BIO Exam III

Given that the generation time of this fish is 4 years, what would be the per capita growth rate? 0.19 -0.19 0.467

-0.19

A population is growing exponentially and its instantaneous growth rate (r) is 0.02. Would the number of individuals added to the population (rN) be greatest at a population size (N) of 20, 500 or 1000? All the populations would have the same number of individuals added to them since r is constant. 1000 500 20

1000

Given r = 0.22. How long will a population take to double?

3.15

A population of animals in a specific environment with a carrying capacity of 2500 has an r of 1.0 per individual per year and exhibits logistic growth. Considering a population size of 750 individuals, by how many individuals is the population increasing per year?

525

Which of the following processes INCREASE population size? Birth Death Immigration Emigration A and C B and D

A and C

Offer a hypothesis to explain why humans have undergone near-exponential growth for over 500 years. A high level of fecundity allowed humans to increase their population in spite of the level of sanitation and medicine was low. The population has been devastated by the third pandemic of plague and then began to recover, starting with a few surviving individuals. Advances in nutrition, sanitation, and medicine have allowed humans to live at high density without suffering from decreased survivorship and fecundity. A few individuals started a new population in a new continent with plentiful resources.

Advances in nutrition, sanitation, and medicine have allowed humans to live at high density without suffering from decreased survivorship and fecundity.

Which of the following processes DECREASE population size? Birth Death Immigration Emigration A and C B and D

B and D

Which of these statements is true regarding biomagnification? Bioaccumulation is a concern for primary consumers but not secondary consumers. Primary producers have the highest concentrations of toxins. Bioaccumulation is not influenced by geography or eating habits. Bioaccumulation is a concern for secondary and tertiary consumers.

Bioaccumulation is a concern for secondary and tertiary consumers.

You can get mercury poisoning if you eat daily meals of tuna, a top predator. However, you can safely eat sardines, which are primary consumers, every day. What biological process explains this? Energy transfer Trophic levels Persistent toxins Biomagnification

Biomagnification

Which processes increase a population's size? Births and immigration. Deaths and immigration. Deaths and emigration. Births and deaths.

Births and immigration.

Which of the following is NOT a density dependent factor? Competition for resources Predation Catastrophic event Buildup of toxic waste

Catastrophic event

What is the evolutionary change that makes niche differentiation possible? Character Displacement Disruptive Selection Resource Partitioning Niche Separation

Character Displacement

Which process is not an example of consumption? Parasitism. Herbivory. Commensalism. Predation.

Commensalism

Which species interaction applies to barnacles and whales? (The whales are not harmed by barnacles and the barnacles rely on currents to bring them food.) Competition Commensalism Mutualsim Consumption

Commensalism

Which of the 4 species interactions occurs when individuals use the same resources resulting in lower fitness for both (-/-)? Commensalism Competition Consumption Mutualism

Competition

Determine whether the population of fish represented by the following dataset is growing, stable, or declining. X Ix mx 1 0.650 0.00 2 0.520 0.15 3 0.225 1.65 4 0.005 3.5 Growing Stable Declining

Declining

Is this population of fish represented by the following set growing, stable, or declining? X lx mx 1 0.650 0.00 2 0.520 0.15 3 0.225 1.65 4 0.005 3.50 Stable, since R0 is equal to 1. Declining, since R0 < 1 Growing, since R0 > 0 Growing since R0 >1

Declining, since R0 < 1

What is the leading hypothesis for why NPP in the ocean is decreasing? Decreased Upwelling Increased Rainfall Decreased nutrient inputs from rivers Increased CO2

Decreased Upwelling

Overall the leading hypothesis is that NPP in the ocean is ______ Increasing Decreasing Staying Constant

Decreasing

Overall the leading hypothesis is that NPP on land is ____________ Increasing Decreasing Staying Constant

Decreasing

Which of the following statements about density-independent growth is true? Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth. A population that is experiencing density-independent growth levels off at the environment's carrying capacity. The per-capita rate of increase may exceed rmax during density-independent growth. Density-independent growth can continue indefinitely in nature.

Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth.

Which of the following statements about a population experiencing logistic growth is true? If the K and N values are similar, the amount of available resources is high. If N is greater than K, the population will shrink. If N is less than K, the population will not grow. If the K and N values are far apart, the population will grow very slowly.

If N is greater than K, the population will shrink.

What is the leading hypothesis for why NPP on land in the Northern Hemisphere is increasing? Increased Drought Increased Rainfall Increased Nutrients Increased CO2

Increased CO2

What is the leading hypothesis for why NPP on land in the Southern Hemisphere is decreasing? Increased Drought Increased Rainfall Increased Nutrients Increased CO2

Increased Drought

Which factor does not affect a habitat's carrying capacity? Intensity of predation. Maximum number of individuals in a population. Number of nesting sites. Availability of food.

Maximum number of individuals in a population.

Which species interaction applies to bees that harvest nectar and pollen from flowers? Competition Commensalism Mutualism Consumption

Mutualism

Which species interaction applies to bees that harvest nectar and pollen from flowers? Consumption. Competition. Commensalism. Mutualism.

Mutualism

In general, NPP in the oceans is greatest where? Open ocean Near coastlines Deep waters In the northern hemisphere oceans

Near coastlines

Chemical energy used by primary producers for growth and reproduction is called _____ Net Primary Productivity Gross Primary Productivity

Net Primary Productivity

What is Ro? Instantaneous per capita growth rate Net reproductive rate Per-capita rate of increase Intrinsic rate of increase

Net reproductive rate

In what populations does exponential growth tend to occur? Populations that colonize new habitats Populations that experience intense competition Populations that experience high rates of predation Populations that have surpassed their carrying capacity

Populations that colonize new habitats

What is net primary productivity (NPP)? See Section 53.1 ( page 1118) . Solar energy consumed by non-photosynthetic organisms Water maintained in the soil Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed Minerals and nitrogen that can be fixed

Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed

Why is terrestrial productivity higher in equatorial climates? Productivity increases with available sunlight. Productivity increases with temperature. Productivity increases with water availability. The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.

The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.

In the hypothesis that C. stellatus (a species of barnacle) is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B. balanoides (another species of barnacle), what could be concluded about the two species? The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are identical. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are different. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are different, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are identical. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different.

The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different.

What best explains hare and lynx population cycles? The interaction of food availability and predation intensity The seasonal trends in food availability The population density of hares Natural variation in the number of lynxes born

The interaction of food availability and predation intensity

In general, NPP is much higher on land than in the oceans. Why? The leading hypothesis is that oceans have higher densities of herbivores, which quickly consume the producers. The leading hypothesis is that there are more available nutrients in water than on land. The leading hypothesis is that there is more light available on land than in the ocean. The leading hypothesis is that there are few photosynthetic organisms that can live in the ocean.

The leading hypothesis is that there is more light available on land than in the ocean.

Succesion in an ecological context refers to ____. The predictable series of changes in a community as species evolve and become extinct The sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance What happens to the evolution of species as a result of the co-evolutionary arms race The sequence of changes that a species goes through during its occupancy within a community

The sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance

Which habitats are the most productive? The open ocean The combination of wetlands, estuaries, and deserts The combined boreal and temperate forests The tropical rain forests and coral reefs

The tropical rain forests and coral reefs

What is the fundamental niche of Chthamalus? See Section 52.1 ( page 1093) . The mean tide level The lower intertidal zone The upper intertidal zone The upper and lower intertidal zones

The upper and lower intertidal zones

Why does net productivity diminish with increasing trophic levels? Energy is gained at each trophic level. Organisms at a higher trophic level have to work less to obtain food. There is poor trophic transfer efficiency at higher trophic levels. There are fewer plants at higher trophic levels.

There is poor trophic transfer efficiency at higher trophic levels.

What makes species in early successional communities successful? They are naturally selected for longevity They outcompete all other species They are able to disperse their seeds over long distances They are large

They are able to disperse their seeds over long distances

Which of the following is TRUE of species interactions? They cannot affect species abundance. The outcome of any species interactions is static through time. They do little to affect species distributions. They can act as agents of natural selection.

They can act as agents of natural selection.

What do the following process have in common: birth, death, immigration, emigration?

They determine population size

Which of the following is a consequence of biomagnification? The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases. Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers. The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.

Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.

True or false? Factors that determine the per capita rate of increase of a population include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.

True

True or false? One example of a coevolutionary arms race is when faster deer evolve and favor wolves and cougars that have stronger eyesight and senses of smell.

True

Why might one get mercury poisoning from eating tuna every day, but not from eating sardines from the same water? See Section 53.1 ( page 1118) . Sardines do not uptake mercury. Mercury is more readily available for uptake in tuna. Sardines are able to excrete the mercury. Tuna biomagnify the mercury.

Tuna biomagnify the mercury.

Which of the following survivorship curves implies that an animal may lay many eggs with the same probability of dying each year of life? Type I Type II Type III

Type II

Which of the following disturbances would result in primary succession? Fire Hurricane Volcano Logging

Volcano

Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth? Habitat with limited resources. Young populations with few individuals. Large number of individuals in the starting population. Environment with a low carrying capacity.

Young populations with few individuals.

Which category in the figure makes available the highest productivity per square meter? tropical wet forest open ocean wetlands algal beds and reefs

algal beds and reefs

(A) is the first part of the curve, which shows a concave shape. (B) is the middle part of the curve, which climbs approximately linearly. (C) is the final part of the curve, with a convex shape, flattening out at later time periods. In the accompanying figure, which of the arrows represents the carrying capacity? arrow A arrow B arrow C Carrying capacity cannot be found in the figure because species under density-dependent control never reach carrying capacity.

arrow C

For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids composed of species abundances, biomass, and energy are similar in that they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that _____. secondary consumers and top carnivores require less energy than producers as matter passes through ecosystems, some of it is lost to the environment top carnivores and secondary consumers have a more general diet than primary producers biomagnification of toxic materials limits the secondary consumers and top carnivores at each step, energy is lost from the system

at each step, energy is lost from the system

Random spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with ________. the concentration of nutrients within the population's range the random distribution of seeds chance patterns of high humidity competitive interaction between individuals of the same population

chance

An egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal? competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism

commensalism

Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants? parasitism cooperation consumption mutualism commensalism

commensalism

Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark? competition mutualism parasitism predation commensalism

competition

Which species interaction depends on prey density and effectiveness of prey defenses to determine the impact on the prey population? consumption mutualism commensalism competition

consumption

The study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time is called _____. logistic growth immigration biology community ecology demography

demography

Why can't exponential growth continue indefinitely? Choose two examples of density-dependent factors that may influence human population growth. Select all that apply. age structure emigration disease famine sex structure immigration

disease famine

If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____. become the target of specialized parasites eventually become competitively superior to the other species expand its realized niche change its fundamental niche decline in abundance

expand its realized niche

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between _____. choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode and a corresponding decrease in parental care high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization

high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

In a particular case of secondary succession, three species of wild grass all invaded a field. By the second season, a single species dominated the field. A possible factor in this secondary succession was _____. parasitism immigration inhibition equilibrium facilitation

inhibition

Curve (A) reaches a population size of 500 by generation 7; curve (B) reaches a population size of 450 by generation 9; curve (C) reaches a population size of 200 by generation 9; and curve (D) reaches a population size of 50 by generation 10. In the accompanying figure, which of the lines represents the highest per capita rate increase (r)? line A line B line C line D

line A

Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet? mutualism competition predation commensalism parasitism

mutualism

When primary producers invest energy to build new tissue, this is _____. the amount of energy available to consumers net primary productivity and the amount of energy available to consumers net primary productivity maintenance costs maintenance costs and the amount of energy available to consumers

net primary productivity and the amount of energy available to consumers

Two graphs show niche curves for species 1 and 2. Both species show low fitness where they overlap, in the middle of the niche range as natural selection selects against individuals that compete. Thus, at Time 2, the curves for species 1 and species 2 are two completely separated hump-shaped curves, with no overlap in the middle of the niche range. What is the term used to describe the process shown in the panels in the accompanying figure, assuming Time 2 follows Time 1? species interaction competition niche differentiation niche realization

niche differentiation

Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick? parasitism mutualism competition commensalism predation

parasitism

You own 300 acres of patchy temperate forest. Which one of the following actions would increase the net primary productivity of the area the most? introducing 100 rabbits into the area removing the largest trees relocating all of the deer found in the area planting 500 new trees

planting 500 new trees

A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer? mutualism parasitism competition predation commensalism

predation

Logistic growth of a population is represented by ΔN/Δt = ________. rmax N rN (K + N) rN/K rN((K-N)/K) rNrN((K-N)/K)

rN((K-N)/K)

Exponential growth of a population is represented by ΔN/ Δt = ________. rN rNrN rN (K + N) rN/K rmax N

rmax N

The study of the Zootoca vivipara lizard showed that _____. See Section 51.2 ( page 1073) . females in the low-elevation Netherlands population had low fecundity and low survival females in the low-elevation Netherlands population had high fecundity and high survival despite dramatic differences in elevation, the low-elevation Netherlands population looked nearly identical to the other populations for fecundity and survivorship the low-elevation Netherlands population was intermediate for fecundity and survivorship when compared with other populations

the low-elevation Netherlands population was intermediate for fecundity and survivorship when compared with other populations

If you are concerned about biomagnification, then what would be the worst choice to eat for lunch? garden salad veggie pizza shrimp cocktail yellow-fin tuna salad

yellow-fin tuna salad

Which equation represents the logistic growth rate of a population? ΔNΔt=rmaxN ΔNΔt=rmaxN(K−N)K r=b−d ΔNΔt=rN

ΔNΔt=rmaxN(K−N)K