BIO EXAM FINAL multiple choices from previous exams + chapters 23/24/25 study guide questions
How many ATPs can come from substrate level phosphorylation during glycolysis
2
With a villi or microvilli it would be more difficult for an individual to
Absorb enough nutrients
When the terminal phosphate is cut off ATP what is form
Adenosine diphosphate
The liver functions to
All of these
Someone who has eaten a meal or butter toast cream and eggs which of the following would you expect to happen
All of these are true
Chemical reactions I combine simple molecules and monomers to form complex structures are known as
Anabolism
Carbohydrates
Are converted to glucose for transport in the blood
Stefan has a family history of diabetes type two he knows you should reduce the amount of sugar is in his diet but is not sure how to go about it what is some advice you might give him
Avoid jams and jellies
Which of the following is not likely to be present in gastric juice
Bile
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following To occur
Bile would be released from the gallbladder
Mucin in saliva is used to
Binds the food into a bolus
if the stomach lining lacks mucus it will not efficiently absorb nutrients and can result in a) acid reflex b) heartburn c) an ulcer d) chyme
C) an ulcer
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins
Eggs milk yogurt meat and fish
Which of the following is not a function of the large intestine
Emulsified lipids
During the process of swallowing the
Epiglottis closes the trachea
Proteins must be ingested in order to obtain
Essential amino acids
A diet high in fiber may contribute to a lower chance of heart disease because
Fiber absorbs cholesterol
Which of the following correctly ranks the following food groups in order from most to least amount to be consumed each day
Fruits grains meats oil's
Which of the following is not a function of the liver
Glucogon
Select the correct statement about absorption
If intact proteins are transported across the Villus epithelium
What hormone stimulates glycogenesis
Insulin
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs
Intrinsic factor
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?
Intrinsic factor
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the large intestine
Longer than the small intestine
Lipids
Maybe used to make certain hormones and vitamin D
Which types of cheese are you through eating plant materials
Molars and incisors
All of the following increases surface area of the small intestine for absorption except
Mucous glands
Which of the following best defines cellular respiration
Oxidation
Which of the following is in the correct order for protein digestion?
Pepsin peptides peptidase amino acids
Chief cells
Produce Pepsinogen
thyroid hormones
Promote glycolysis
The process of chewing includes all of following actions except
Release of HCI
The process that releases digestive enzymes into the stomach or small intestine is
Secretion
The greatest amount of nutrition absorption takes place in the
Small intestine
This layer of the G.I. tract is composed of Arial or connective tissue that binds the mucus to the muscularis
Sub Macosa
Which layer of the digestive tract contains blood and lymph vessels and nerve endings
Sub Macosa
Humans are omnivores as shown by the type of
Teeth they have
Oxidation is
The removal of electrons
white blood cells differ from red blood cells in, that white blood cells a) defend the body from disease b) do not have a nucleus c) are more numerous d) adding hemoglobin to blood
a
a genetic defect in the epithelial cells of the vili can result in which situation?
a decrease in the ability to digest peptides and sugars
Hyperthyroidism during adulthood can produce which of the following disorders? a) Grave's disease b) Hypoglycemia c) Cushing's syndrome d) Myxedema
a) Grave's disease
Which of the following would NOT be a direct function of a hormone? a) Production of ATP b) regulates metabolism c) regulates gandular secretions d) controls growth and development
a) Production of ATP
which wave in an electrocardiogram reprints depolarization of the ventricles? a) QRS wave b) T wave c) S wave d) P wave
a) QRS wave
select the correct statement about cardiac output a) a slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction b) decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume c) if a semilunar valve were partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased d) stroke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases
a) a slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction
functions of the spleen include all of those below EXCEPT a) activation of B lymphocytes b) removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood c) storage of blood platelets d) storage of iron
a) activation of B lymphocytes
functions of the spleen include all of those below EXCEPT: a) activation of B lymphocytes b) removal of old or defective blood cells form the blood c) storage of blood platelets d) storage of iron
a) activation of B lymphocytes
functions to increase sodium reabsorption a) aldosterone b) pancreas c) thyroid d) parathyroid e) adrenal medulla f) adipocytes
a) aldosterone
which class of cells includes macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells ? a) antiigen presenting cells b) primary lymphocytes c) T cells d) RBC
a) antiigen presenting cells
the P wave of an ECG is created by the electrical activity associated with a) atrial depolarization b) atrial repolarization c) ventricular depolarization d) ventricular repolarization
a) atrial depolarization
Polycythemia is a disease characterized by an abnormally high number of red blood cells. This makes the blood thick, hard to pump, and tends to clog up the vascular system. Athletes sometimes try to mimic this by an illegal practice in an attempt to boost oxygen delivery. This practice is called a) blood doping b) leukemia c) bloodletting d) bone marrow transplant
a) blood doing
how do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? a) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure b) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure c) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin d) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
a) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
the condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is a) cardiac tamponade b) pericarditis c) fibrillation d) ectopic focus e) ischemia f) bradycardia g) congestive heart failure
a) cardiac tamponade
due to inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs a) circulatory shock b) vascular shock c) cardiogenic shock d) hypovolemic shock
a) circulatory shock
the process of ventilation is powered by a) contraction of the diaphragm & intercostal muscles b) contraction of the diPHRAGM ONLY C) MUSCLES ATTACHED TO THE RIBS ONLY D) RELAXTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM & ITERCOASTAL MUSCLES
a) contraction of the diaphragm & intercostal muscles
which statement is TRUE a) contraction of the diaphragm and costal muscles is regulated by alternate signals from the medulla b) there is no voluntary control of breathing c) breathing rate and depth are completely under voluntary control d) a person can commit succeed by holding one's breath
a) contraction of the diaphragm and costal muscles is regulated by alternate signals from the medulla
hyposecretion of the pancreas a) diabetes mellitus b) addison's disease c) graves' disease d) acromegaly e) pituitary dwarfism f) cushing's disease
a) diabetes mellitus
which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? a) direct control of the nervous system b) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis c) a change in membrane potential d) an increase in enzymatic activity
a) direct control of the nervous system
steroid hormones exert their action by a) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene b) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity c) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA d) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
a) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
an allergic condition or parasitic infection leads to an elevated number of a) eosinophils b) neutrophils c) monocytes d) lymphocytes
a) eosinophils
which sequence is correct? a) formation of thromboplastin -> prothrombin-> thrombin -> fibrinogen-> fibrin -> clot retraction b) fibrinogen-> fibrin -> clot retraction -> formation of thromboplastin -> prothrombin-> thrombin c) prothrombin-> thrombin -> formation of thromboplastin -> fibrinogen-> fibrin -> clot retraction d) formation of thromboplastin -> clot retraction -> fibrinogen-> fibrin -> prothrombin-> thrombin
a) formation of thromboplastin -> prothrombin -> thrombin -> fibrinogen -> fibrin -> clot retraction
which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis ? a) hypoxia of EPO-producing cells b) decreased tissue demand for oxygen c) an increased number of RBCs d) moving to a lower altitude
a) hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
when B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are described as being a) immunocompetent b) pluripotent stem cells c) primary lymphatic cells d) specifically promoted
a) immunocompetent
baroreceptors in the aortic arch may be responsive to which of the following? a) increased arterial pressure b) a decrease in carbon dioxide c) a decrease in oxygen levels d) an increase in oxygen levels
a) increased arterial pressure
which of the following selections lists conditions that would lead to increased stroke volume? a) increased preload, decreased after load, increased contractility b) decreased preload, increased after load, increased contractility c) increased preload, increased after load, increased contractility d) decreased preload, decreased after load, decreased contractility
a) increased preload, decreased after load, increased contractility
exhalation begins when a) inspiratory muscle relax b) diaphragm contracts c) blood circulation is the lowest d) both inspiratory muscles relax and diaphragm contracts
a) inspiratory muscle relax
first line of defense a) intact skin and mucous membranes b) inflammatory response c) immune response d) inflammatory response, skin & mucous membrane e) leukocyte chemical release or phagocytosis
a) intact skin and mucous membranes
impaired or blocked circulation a) ischemic hypoxia b) histotoxic hypoxia c) hypoxemic hypoxia d) anemic hypoxia
a) ischemic hypoxia
the second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle ? a) isovolumetric relaxation b) isovolumetric contraction c) ventricular ejection d) ventricular filling
a) isovolumetric relaxation
Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing of a body system and an endocrine contribution to that system ? a) leptin enhances appetite b) thyroid hormones promote normal development c) erythropoietin regulates the amount of oxygen carried in the blood by adjusting the number of red blood cells d) glucocorticoids depress inflammation and immune responses
a) leptin enhances appetite
the functions of regulatory T cells a) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions b) aid B cells in antibody production c) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells d) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases
a) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
which of the following is NOT a common method of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell? a) mechanical contraction b) releasing hormones c) signals from the nervous system d) chemical changes in the blood
a) mechanical contraction
the lymphatic capillaries are a) more permeable than blood capillaries b) less permeable than blood capillaries c) as permeable as blood capillaries d) completely impermeable
a) more permeable than blood capillaries
which of the following blood cells is a phagocyte? a) neutrophil b) platelet c) lymphocyte d) basophil
a) neutrophil
which of the following is a passageway for air, food, and water? a) pharynx b) larynx c) trachea d) esophagus
a) pharynx
which center is located in the pons? a) pontine respiratory group ( PRG) b) expiratory center c) inspiratory center d) pacemaker neuron center
a) pontine respiratory group ( PRG)
which of following is a protective function of blood ? a) prevention of blood loss b) maintenance of adequate fluid volume c) maintenance of normal pH in body tissue d) maintenance of body temperature
a) prevention of blood loss
if a person were to receive such a high dose of radiation that all of the cells were to die in this area, anemia would develop. That place is the a) red bone marrow b) yellow bone marrow c) thymus d) lymph nodes
a) red bone marrow
isovolumetric contraction a) refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed-off b) occurs while the AV valves are open c) occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary valves close d) occurs only in people wither valve defects
a) refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed-off
Oxytocin a) release is in response to a physical stimulation b) is an adenohypophyseal secretion c) exerts its most important effects during menstruation d) controls milk production
a) release is in response to a physical stimualtion
which of the following factors does not influence heart rate? a) skin color b) age c) gender d) body temperature
a) skin color
the direct renal mechanism alters blood volume independently of hormones via a) stimulating vasodilation b) increased filtration rate at glomerulus c) reabsorbing more water d) reducing blood volume & BP
a) stimulating vasodilation
select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells a) the entire heart contracts as a unit or it does no contract at all b) cardiac muscle cells are innervated by sympathetic & somatic nerve fibers so that the nervous system increases heart rate c) the refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle d) the influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction
a) the entire heart contracts as a unit or it does no contract at all
select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue a) the reticular connective tissue of lymph nodes contributes to cellular filtration b) T lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanently c) once a lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanently d) lymphoid macrophages secrete antibodies into the blood
a) the reticular connective tissue of lymph nodes contributes to cellular filtration
which of the following lymphatic structures is most active during childhood? a) thymus b) tonsils c) spleen d) peyer's patches
a) thymus
all of the following conditions impair coagulation except a) vascular spasm b) vitamin K deficiency c) severe hypocalcemia d) liver disease
a) vascular spasm
eupnea, normal respiratory rate & rhythm (12-15 breaths/ minutes) is set by a) ventral respiratory group b) dorsal respiratory group c) pontine respiratory centers d) phrenic nerve
a) ventral respiratory group
which of the events below does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open? a) ventricles are in diastole b) blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta c) AV valves are closed d) ventricles are in systole
a) ventricles are in diastole
Which of the choices below is a type of hormone that acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream? 1) local hormone 2) paracrine 3) autocrine 4) circulating hormone a) 1 only b) 2 only c) both 3 and 4 d) both 1 and 2
b) 2 only
which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures in the cardiac action potential conducting system? a) purkinje fibers, AV node, right and left bundle branches, SA node, bundle of His b) SA node, AV node, bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers c) AV node, SA node, bundle of His, purkinje fibers, right and left bundle branches d) SA node, bundle of His, AV node, purkinje fibers, right and left bundle branches
b) SA node, AV node, bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers
which is a type of lymphocyte that forms in the bone marrow but matures in the thymus gland? a) lymphoma b) T cell c) B cell d) leukotriene
b) T cell
select the correct statement about active and passive immunity a) the antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism b) active and passive humoral immunity both depend on antibodies c) immunological memory is established by passive immunization d) a vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body
b) active and passive humoral immunity both depend on antibodies
hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex a) diabetes mellitus b) addison's disease c) graves' disease d) acromegaly e) pituitary dwarfism f) cushing's disease
b) addison's disease
which of the following breakdown products from hemoglobin can be reused by other cells for protein synthesis? a) heme b) amino acids c) biliverdin d) iron
b) amino acids
which of the following blood cells release granules that intensify the inflammatory response and promote hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions? a) eosinophil b) basophil c) lymphocyte d) neutrophil
b) basophil
during the period of ventricular filling a) pressure in the heat is at its peak b) blood flows passively through the atria & open AV valves into ventricles c) the atria remain in diastole d) the P wave appears on the ECG
b) blood flows passively through the atria & open AV valves into ventricles
which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? a) the skin will be cold and clammy b) blood will be diverted to active skeletal muscles c) more forceful contractions when stretched d) more forceful contractions when relaxed
b) blood will be diverted to active skeletal muscles
which of the following is NOT a type of known autoimmune disease ? a) destroy pancreatic cells b) causing proliferation of T helper cells c) attack the body 's own cells d) causing erratic degeneration of joint tissue
b) causing proliferation of T helper cells
normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events? a) excitation of the SA node b) closure of the heart valves c) friction of blood against the chamber walls d) opening and closing of the heart valves
b) closure of the heart valves
when it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaption syndrome is a) estrogen b) epinephrine c) angiotensinogen d) renin
b) epinephrine
which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone? a) estrogen b) epinephrine c) cortisone d) aldosterone
b) epinephrine
stan, a champion athlete, sleeps up in the mountains at 10,000 feet every night to increase his red blood cell count for better athletic performance. Which hormone increases to make that possible? a) hemoglobin b) erythropoietin c) Rh factor d) progesterone
b) erythropoietin
select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure a) an increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure b) excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase c) systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas d) excess protein production would decrease blood pressure
b) excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in disease resistance? a) albumin b) globulins c) fibrinogen d) myoglobin
b) globulins
complete the following statement using the choices below. air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is a) less than the pressure in the atmosphere b) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere c) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere d) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure
b) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle a) lacks striations b) has gap junctions that allow it to act as functional syncytium c) has more nuclei per cell d) cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells
b) has gap junctions that allow it to act as functional syncytium
which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding blood? a) the normal pH range for blood is 7.35-7.45 b) hemocytoblasts are common component of circulating blood c) the primary circulating blood cell is the RBC d) blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and a liquid extracellular matrix
b) hemocytoblasts are common component of circulating blood
cells unable to use O2, as in metabolic poisons a) ischemic hypoxia b) histotoxic hypoxia c) hypoxemic hypoxia d) anemic hypoxia
b) histotoxic hypoxia
peyer's patches are found in the a) duodenum of the small intestine b) ileum of the small intestine c) large intestine d) jejunum of the small intestine
b) ileum of the small intestine
when chemoreceptors in blood vessels detect high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, they a) decrease blood pressure by activating the cardioinhibitory center b) increase blood pressure by signaling the cardioacceleratory center c) increase the rate of carbon dioxide excretion by the kidney d) cause vasodilation via the vasomotor center
b) increase blood pressure by signaling the cardioacceleratory center
arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all BUT which of the following ? a) rising blood volume b) increased blood loss c) increasing stroke volume d) increasing heart rate
b) increased blood loss
second line of defense a) intact skin and mucous membranes b) inflammatory response c) immune response d) inflammatory response, skin & mucous membrane e) leukocyte chemical release or phagocytosis
b) inflammatory response
immunocompetence a) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system b) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it c) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader d) requires exposure to an antigen
b) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
which of the following is NOT true regarding hemoglobin? a) iron is an important part of its structure b) it is stored in white blood cells c) it binds to oxygen d) about 300 milion molecules in a red blood cell
b) it is stored in white blood cells
blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the a) right atrium b) left atrium c) right ventricle d) left ventricle
b) left atrium
small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed a) lymph follicles b) lymph nodes c) lacteals d) lymphatics
b) lymph nodes
respiratory control centers are located in the a) midbrain and medulla b) medulla and pons c) pons and midbrain d) upper spinal cord and medulla
b) medulla and pons
the first phagocytic cells to arrive at the site of a bacterial infection are a) lymphocytes b) neutrophils c) eosinophils d) thrombocytes
b) neutrophils
which of the following statements correctly compares water-soluble hormones with lipid-soluble hormones? a) both types of hormone almost always stimulate increase in mRNA transcription b) only water-soluble hormones use second messengers c) only water-soluble hormones require a receptor d) lipid-soluble hormones are not found in the bloodstream
b) only water-soluble hormones use second messengers
which of the following the general steps of lymphocyte development, maturation, activation a) seeding 2* lymphoid organs -> antigen encounter & activation -> proliferation & differentiation -> origin -> maturation b) origin -> maturation -> seeding 2* lymphoid organs -> antigen encounter & activation -> proliferation & differentiation c) origin -> maturation -> antigen encounter & activation -> proliferation & differentiation -> seeding 2* lymphoid organs d) antigen encounter & activation -> origin -> maturation -> seeding 2* lymphoid organs -> proliferation & differentiation
b) origin -> maturation -> seeding 2* lymphoid organs -> antigen encounter & activation -> proliferation & differentiation
produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body a) aldosterone b) pancreas c) thyroid d) parathyroid e) adrenal medulla f) adipocytes
b) pancreas
which of the following is associated with passive immunity? a) exposure to an antigen b) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus c) infusion of weakened viruses d) booster shot of vaccine
b) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
inflammation of pericardium which roughens membrane surfaces a) cardiac tamponade b) pericarditis c) fibrillation d) ectopic focus e) ischemia f) bradycardia g) congestive heart failure
b) pericarditis
intrapulmonary pressure is the a) pressure within the pleural cavity b) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs c) negative pressure in the intrapleural space d) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
b) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
myogenic responses keep tissue perfusion constant when a) passive stretch (increased intravascular pressure) promotes decreased tone and vasodilation b) reduced stretch promotes vasodilation and increases blood flow to the tissue c) increased stretch promotes vasodilation and increases blood flow to the tissue d) only in response to flections in systemic pressure
b) reduced stretch promotes vasodilation and increases blood flow to the tissue
surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by a) humidifying the air before it enters b) reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid c) warming the air before it enters d) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration
b) reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
which of the following is not a function of the inflammation? a) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue b) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue c) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens d) sets the stage for repair processes
b) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
clonal selection of B cells a) occurs during fetal development b) results in the formation of plasma cells c) cannot occur in the presence of antigens d) only occurs in the secondary immune response
b) results in the formation of plasma cells
which of the following blood disorders causes a reduction in the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood? a) leukemia b) sickle-cell anemia c) hemolytic disease of newborn d) hemophilia
b) sickle-cell anemia
during contraction of heart muscle cells a) the action potential is initiated by voltage-gated slow calcium channels b) some Ca+2 enters the cell from the extracellular space & triggers the release of larger amounts of Ca+2 from intracellular stores c) the action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junction d) calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated
b) some Ca+2 enters the cell from the extracellular space & triggers the release of larger amounts of Ca+2 from intracellular stores
platelets a) have a life span of about 120 days b) stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break c) are the precursors of leukocytes d) have multiple nuclei
b) stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
Which of thee following glands is NOT an endocrine gland? a) pituitary gland b) sublingual gland c) thyroid gland d) adrenal gland
b) sublingual gland
which term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction of a chamber occurs and pressure within the chamber rises? a) filling b) systole c) repolarization d) diastole
b) systole
blood doping is the result of a) increasing the plasma volume b) taking artificial forms of erythropoietin c) injecting more oxygen into our blood d) adding hemoglobin to blood
b) taking artifical forms of erythropoietin
mechanisms that do NOT help regulate blood pressure include a) nervous control involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers b) the dural sinus reflex c) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction d) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide
b) the dural sinus reflex
if the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that a) the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contact b) the intrinsic heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute c) the AV node would become the pacemaker of the heart d) parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate
b) the intrinsic heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
possible causes of hypoxia include a) midbrain obstruction of the esophagus b) too little oxygen in the atmosphere c) taking several rapid deep breaths d) getting very cold
b) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
normal blood volume but poor circulation due to extreme vasodilation a) circulatory shock b) vascular shock c) cardiogenic shock d) hypovolemic shock
b) vascular shock
the tricuspid valve is closed a) when the ventricle is in systole b) while the ventricle is in diastole c) while the atrium is contracting d) by the movement of blood from atrium to ventricle
b) while the ventricle is in diastole
which of the following is a deep inhalation through a widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible, the precise cause of which is unknown? a) sobbing b) yawning c) coughing d) laughing
b) yawning
the primary response will peak how many days after an exposure? a) 1 day or less b) 2-7 c) 10-14 d) 20-30
c) 10-14
which of the following is NOT part of the conduction system of the heart? a) AV node b) bundle of His c) AV valve d) SA node
c) AV valve
a man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem a) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males b) a hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility c) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes d) the man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH
c) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
which event does NOT occur in the inflammatory response? a) tissues swell due to increased outflow from capillary beds b) foreign invaders are engulfed by phagocytes c) activation of cell-mediated immunity d) complement proteins help identify invading material
c) activation of cell-mediated immunity
which of the following is the primary gas exchange site? a) bronchiole b) nasal sinuses c) alveolus d) bronchus
c) alveolus
the relationship that allows us to explain that as volume of a container of gas is increased, pressure of the gas decreases is described by a) henry's law b) charle's law c) boyle's law d) dalton's law
c) boyle's law
select the correct statement about blood flow a) it is relatively constant through all body organs b) it is measured in mm Hg c) cardiac output significantly influences blood flow within the entire vascular system d) it is greatest where resistance is highest
c) cardiac output significantly influences blood flow within the entire vascular system
results from heart inability to sustain adequate circulation due to myocardial damage a) circulatory shock b) vascular shock c) cardiogenic shock d) hypovolemic shock
c) cardiogenic shock
mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to a) testosterone b) estrogen c) cortisol d) epinephrine
c) cortisol
which of the following would NOT result in an increase in systemic vascular resistance ? a) decreased diameter of systemic arterioles b) increased blood viscosity c) decreased length of the systemic circulatory route d) increased vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles
c) decreased length of the systemic circulatory route
which of the following muscles is NOT used in deep, forceful inhalation a) sternocleidomastoid -elevate sternum b) scalenes- elevate 1st two ribs c) diaphragm - increases thoracic cavity height d) pectoralis minor- elevate 3rd to 5th ribs
c) diaphragm - increases thoracic cavity height
which of these cells defend against parasites, such as tapeworms and hookworms, that have invaded the body? a) neutrophils b) lymphocytes c) eosinophils d) monocytes
c) eosinophils
homeostatic mechanisms that maintain blood pressure include all of the following EXCEPT: a) cardiac output b) blood volume c) erythropoietin d) peripheral resistance
c) erythropoietin
a condition of rapid and irregular or out-of-phase contraction of heart muscle cells a) cardiac tamponade b) pericarditis c) fibrillation d) ectopic focus e) ischemia f) bradycardia g) congestive heart failure
c) fibrillation
an autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland a) diabetes mellitus b) addison's disease c) graves' disease d) acromegaly e) pituitary dwarfism f) cushing's disease
c) graves' disease
which of the following stimulates an immmune response ONLY when it is attached to a large molecule? a) epitope b) antigen c) hapten d) MHC antigen
c) hapten
what controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland? a) muscle contraction b) the peripheral nervous system c) hormones released from the hypothalamus d) action potentials from the thalamus
c) hormones released form the hypothalamus
abnormal ventilation pulmonary disease a) ischemic hypoxia b) histotoxic hypoxia c) hypoxemic hypoxia d) anemic hypoxia
c) hypoxemic hypoxia
adaptive defense system a) intact skin and mucous membranes b) inflammatory response c) immune response d) inflammatory response, skin & mucous membrane e) leukocyte chemical release or phagocytosis
c) immune response
third line of defense a) intact skin and mucous membranes b) inflammatory response c) immune response d) inflammatory response, skin & mucous membrane e) leukocyte chemical release or phagocytosis
c) immune response
thromboembolic disorders a) result in uncontrolled bleeding b) include thrombus formation, a clot in a broken blood vessel c) include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system d) are caused by vitamin K deficiency
c) include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system
which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? a) activation of osteoclasts b) increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys c) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis d) increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions
c) inhibition of calcium synthesis
which respiratory associated muscles would be used if you were to blow out a candle? a) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax b) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax c) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contact d) diaphragm contract, internal intercostals would relax
c) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contact
digestive tract- associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following EXCEPT a) peer's patches b) palatine tonsils c) islets of Langerhans d) lingual tonsils
c) islets of Langerhans
which of the following statements regarding the thymus is not true? a) its storm consists of epithelial tissue b) it is the site of B lymphocyte maturation c) it functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation d) it does not fight antigens
c) it functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation
which of the following blood cells are the main soldiers in the immune system defense of the body against microbial invaders? a) eosinophil b) macrophage c) lymphocyte d) basophil
c) lymphocyte
which of the following structures or processes is NOT considered a second line of defense? a) gastric fluid b) inflammation c) lymphocytes d) interleukins
c) lymphocytes
select the correct statement about lymphocytes a) the two main types are T cells and macrophages b) T cells are the only lymphocyte type in lymphoid tissue c) mature B secrete antibodies into the blood d) T cells are the precursors of B cells
c) mature B secrete antibodies into the blood
select the correct statement about lymphocytes a) the two main types are T cells and macrophages b) T cells are the only lymphocyte type in lymphoid tissue c) mature B secrete antibodies into the blood d) T cells are the precursors of B cells
c) mature B secrete antibodies into the blood
the myogenic response of smooth muscle results in a) relaxation of smooth muscle when stretched b) formation of new desmosomes c) more forceful contractions when stretched d) more forceful contractions when relaxed
c) more forceful contractions when stretched
which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation a) redness b) pain c) mucus production d) swelling
c) mucus production
which of the following indicates the direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs? a) oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide into blood b) oxygen out of blood, carbon dioxide into blood c) oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out of blood d) oxygen out of the blood, carbon dioxide out of the blood
c) oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out of blood
which chemical(s) do NOT act as inflammatory mediators at an infection site? a) histamines b) kinins c) perforin d) complement
c) perforin
a lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of a) aplastic anemia b) polycythemia c) pernicious anemia d) sickle-cell anemia
c) pernicious anemia
which of the following is NOT one of the mechanisms that control blood clotting from excess size or unnecessary clots? a) thrombin (clotting activator) bound onto fibrin threads b) antithrombin III inactivates unbound thrombin c) platelets stick to collagen fibers via plasma protein von Willebrand factor d) anticoagulants- (antithrombin) blocks factors XII, X, II
c) platelets stick to collagen fibers via plasma protein von Willebrand factor
which of the following is not a function of the lymph nodes? a) act as lymph filters and activate the immune system b) produce lymphoid cells and house granular WBC's c) produce lymph fluid and cerebrospinal fluid d) serve as antigen surveillance areas
c) produce lymph fluid and cerebrospinal fluid
fever a) is a higher than normal body temp. that is always dangerous b) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy c) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting d) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication
c) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
the left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to a) accommodate a greater volume of blood b) expand the thoracic cage during diastole c) pump blood with greater pressure d) pump blood through a smaller valve
c) pump blood with greater pressure
if the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, a) it would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation b) contractions would lasts as long as the refractory period c) tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action d) it would be less than 1-2 m
c) tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action
which of the following statements is FALSE? a) some cardiac muscle cells are self excitatory b) the pacemaker of the heart is the senatorial node c) the heart stops rhythmically beating in the absence of cardiovascular center innervation d) cardiac muscles join end to allow rapid communication
c) the heart stops rhythmically beating in the absence of cardiovascular center innervation
which of choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? a) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil a transpulmonary pressures b) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid c) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid d) compliance and transpulmonary pressures
c) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
the ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ? a) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path b) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ c) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target issue or organ d) nothing- all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any & all cell types
c) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
during inhalation, the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract so that a) the thoracic cavity volume and pressure decrease b) the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater that then the pressure within the lungs c) the pressure in the thoracic cavity is less then the pressure within the lungs d) the diaphragm moves upward and becomes more curved
c) the pressure in the thoracic cavity is less then the pressure within the lungs
which of the choices below does NOT represent a process associated with tissue perfusion? a) delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells b) exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs c) the reduction of blood viscosity d) forming urine in the kidneys
c) the reduction of blood viscosity
produces the body's major metabolic hormones a) aldosterone b) pancreas c) thyroid d) parathyroid e) adrenal medulla f) adipocytes
c) thyroid
which of the choices below is NOT a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? a) blood levels of hormone b) number of receptors for that hormone c) type of hormones d) affinity between the receptor and hormone
c) type of hormones
when neither anti- A serum nor anti- B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type a) A b) B c) AB d) O
d) O
which of the following valve(s) close during ventricular contraction? a) tricuspid b) aortic semilunar c) pulmonary semilunar d) SV valves
d) SV valves
in comparison to a sedentary individual, a well-trained athlete will usually have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT a) a higher stoke volume b) hypertrophy of the heart c) a higher cardiac reserve d) a lower cardiac output upon excersie
d) a lower cardiac output upon excersie
hypersecretion of growth hormone a) diabetes mellitus b) addison's disease c) graves' disease d) acromegaly e) pituitary dwarfism f) cushing's disease
d) acromegaly
_____ are barriers to pathogens at body surfaces a) intact skin & mucous membranes b) tears, saliva, & gastric fluid c) resident bacteria d) all are correct
d) all are correct
worn-out red blood cells are phagocytized in the a) liver b) spleen c) red bone marrow d) all of these answer choices are correct
d) all correct - liver/spleen/ red bone marrow
the cyclic respiratory rhythm is regulated by a) higher brain centers b) chemoreceptors c) reflexes d) all of the above
d) all of the above
which of the following hormones would stimulate changes that lead to an increase in arterial blood pressure? a) antidiuretic hormone b) aldosterone c) angiotensin d) all of these
d) all of these
which of the following is NOT a conducting zone action? a) clean air of debris b) add water to air c) warm air d) all of these actions of the conducting zone
d) all of these actions of the conducting zone
which of the following is NOT a factor that affects pulmonary ventilation? a) lung compliance b) surface tension of alveolar fluid c) airway resistance d) all of these are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation
d) all of these are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation
antigens are substances that the immune system does not recognize as self. which of the following are antigens? a) strep throat bacteria b) cancer cells in the lung c) HIV d) all of these can act as antigens
d) all of these can act as antigens
which of the following determines lung compliance? a) airway opening b) flexibility of the thoracic age c) muscles of inspiration d) alveolar surface tension
d) alveolar surface tension
histamine which is released by mast cells is responsible for a) capillaries to lose the permeability b) blood vessels to contract c) destruction of mast cells d) an outward flow of fluids from capillaries
d) an outward flow of fluids from capillaries
too few RBCs or abnormal or too little Hb a) ischemic hypoxia b) histotoxic hypoxia c) hypoxemic hypoxia d) anemic hypoxia
d) anemic hypoxia
when one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, it is called a(n)? a) circulating effect b) synergistic effect c) permissive effect d) antagonistic effect
d) antagonistic effect
the second messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by a) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time b) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ c) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA d) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
d) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
cardiac output dependent on both a) heart rate and stroke volume b) stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance c) heart rate and systemic vascular resistance d) blood type and stroke volume
d) blood type and stroke volume
which of the following is a factor that limits the lifespan of erythrocytes to 120 days? a) RBC's lack of ability to produce repair proteins due to lack of nucleus b) RBC's are physically squeezed each time the travel through capillaries c) because RBC's bind 4 oxygen molecules d) both a and b are true
d) both a and b are true **RBC's lack of ability to produce repair proteins due to lack of nucleus / are physically squeezed each time the travel through capillaries
which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole? a) aorta only b) pulmonary arteries only c) pulmonary veins only d) both the aorta and pulmonary trunk
d) both the aorta and pulmonary trunk
norepinephrine acts on the heart by a) decreasing heart contractility b) causing a decrease in stroke volume c) blocking the action of calcium d) causing threshold to e reached more quickly
d) causing threshold to e reached more quickly
functions of the adaptive immune system include all of the following EXCEPT a) generating defense against subsequent exposure to pathogens b) defending against bacterial infection via fever c) defending against specific invaders d) defending against cells with MHC self markers
d) defending against cells with MHC self markers
the thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does NOT a) have lymphocytes b) produce hormones c) have a cortex & medulla d) directly fight antigens
d) directly fight antigens
an abnormal pacemaker a) cardiac tamponade b) pericarditis c) fibrillation d) ectopic focus e) ischemia f) bradycardia g) congestive heart failure
d) ectopic focus
which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system? a) lymphatic vessels b) lymph odes c) lymph d) erythrocytes
d) erythrocytes
during inhalation of pulmonary ventilation, the lungs are better able to expand within thoracic cavity due to a) leaking plasma b) fluid in the pericardial cavity c) both leaking plasma and mucus d) fluid in the intrapleural cavity
d) fluid in the intrapleural cavity
which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth? a) prolactin b) luteinizing hormone c) adrenocorticotropic hormone d) growth hormone
d) growth hormone
the primary immune response a) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response b) occurs when memory cells are stimulated c) is another name for immunological memory d) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
d) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
due to large-scale blood loss a) circulatory shock b) vascular shock c) cardiogenic shock d) hypovolemic shock
d) hypovolemic shock
one of the functions of Helper T cells is a) release of complement proteins b) to bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin c) to decrease the immune response d) in the activation of the adaptive immune system
d) in the activation of the adaptive immune system
which of the following would NOT result in an increase in arterial blood pressure ? a) increased blood volume b) increased sympathetic stimulation c) increased heart rate d) increased arteriolar vasodilation
d) increased arteriolar vasodilation
innate defense system a) intact skin and mucous membranes b) inflammatory response c) immune response d) inflammatory response, skin & mucous membrane e) leukocyte chemical release or phagocytosis
d) inflammatory response, skin & mucous membrane
ADH a) increases urine production b) promotes dehydration c) is produced in the adenohypophysis d) is inhibited by alcohol
d) is inhibited by alchohol
which statement is NOT true of the lymph vascular system? a) it transports lipids absorbed from small intestine to blood b) it serves the body's system of defenses against bacteria & other infections agents c) it recovers & transports interstitial fluid back to blood d) it contributes to all types of nutrient absorption
d) it contributes to all types of nutrient absorption
the neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because a) it is strictly a part if the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release b) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional c) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location d) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
d) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
the amount of air that is not used for gas exchange is termed "dead" air space, which of the following is true about "dead" air space/ a) it represents the reserve volume b) it is the same as alveolar volume c) it is equal to the tidal volume d) it measures about 150 ml of air
d) it measures about 150 ml of air
abnormally low levels of white blood cells, which can be caused by exposure to radiation, is called a) leukocytosis b) leukemia c) polycythemia d) leukopenia
d) leukopenia
which of the following represents the proper sequence of air flow in the human respiratory system? a) nasal cavities -> larynx -> pharynx -> bronchi -> trachea b) nasal cavities -> bronchi -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea c) nasal cavities -> larynx -> pharynx -> trachea -> bronchi d) nasal cavities -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi
d) nasal cavities -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi
select the correct statement about antigens a) "self antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens b) the largest type of antigen is called a hapten c) only small antigens exhibit reactivity d) one antigen may have many different antigenic determinants may cause the formation of more than one antibody
d) one antigen may have many different antigenic determinants may cause the formation of more than one antibody
produces a hormone that controls blood levels of Ca+2 & K+ by their removal from bone tissue a) aldosterone b) pancreas c) thyroid d) parathyroid e) adrenal medulla f) adipocytes
d) parathyroid
the velocity of blood flow is a) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels b) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter c) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter d) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
d) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
which organ produces a hormone that promotes maturation of T cells? a) spleen b) lymph node c) red bone marrow d) thymus
d) thymus
which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system? a) nose b) oral cavity c) pharynx d) trachea
d) trachea
which of the following is NOT a distribution function of blood? a) delivery of oxygen to body cells b) transport of metabolic wastes from cells c) transport of hormones to their target organs d) transport of salts to maintain blood volume
d) transport of salts to maintain blood volume
which of the following correctly lists the sequence of steps during hemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel? a) vascular spasm, clotting, polycythemia b) hemolysis, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation c) emigration, clotting, hemolysis d) vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting
d) vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting
the gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction a) aldosterone b) pancreas c) thyroid d) parathyroid e) adrenal medulla f) adipocytes
e) adrenal medulla
heart muscle is deprived of oxygen a) cardiac tamponade b) pericarditis c) fibrillation d) ectopic focus e) ischemia f) bradycardia g) congestive heart failure
e) ischemia
both innate & adaptive a) intact skin and mucous membranes b) inflammatory response c) immune response d) inflammatory response, skin & mucous membrane e) leukocyte chemical release or phagocytosis
e) leukocyte chemical release or phagocytosis
hyposecretion of growth hormone a) diabetes mellitus b) addison's disease c) graves' disease d) acromegaly e) pituitary dwarfism f) cushing's disease
e) pituitary dwarfism
produces the hormone leptin a) aldosterone b) pancreas c) thyroid d) parathyroid e) adrenal medulla f) adipocytes
f) adipocytes
an abnormally slow heart rate a) cardiac tamponade b) pericarditis c) fibrillation d) ectopic focus e) ischemia f) bradycardia g) congestive heart failure
f) bradycardia
hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex a) diabetes mellitus b) addison's disease c) graves' disease d) acromegaly e) pituitary dwarfism f) cushing's disease
f) cushing's disease
CO is so low that blood circulation inadequate to meet tissue needs a) cardiac tamponade b) pericarditis c) fibrillation d) ectopic focus e) ischemia f) bradycardia g) congestive heart failure
g) congestive heart failure
Chemical digestion in the small intestine and balls
CCK
Glycogenolysis is ____ and stimulated by ___
Catabolic, epinephrine
Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are called
Catabolism
These transport dietary lipids
Chylomicrons
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to
Collect absorb nutrients
Which is not true of salvia
Contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
What hormone stimulates glyconeogenesis
Cortisol
Where does glycolysis take place
Cytosol