Bio exam 4

Both __________and _______ are used during photosynthesis to help make glucose and are produced during the breakdown of glucose that occurs during cellular respiration.

H2O, CO2

What does the breakdown of sugar require to break chemical bonds in order to produce Atp?

input of energy

If you were to step on a nail with your right foot, what would happen?

1. Sensory input from your right foot would be processed in your central nervous system. 2. Motor output would travel to both of your legs 3. The thalamus switchboard between the midbrain and forebrain would filter the sensory input that is entering your brain.

three stages of cellular respiration (in order)

1. glycolysis, 2. the Krebs cycle, 3. oxidative phosphorylation.

The first law of thermodynamics states that

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

What is the "Cloaca"?

Machine that models how a human eats, digests, and poop their food

what accurately distinguishes tissues from organs?

Organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.

What is increased by the action of chewing food in the mouth?

The surface area.

What does the liver produce to help digest fats?

bile

Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis in plants?

chloroplasts

What does the small intestine do?

completes digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and acids absorbs nutrients

The branched structures on a nerve cell that receive information are called

dendrites

Which sensory receptor type is NOT found in humans?

magnoreceptor

The sensory receptor types that provide information about body position and balance to help you coordinate your dance moves are

mechanoreceptors

What is the pathway that food takes in the human body?

mouth --> esophagus --> stomach --> small intestines --> large intestines --> anus

In the reaction 6 CO2 + 6 H2O à C6H12O6 + 6 O2 , the 6 CO2 molecules are some of the

reactants

Approximately how long are your intestines?

26 feet

The molecule ________ is produced to store energy and is broken down in order to use that energy for cellular processes.

ATP

How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis?

By controlling and regulating body temperature

The ___________occurs in the chloroplast while the_______________occurs in the mitochondria.

Calvin Cycle; Krebs Cycle

How do living systems "know" the appropriate temperature or water content within that system?

Organisms have a genetically predetermined set point that must be internally maintained.

Which of the following represents the correct order of steps in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

PS II, ETC I, PS I, ETC II

What is the importance of photosynthesis to organisms other than plants?

Photosynthesis captures energy that other organisms access when they eat either plants or organisms that eat plants.

What are 2 products of respiration?

Water and carbon dioxide

What do tissues consist of that work together to perform a common function?

a group cells

During blood clotting, a broken blood vessel triggers a cascade of factors that collectively reduce blood loss. In this example, the clotting factors are functioning as part of

a positive feed back loop

How did the first multicellular organisms, the Ediacaran's, eat?

absorbed food from the water column across their cell membranes

What is the ancient digestive secret that is essential for digestion in nearly all organisms?

bacteria

What does the stomach do with food?

begins protein digestion, mechanically breaks down food into smaller particles, stores food temporarily.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration cycle the element __________ through the environment. When a plant does photosynthesis, it takes this element from the air and produces sugars. When animals conduct cellular respiration, they break down sugars and exhale a gas that contains this element.

carbon

What do the axons do after they pick up the signals?

carry them away from the nerve cell body.

Metabolic reactions that break down complex molecules into smaller compounds, thereby releasing usable energy for the cell, are best described as

catabolic

sugar + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + ATP. In this equation, the arrow represents

cellular respiration.

When eating dessert, you notice the sweetness of sugar when ________ are stimulated.

chemoreceptors

The sensory receptors found in humans are

chemoreceptors mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the pathway that a signal travels in a neuron?

dendrite to cell body to axon

The hormone-producing tissues of animals make up the ________ system.

endocrine

What does every organism need to survive?

energy

When ATP breaks down into ADP and a phosphate group,

energy is released and can power cellular activities.

The energy required for life processes must be extracted from an organism's

environment

Why does the finger-like villi increase the surface area?

for nutrient absorption in the small intenstine

After absorbing the remaining minerals, what does the large intestine do?

forms water and feces

What do plants provide that make respiration possible?

glucose and O2.

Which step of cellular respiration occurs outside the mitochondria?

glycolysis

A given enzyme

has a special site where the products bind before the reaction begins.

What is a collection of organs?

heart, lungs, and liver

All living things must maintain____________ in order to survive

homeostasis

What solvent is used in your stomach to aid digestion?

hydrochloric acid

Dendrites collect and carry what toward the nerve cell bodies?

impulses

When food moves through your digestive system,

it enters through the mouth and then passes to the stomach, small intestine, and finally the large intestine.

The first guts likely resembled the structures we see today in which animal?

jellyfish

What are possible results of the giant asteroid that hit the Earth 65 million years ago?

large dinosaurs faced a massive food shortage and died of starvation small mammals became a dominant food source for other, smaller predators snakes evolved the means to swallow their victims whole

To conduct photosynthesis and produce the desired product, an autotroph must acquire __________ as a source of energy and __________ as a source of matter.

light ; carbon dioxide

Bile is produced in the ______ and secreted into the small intestine by the ______.

liver; gallbladder

The capture AND use of energy by living organisms involves numerous chemical reactions. Collectively these processes are known as

metabolism

what are all the likely characteristics of the earliest ancestors of animals?

microorganisms lacked mouths lacked stomachs obtained energy by engulfing other organisms

The breaking of the chemical bonds of a storage molecule transfers energy, no matter what ____________ is stored.

molecule

The first enzymes that food encounters in our body are in our

mouth

After about an hour of basking in the sun, the body temperature of the marine iguana reaches 37°C, and the animal dives into the water to feed. In the water, its body temperature rapidly drops, and the iguana must return to the rocks to warm up. This process is an example of

negative feedback

your instructor asks you to write a paragraph discussing how the mouth, stomach, and small intestines work together to process food items and provide nutrients to the body. Which level of biological organization are you studying?

organ systems

Organ systems are made up of __________, which themselves are composed of___________

organs; tissues

The circulatory system receives ________from the respiratory system and also transports __________________________ from the endocrine system to the cells.

oxygen; hormones

The advantage of chewing food is that this process

provides mechanical digestion and increases the surface area of the food for further digestion

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, indicating that the glycolytic reactions

require no oxygen

Carbon dioxide is one product of a metabolic process, which occurs in both plants and animals. This process is called

respiration

Which of the following lists the evolution of the digestive system from more simple to more complex in design?

simple tube --> proper stomach --> blind pouch

The power that moves food along your esophagus comes from

smooth muscle

The external signals and information that are received by an organism are called

stimuli

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming

sugars.

Although glucose is used by cells to produce ATP, it is ultimately_____________that provides the energy needed to make glucose through the process of photosynthesis.

sunlight

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both complementary and relatively balanced, but early history of life on Earth showed increasing oxygen concentrations. This indicates that

the amount of photosynthesis occurring exceeded the amount of cellular respiration.

Which organ system works with the respiratory system to deliver gases and the endocrine system to deliver hormones?

the circulatory system

Insulin is a protein hormone that helps cells use glucose. In type 1 diabetes, insulin-making cells in the pancreas are attacked and destroyed. This is an example of

the endocrine, digestive, circulatory, and immune systems affecting one another.

Food passing through our digestive tract would contain the fewest nutrients when it reaches which of the following organs?

the large intestine

What is credited for greatly improving the quality of the animal diet over history, particularly for humans?

the use of fire to cook food

Which of the following was the best piece of evidence that scientists used to conclude that the first multicellular organisms were early animals and not early plants?

their dark environment

What are characteristics of snake (such as a constrictor) feeding behavior?

they fast for weeks, months, or even years between meals they store up energy between meals to fuel their metabolism they extend the length of their microvilli to expand the surface area of the small intestines

How have ruminants solved the problem with digesting grass?

they have a four chamber stomach

What do chloroplasts contain?

thylakoids and chlorophyll

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, how is oxygen made?

when H2O molecules are split to generate electrons

Which traits do modern birds (like chickens) ultimately have in common with dinosaurs?

"warm-blooded" metabolism hollow bones muscular gizzard

Any chemical reaction that uses ATP to build cellular components is

anabolic

Which of the following parts of a neuron is responsible for transmitting a signal to another cell?

axon