctly matches the type of microscope you would use to answer the biological question? a) Scanning electron microscope - How fast does a flagellum spin? b) Transmission electron microscope - What is the shape of cellular organelles? c) The unaided eye - What is the shape of the membranes in a chloroplast? d) A light microscope - What is the shape of the protein lactase? e) A light microscope - Where are ribosomes located in plant cells?
b
Which of the following would have a cell wall that contains cellulose, but not chitin or proteoglycans? a) a bacterial cell b) a plant cell c) an animal cell d) the cells of fungi e) a prokaryote
b
Which of the following would you find in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a) mitochondria b) ribosomes c) lysosomes d) circular chromosomes e) nucleoids
b
You have a U-shaped tube with a semipermeable membrane across the interior of the tube at the bottom of the U. The membrane separates the U into a left and right side. The membrane is only permeable to water. You pour equal volumes of aqueous solutions in the left and right sides, but the solution on the right has four times more glucose than the solution on the left. You wait then measure the height of the water in the left and right sides. You expect to see a) a higher water level on the left than on the right, due to the diffusion of glucose. b) a higher water level on the right than on the left, due to osmosis. c) equal water levels on the right and left, due to the second law of thermodynamics. d) a higher water level on the left than on the right, due to tonicity. e) a higher water level on the right than on the left, due to exergonic reactions
b
You have a U-shaped tube with a semipermeable membrane across the interior of the tube at the bottom of the U. The membrane separates the U into a left and right side. The membrane is only permeable to water. You pour equal volumes of aqueous solutions in the left and right sides, but the solution on the right has four times more glucose than the solution on the left. You wait then measure the height of the water in the left and right sides. You expect to see a) a higher water level on the left than on the right, due to the diffusion of glucose. b) a higher water level on the right than on the left, due to osmosis. c) equal water levels on the right and left, due to the second law of thermodynamics. d) a higher water level on the left than on the right, due to tonicity. e) a higher water level on the right than on the left, due to exergonic reactions.
b
A cell has a one type of protein in the plasma membrane. This type of protein has high affinity for calcium on the intracellular side. Phosphate from ATP binds when calcium binds on the intracellular side; binding calcium and phosphate causes the protein to change shape so the calcium is now facing the extracellular side and the affinity for calcium and phospate is low. When calcium is not bound (is released) the protein returns to have the calcium binding sites face the intracellular side. What will happen to the concentration of calcium in this cell when the protein is active? a) the concentration of calcium will increase inside the cell as long as there is ATP available. b) the concentration of calcium will increase inside the cell whether or not there is ATP available. c) the concentration of calcium will decrease inside the cell as long as there is ATP available. d) the concentration of calcium will decrease inside the cell whether or not there is ATP available. e) the concentration of calcium will stay the same.
c
ATP a) is good for storing energy for a long time. b) has only low energy bonds. c) breakdown to ADP can be coupled to many types of endergonic reactions in cells. d) used as an energy source is a completely different molecule than the ATP in DNA and RNA. e) contains three ribose functional groups, three phosphate groups and two fatty acids.
c
Although the correct answer may have components left out, which of the following correctly lists parts of a mitochondrion from outside to inside? a) outer membrane, matrix, inner membrane, innermembrane space b) matrix, outer membrane, cristae, inner membrane, intermembrane space c) outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, matrix d) outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, matrix e) inner membrane, matrix, outer membrane, innermembrane space
c
An endergonic reaction a) releases energy. b) is the same as an exergonic reaction plus an enzyme that lowers the activation energy. c) has more energy in the products than in the reactants. d) breaks bonds. e) makes smaller molecules from large molecules.
c
Cellular respiration is important because it is how a) mitochondria get into cells. b) cells make glucose for energy. c) cells convert stored energy to ATP. d) cells make proteins. e) oxygen gets to the cells from the air.
c
Each amino acid can be represented by a one letter code. The amino acids represented by R, H, D, E and K have electrically charged side chains. The amino acids represented by A, I, L, M and F have nonpolar side chains. Imagine you have identified a region on a new protein that you think is a single transmembrane region. What sequence of amino acids would best support your hypothesis that you have identified a transmembrane alpha helix? a) DEDEDRHKKDEKKRDEKK b) RHDFDHKEKHRDFKRHDR c) AFFAFALLFAALAAFAFF d) HRDEKEDFKAHKEDRRDD e) KHRDFKRHDRHRDEKEDF
c
Evidence supports the theory of endosymbiosis, which is that a) proteins and phospholipids work symbiotically with proteins in a fluid mosaic. b) all current cells evolved from a common ancestor cell. c) chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved when one cell phagocytosed another. d) endergonic reactions work symbiotically with exergonic reactions. e) the DNA in the nucleus directs eukaryotic cells to make chloroplasts and mitochondria from the plasma membrane as each cell develops.
c
For each molecule of glucose, during glycolysis a) one molecule of carbon dioxide is released. b) two molecules of carbon dioxide are released. c) two molecules of pyruvate are made. d) one acetyl group is added to citrate. e) one molecule of oxaloacetate is made.
c
For each molecule of glucose, during glycolysis there is net production of a) no NADH, two molecules of ATP, and no FADH2. b) one molecule of NADH, and no ATP or FADH2. c) one molecule of NADH, two molecules of ATP and no FADH2. d) six molecules of NADH, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of FADH2. e) three molecules of NADH, one molecule of ATP and one molecule of FADH2.
c
Glycolysis produces high energy molecules. Considering both the ATP used and produced, glycolysis of one molecule of glucose produces a net total of a) 4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2 b) 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 c) 2 ATP and 2 NADH d) 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 e) 4 ATP and 2 NADH
c
Imagine you are testing the fluid mosaic model, and you are able to add a red dye to the phospholipids in one small patch on the plasma membrane of a cell and to watch what happens over time. Which of the following observations is consistent with the fluid mosaic model? a) The red patch stays exactly the same size and position throughout the experiment. b) At the end of the experiment, the cell has a mixture of red and blue dye throughout the plasma membrane. c) At the end of the experiment, there is dimmer red label throughout the plasma membrane, not in one patch. d) At the end of the experiment, the red dye has moved into the lumen of the nucleus. e) At the end of the experiment, the red dye has moved into the cytoplasm of the cell.
c
In coupled transport a) Energy in the phosphate bond of ATP is released by the transporter to provide energy for the transport. b) Sodium moves from the intracellular to the extracellular space. c) the energy of one concentration gradient is used to move another molecule against its concentration gradient. d) the energy of ATP is coupled to the invagination of the membrane that leads to extracellular material being engulfed by the cell. e) a symporter is used to move ATP into cells and the ligand out of cells.
c
In redox reactions a) energy is destroyed. b) the molecule that is oxidized has gained electrons. c) one molecule is reduced while another is oxidized. d) an endergonic oxidation reaction is coupled to an exergonic reduction reaction. e) the molecule that is oxidized has gained energy.
c
Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach. Which of the following would slow down the catabolism of proteins in the stomach catalyzed by pepsin? a) decreasing the concentration of amino acids in the stomach b) a competitive inhibitor of pepsin c) an allosteric inhibitor of pepsin d) an allosteric activator of pepsin e) increasing the concentration of proteins in the stomach
c
The cell wall of plants is made of a) the protein desmosome. b) the protein chitin. c) the carbohydrate cellulose. d) the carbohydrate collagen. e) glycolipids.
c
The molecule ATP a) has many low energy bonds, but no high-energy bonds. b) is only essential as part of DNA and RNA in most cells, because in most cases cells can use NADH and FADH2 instead of ATP to transfer energy. c) transfers energy from one reaction to another in cells. d) has five high-energy phosphate bonds. e) is how multicellular organisms store energy long term (months).
c
The molecule ATP a) is used by most multicellular organisms to store energy for long times, like weeks. b) is the subunit (monomer) that makes polypeptides and proteins. c) transfers energy from one reaction to another in cells. d) has five high-energy phosphate bonds. e) is only essential for DNA and RNA in most cells, because in most cases cells can use other energy carriers instead of ATP.
c
The optimal pH for enzyme Q is 7.4 and the optimal temperature is 35 degrees Celcius. Enzyme Q is in a solution that has a pH of 7 and a temperature of 42 degrees Celcius. Which of the following would increase the rate of the reaction that is catalyzed by enzyme Q the most? a) decreasing the pH to 6.4 and not changing the temperature b) decreasing the pH to 6.4 and decreasing the temperature to 35 degrees c) increasing the pH to 7.4 and decreasing the temperature to 35 degrees d) decreasing the pH to 6.4 and increasing the temperature to 45 degrees e) increasing the pH and increasing the temperature to 45 degrees
c
The purpose of cellular respiration is to a) make mitochondria. b) transfer information from the nucleus to the inner membrane of the mitochondria. c) transfer the energy from glucose to ATP. d) make pyruvate from glucose. e) get oxygen into the body.
c
The purpose of cellular respiration is to a) make pyruvate from glucose. b) transfer information from the nucleus to the inner membrane of the mitochondria. c) transfer the energy from glucose to ATP. d) make mitochondria. e) get oxygen into the body.
c
When pyruvate is oxidized a) ATP is generated. b) CoA is generated. c) carbon dioxide is released. d) Three of the other answers are correct. e) NAD+ is generated.
c
Which of the following are characteristics of eukaryotic cells, but not prokaryotic cells? a) They lack organelles that are surrounded by membranes. b) They have ribosomes. c) They have multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus. d) They can generate ATP from glucose. e) Their macromolecules include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.
c
Which of the following is correctly matched with the number of carbon atoms that it contains? a) carbon dioxide, 2 b) glucose, 5 c) an acetyl group, 2 d) pyruvate, 6 e) G3P, 6
c
Which of the following would have a cell wall that contains cellulose, but not chitin or proteoglycans? a) an animal cell b) a prokaryote c) a plant cell d) the cells of fungi e) a bacterial cell
c
Which of the following would you find in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a) mitochondria b) nucleic acids c) endoplasmic reticulum d) circular chromosomes e) membrane-bound organelles
c
You label the phospholipids of one cell green and the phospholipids of another cell yellow. You fuse the two cells together and wait, then look at the fused cell under a microscope. Which result below is the strongest evidence in support of the fluid mosaic model? a) a cell that has a mixture of red and blue throughout the cell membrane b) a cell with a plasma membrane that is blue on the left side of the cell and red on the right c) a cell that has a mixture of green and yellow throughout the plasma membrane d) a cell that does not have any more green or yellow in the plasma membrane e) a cell with a plasma membrane that is green on the left side of the cell and yellow on the right
c
A protein in a plasma membrane binds to a ligand, which changes the shape of the protein. When the shape of the protein changes and sends a signal to the other side of the membrane, and this changes the function of the cell. This protein is an example of a a) Transporter protein. b) Cell-to-cell adhesion protein. c) Cell surface identity marker protein. d) Cell surface receptor. e) Channel.
d
A single human red blood cell a) is about 1 mm in diameter and is easily visible without a microscope. b) is about 10 micrometers (m) in diameter, and requires a microscope to see well. c) is about 1 micrometer (m) in diameter, and requires a microscope to see well. d) is about 10 nanometers (nm) in diameter, and requires a microscope to see well. e) is about 1 micrometer (m) in diameter, and is easily visible without a microscope.
d
A transmembrane protein that moves ligands across the membrane by binding ligands with high affinity on one side and low affinity on the other is a(n) a) ion channel. b) cell-to-cell adhesion protein. c) enzyme. d) carrier protein. e) cell-surface receptor.
d
ATP a) is how energy is stored long term because it has unstable high-energy bonds. b) is how energy is stored long term because it has stable high-energy bonds. c) being synthesized from ADP and Pi is often coupled to endergonic reactions to capture the energy released as ATP is made. d) being broken down to ADP and Pi is often coupled to endergonic reactions to transfer energy. e) is used for energy transfer in cells, and is different than the molecule represented by A in DNA.
d
Cellular respiration is important because it is the process by which living organisms a) get oxygen into the body and exhale carbon dioxide. b) catalyze reactions. c) make proteins from amino acids. d) break down larger organic molecules to make ATP. e) convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
d
Cellular respiration is important because it is the process by which living organisms a) make proteins from amino acids. b) catalyze reactions. c) get oxygen into the body and exhale carbon dioxide. d) break down larger organic molecules to make ATP. e) convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
d
During cellular respiration a) the energy in glucose is released all at once to generate heat. b) energy is created by proteins in the cytosol and mitochondria to make ATP. c) the energy in glucose is released all at once so that it can be transferred to make ATP. d) the energy in glucose is released in many small steps so that it can be transferred to make ATP.
d
During the oxidation of pyruvate a) NAD is made from NADH. b) pyruvate is oxidized to oxaloacetate. c) ATP is made directly. d) carbon dioxide is released. e) FADH2 is made directly.
d
Glycolysis a) of one glucose molecule requires a net input of six ATP molecules. b) produces ADP and NAD+. c) requires oxygen as an electron acceptor. d) makes G3P then pyruvate. e) produces glucose from pyruvate.
d
If ligand X binds to an antiporter and is moved from a lower to a higher concentration, while sodium moves down its concentration gradient that was generated by the sodium-potassium pump, then ligand X is being moved by a) osmosis. b) simple diffusion. c) direct active transport. d) indirect active transport. e) facilitated diffusion.
d
In a pair of redox reactions a) the chemical that is oxidized gains energy. b) a proton moves from the chemical that is reduced to the chemical that is oxidized. c) the chemical that is reduced loses a neutron. d) an electron moves from the chemical that is oxidized to the chemical that is reduced. e) an electron moves from the chemical that is reduced to the chemical that is oxidized.
d
In facilitated diffusion, molecules move between two compartments a) at a slower rate when there are more transport proteins in the membrane. b) at the same rate, no matter how many transport proteins are in the membrane. c) from where they are less concentrated to where they are more concentrated. d) at a maximum, saturated rate when all the transport proteins are in use. e) with the help of proteins that are changing conformation due to energy provided by ATP.
d
In glycolysis, glucose is converted to a) the intermediate G3P then pyruvate, generating FAD and NAD+. b) the intermediate G3P then pyruvate, generating ADP and NAD+. c) the intermediate pyruvate then G3P, generating ATP and NADH. d) the intermediate G3P then pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. e) the intermediate pyruvate then G3P, generating FADH2 and NADH.
d
Mitochondria a) have three lipid bilayers. b) evolved from chloroplasts. c) generate ATP directly from light. d) convert glucose to ATP. e) no longer have DNA or ribosomes of their own.
d
The human body regulates pH homeostatically so that it stays in a narrow range. If the pH in a cell suddenly increased a lot from this range, this change would a) increase the function of many of the enzymes in the cell. b) change endergonic reactions to exergonic reactions. c) have no effect on the function of the cell. d) change the shape and function of many of the enzymes in the cell. e) change exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions.
d
The space deepest in the interior of a mitochondrion (farthest from the outside of the mitochondrion) is called a) the inner membrane. b) the outer membrane. c) the intermembrane space. d) the matrix. e) the interior space.
d
What is the basic unit of all living organisms? a) the cytoplasm b) the organs c) the nucleus d) the cell e) the flagella
d
Which of the following would require an electron microscope to see it in good detail with good resolution? a) egg cells b) eukaryotic cells c) prokaryotic cells d) the membranes in mitochondria e) plant cells
d
Which of the following would require an electron microscope to see it in good detail with good resolution? a) eukaryotic cells b) plant cells c) egg cells d) the membranes in mitochondria e) prokaryotic cells
d
A cell has a flagellum with a rotor at its base that causes the flagellum to rotate instead of whipping back and forth. This cell is most likely a a) eukaryote. b) a plant cell. c) a single-celled eukaryote. d) a cell in a multicellular eukaryote. e) a prokaryote.
e
According to the first two laws of thermodynmics, a) energy cannot be converted from one form to another. b) entropy (disorder) is constant in the universe. c) the total energy in the universe is decreasing. d) energy is destroyed by reactions. e) energy is neither created or destroyed.
e
An ion binds to a transmembrane protein. The ion is transported across the membrane down its diffusion gradient. As the ion is transported the transmembrane protein changes shape to move the ion. No molecules other than the ion and the transmembrane protein are involved. In this case, the ion is moving by a) osmosis. b) symport. c) primary active transport. d) secondary active transport. e) facilitated diffusion.
e
During cellular respiration, when one molecule of pyruvate is oxidized, the three carbons end up as a) citrate. b) three molecules of carbon dioxide. c) oxaloacetate. d) one acetyl group and two molecules of carbon dioxide. e) one acetyl group and one molecule of carbon dioxide.
e
During the oxidation of pyruvate, a) G3P and pyruvate combine to make oxaloacetate. b) CoA, NAD and ADP are made. c) FADH2, NADH and ATP are made from the energy in pyruvate. d) carbon dioxide oxidizes pyruvate into glucose. e) carbon dioxide, acetyl-CoA and NADH are made.
e
Enzymes a) decrease the rate of a reaction. b) increase the free energy of a reaction. c) decrease the free energy of a reaction. d) increase the activation energy of a reaction. e) decrease the activation energy of a reaction.
e
For each molecule of glucose, during glycolysis there is net production of a) three molecules of NADH, one molecule of ATP and one molecule of FADH2. b) six molecules of NADH, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of FADH2. c) no NADH, two molecules of ATP, and no FADH2. d) one molecule of NADH, and no ATP or FADH2. e) one molecule of NADH, two molecules of ATP and no FADH2.
e
Glycolysis a) produces ADP and NAD+. b) of one glucose molecule requires a net input of six ATP molecules. c) produces glucose from pyruvate. d) requires oxygen as an electron acceptor. e) makes G3P then pyruvate.
e
If an ion binds to a transmembrane protein and is transported across the membrane down its diffusion gradient by the transmembrane protein changing shape with no other molecules involved, then the ion is moving by a) osmosis. b) simple diffusion. c) direct active transport. d) indirect active transport. e) facilitated diffusion.
e
Ligand X is not an ion, and has a higher concentration inside a cell than outside the cell. In passive transport of ligand X across the plasma membrane a) Ligand X will move from outside to inside. b) Ligand X and ligand Z will move into the cell together on an antiporter. c) ATP is used to change the conformation (shape) of the carrier protein. d) ATP is used to change the affinity of a carrier for ligand X. e) Ligand X will move from inside to outside the cell.
e
The sodium-potassium ATPase proteins in plasma membranes a) have higher affinity for sodium when the sodium binding sites are on the extracellular side. b) are symporters. c) transport sodium into cells and potassium out of cells. d) are channels that are selectively permeable to the cations sodium and potassium. e) use ATP to move sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients.
e
When an allosteric ligand binds to a protein a) the protein stays the same shape. b) the protein is activated. c) the protein is inhibited. d) it is converted to the product of the reaction. e) the protein changes shape.
e
When an enzyme couples an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction, then a) the energy from the endergonic reaction can be transferred to drive the exergonic reaction. b) heat provides all of the energy to drive the endergonic reaction. c) all the energy is released as heat. d) both reactions become exergonic. e) the energy from the exergonic reaction can be transferred to drive the endergonic reaction.
e
When the final product of a chain of reactions allosterically inhibits one of the enzymes earlier in the pathway, then a) it is positive feedback. b) even more product is produced. c) more of the substrate for the final reaction will accumulate. d) medical intervention will be required to reactivate the inhibited enzyme. e) less final product will be produced.
e
Which of the following are characteristics of prokaryotic cells, but not eukaryotic cells? a) They have ribosomes. b) Their macromolecules include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. c) They have organelles that are surrounded by membranes. d) They have chromatin in the nucleus. e) They lack membrane-bound organelles.
e
Which of the following does NOT happen during glycolysis? a) ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose b) ATP is made from ADP and Pi c) glucose is lysed into two three-carbon molecules d) NADH is made from NAD+ e) FADH2 is made from FAD
e
Which of the following does NOT happen during glycolysis? a) NADH is made from NAD+ b) glucose is lysed into two three-carbon molecules c) ATP is made from ADP and Pi d) ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose e) FADH2 is made from FAD
e
Which of the following is a list of the phases of cellular respiration in the logical order as a molecule of glucose is processed? a) Krebs cycle, pyruvate oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis b) electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle c) glycolysis, electron transport chain, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, chemiosmosis d) pyruvate oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, Krebs cycle e) glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis
e
______________ convert energy from the sun into ___________ energy in glucose. a) Heterotrophs, kinetic b) Homotrophs, kinetic c) Autotrophs, kinetic d) Heterotrophs, potential e) Photoautotrophs, potential
e