bio exam 3

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All genetically modified organisms are transgenic. true or false

false

Which of the following is only true of RNA, but not DNA? A) Adenine pairs with uracil. B) Guanine pairs with cytosine. C) The backbone is made up of alternating 5-carbon sugars and phosphate groups. D) It is comprised of nucleotides.

A) Adenine pairs with uracil.

How does climate change affect earth's oceans? A) The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals. B) The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more basic environment, leading to a decrease in overall productivity. C) As levels of carbon in the atmosphere increase, the amount of carbon in the ocean decreases proportionately. D) Excess carbon in the atmosphere is absorbed by the ocean, which directly increases ocean temperature.

A) The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals.

occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of the influenza virus. This is an example of ________. A) antigenic drift B) antigenic shift C) artificial selection D) the founder effect

A) antigenic drift

Antigens are A) foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors, leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes. B) proteins produced by virus-infected cells that stimulate an immune response. C) chemicals that enhance all lymphatic organs. D) proteins produced by plasma cells that stimulate the clotting of blood.

A) foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors, leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes.

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels? A) human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation B) photosynthesis C) respiration from the earth's many living organisms D) normal fluctuations in the natural levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

A) human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation

Over the past several decades, the overall trend for earth's temperatures has been A) increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming. B) cyclical periods of warming and cooling, known as global climate change. C) a gentle trend towards colder winters and hotter summers, which averages out to be very little overall global temperature changes. D) decreases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global cooling.

A) increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming.

Which of the following acts as a carbon source within the carbon cycle? A) respiration from humans and animals B) photosynthesis by plants C) the harvesting of fossil fuel from within the earth D) release of carbon dioxide into the air by the ocean

A) respiration from humans and animals

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ________ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the ________ of the chloroplast. A) thylakoid; stroma B) stroma; thylakoid C) thylakoid; outer membrane D) stroma; outer membrane

A) thylakoid; stroma

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called ________. A) antigenic drift B) antigenic shift C) the founder effect D) artificial selection

B) antigenic shift

Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ________ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned A) oxygen B) carbon C) nitrogen D) phosphorus

B) carbon

Climate can best be described as A) the temperature and rainfall of a specific area over the course of a year. B) the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time. C) how hot or cold a location is based on its altitude. D) how hot or cold a location is based on its distance from the equator.

B) the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time.

Small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can be manipulated in developing GMOs are known as A. genes B. plasmids C. ribosomes D. vesicles

B. plasmids

...............................act as an alarm to the organ systems of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present. A) uracil. B) Guanine C) Cytokines D) nucleotides.

C) Cytokines

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection? A) It acts on genotypes rather than phenotypes. B) It assures the survival of every individual. C) On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics. D) It always selects for more complex forms.

C) On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics.

A product of photosynthesis, ________ is a carbon-based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms. A) oxygen B) sucrose C) glucose D) All of the answer choices are correct.

C) glucose

In the ........................... cycle, following penetration into the cell, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA. the virus remains inactive (or latent). A) lytic B) lysozyme C) lysogenic D) retroviral

C) lysogenic

Getting a flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu. True False

False

Flavr-savr tomatoes were the first GMO that were approved by the FDA for human consumption. True False

true

Which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions? A) The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules. B) The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and convert it to glucose. C) The light-dependent reactions use energy to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrate molecules. D) The light-dependent reactions convert high-energy molecules into carbohydrates.

A) The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules.

All viruses are made up of two components. What are they? A) a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA B) RNA and DNA C) a plasma membrane and DNA within a nucleus D) fiber proteins that extend from the body of the virus and one or more tails that are used for locomotion

A) a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on A) core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains. B) H spikes as they mutate rapidly, allowing for more chances for the vaccine to work. C) viral tails because they exist in all flu viruses and do not mutate often. D) N spikes because they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.

A) core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body? A) epithelial cells lining the respiratory system B) epithelial cells on the skin's surface C) osteoclasts within bone cells D) red blood cells that are exposed through breaks in the skin

A) epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

Which process best describes how viruses may originate in animals and eventually be transmitted to humans, causing outbreaks? A) evolution B) asexual reproduction C) conjugation D) denaturation

A) evolution

The World Health Organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered A. in a way that would not occur in nature. B. through a mating process. C. through natural recombination. D. All of the answer choices are correct.

A. in a way that would not occur in nature.

Genetically modified bacteria can be used in biotechnology to produce A.pharmaceutical compounds. B. plants that are protected from insects. C.biofuels. D.organic compounds.

A. pharmaceutical compounds

As global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen? A) Sea surface temperatures and ocean heat content decrease. B) Glaciers and snow coverage decrease. C) Extreme weather events decrease. D) Temperatures and humidity decrease.

B) Glaciers and snow coverage decrease.

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season? A) The vaccination cannot contain enough preservatives to last in the body longer than a year. B) The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains. C) The flu virus can become latent, meaning it can hide from the immune system within the body, so new vaccinations are important to allow for continuing immunity. D) The vaccination does not contain enough antigens to create a lasting immune response, so boosters are required every year.

B) The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

What do all greenhouse gases have in common? A) They all precipitate as acid rain. B) They have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy. C) They are present in extremely large concentrations in the atmosphere. D) They have simple structures and allow infrared energy to pass through the atmosphere to warm the earth.

B) They have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy.

Giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are nonliving things. What characteristic do giant viruses possess that make scientists think twice about their classification? A) They are large in size, similar to prokaryotic cells. B) They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell. C) They have the ability to reproduce independently without a host cell. D) They have the ability to form conglomerates of virus particles that work together, similar to how groups of cells work together as tissues.

B) They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell.

................................is any substance that produces a specific immune response by the body. Antigens are usually proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. A) Ribosome B) antigen C) Antibody D) maturation

B) antigen

By genetically engineering pigs, scientists are investigating ways to A. produce pharmaceutical compounds in their meat B. provide organs for human transplants. C. treat cystic fibrosis. D. increase the nutritional value of food.

B. provide organs for human transplants.

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the ________ cycle. A) lysogenic B) lysozyme C) lytic D) retroviral

C) lytic

Which of the following are greenhouse gases? A) carbon dioxide and oxygen B) oxygen and methane C) methane and carbon dioxide D) nitrogen and carbon dioxide

C) methane and carbon dioxide

Which of the following best explains the difference between selective breeding and genetic engineering? A.Selective breeding manipulates the DNA of animals and plants, whereas genetic engineering manipulates the DNA of bacteria and fungi. B. Genetic engineering has been going on for thousands of years, whereas selective breeding began in 1972. C. Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating the DNA of organisms, whereas selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present variation and the process of sexual reproduction. D.Selective breeding is the process of locating a specific gene in one organism, whereas genetic engineering is the process that retrieves and inserts the gene into another organism.

C. Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating the DNA of organisms, whereas selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present variation and the process of sexual reproduction.

The modern era of genetic manipulation began when scientists first learned how to insert genes into A. frogs. B. roundworms. C. bacteria. D. sheep.

C. bacteria.

Wheat plants have been modified to increase the rate of photosynthesis to decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere in response to the global concern of A. All of the answer choices are correct. B.the growth of the human population C.climate change. D.pest management.

C. climate change.

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things? A) All living things photosynthesize. B) All living things are made up of single cell. C) All living things are made up of multiple cells. D) All living things maintain a constant internal environment.

D) All living things maintain a constant internal environment

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks? A) oceans B) fossil fuels deep underground C) the atmosphere D) All of the answer choices are correct.

D) All of the answer choices are correct

How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming? A) Greenhouse gases absorb solar energy and re-emit it into space before it can reach the earth's surface. B) Infrared energy from space is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere, which then re-emit the heat toward the surface of the earth, causing the climate to warm. C) Greenhouse gases block solar energy from entering the lower level of the atmosphere. D) Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.

D) Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.

The activities of macrophages A) are part of the specific response against disease. B) stimulate lymphocytes to carry on specific immunity. C) stimulate phagocytic neutrophils. D) are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils.

D) are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils.

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction? A) penetration, attachment, integration, biosynthesis, maturation, release B) endocytosis, uncoating, maturation, and release C) penetration, fusion, biosynthesis, maturation, and release D) attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

D) attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

Which of these is the best description of a virus? A) a noncellular living organism B) the smallest bacteria known C) a member of the kingdom Virusae D) chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

D) chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

The greenhouse effect A) will lead to decreased sea levels. B) decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. C) increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. D) is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere.

D) is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere.

Global climate change is acccelerating the development of GMOs to A. decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. B. produce plants that can withstand a change in salinity. C. produce plants that can withstand drought. D. All of the answer choices are correct.